2. Pay attention to the comparison between China's traditional culture and the development of world civilization, and appreciate the characteristics of China's ancient culture, which is in the leading position in the world.
Pay attention to topic error-prone knowledge points:
(1) Song, Yuan Sanqu and Tang are the same written expression. This word is another form of poetry. The word originated in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, with the development of commerce and the prosperity of the city, if you can sing, it will become more and more attractive to meet the needs of street life. The rise of Yuan Zaju, Yuan Qu and New Poetry made it re-created by later literati according to folk songs and folk songs in Jin Dynasty.
(2) Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty, a new kind of poetry appeared. Yuan Zaju is a symbol of the maturity of China's ancient operas.
(3) We can't say that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest written language, only that it is the earliest known written language.
(4) The features are remarkable, but there is no freehand brushwork in China's literati paintings. BR/>； Key knowledge:
(1) The origin and evolution of Chinese characters in China and the development of painting.
1。 The origin and evolution of China characters.
(1) The origin of China characters can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. As early as 6000 years ago, pottery with some carved symbols was called "pictures with words", which had a certain relationship with mature words. mature
(2) China's Oracle Bone Inscriptions can be traced back to about 3000 years, which is the earliest known mature writing. The word "gold" in bronze casting in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, a bronze standard font-"Zhou Wen" was formed. BR/>； (3) China's writing: The Qin Dynasty was unified, and Qin Shihuang promoted the formal specification of "Xiao Zhuan" with the unity of "the same script". According to the context evolution of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, seal script, official script and regular script, he wrote a simple "document" as a new font to overcome the obstacles to the formation and development of cultural exchange texts to a unified multi-ethnic country, which is conducive to the formation of a complete system of Chinese characters. BR/>； 2。 The development of calligraphy art: The development of calligraphy art in China can be roughly divided into two stages. Wei and Jin Dynasties were basically spontaneous, and Wei and Jin Dynasties began to enter the conscious stage.
(1) Qin Xiaochuan in Qin and Han Dynasties, the aesthetic feeling of calligraphy in Han Dynasty, mainly practical writing.
(2) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Chinese characters became a group of literati who consciously formed the art of calligraphy, and calligraphy became an object for them to express their feelings, express their charm, express their strong personality and pursue their ideal forms; Improve the conditions of ink, paper and stationery, and innovate calligraphy skills. Wang Xizhi, the creator of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has the reputation of "preface to Lanting" and "the best running script in the world".
(3) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, calligraphy reached a new height: Zhang Xu, Ou Yangxun, Huai Su cursive script, Japanese yen, Jin Gyeong and Liu Gongquan were standardized, and the key regular script was calligraphy theory's maturity.
(4) Individualized creation of calligraphy in the Song and Ming Dynasties: a large number of characters in the Song Dynasty, the rise of the civil class, and colorful social life. Ignore the calligraphy art of Su, Huang, Mi and Cai. They pursue individuality and witness, but can't advocate intention.
(5) Calligraphy and society in Ming Dynasty were further popularized and secularized, and more attention was paid to individual creativity.
Writing has gradually become a conscious art of calligraphy;
(6) Features: paying attention to the norms of calligraphy and calligraphy theory, creating personalized calligraphy freedom, changing layout density, integrating the artistic beauty of on-site calligraphy and painting, and the unique embodiment of artistic literati's pursuit of self-ideal personality.
3。 The origin, development and function of ancient art painting
(1) Neolithic painting-painting;
(2) Silk paintings, figures, dragons and phoenixes and silk paintings unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha during the Warring States Period. BR/>； (3) The emergence of literati painting in Wei and Jin Dynasties: The rise of nobles, represented by Gu Kaizhi and women, showed the history and painting theory, which can be summarized as "vivid in form" and focused on grasping the spiritual temperament of the depicted object.
(4) Who is the artist who created the statutes and elegant expression of painting in the Tang Dynasty? Tang Huasheng and Wu Daozi's masterpiece The Rise of the King.
5. Northern Song Dynasty literati landscape painting: Features: Landscape painting evolved into an independent oil painting portrait with background from the beginning; Pursue a painter who focuses on realism and pays more attention to the change of artistic conception.
[6] The characteristics of literati painting in Ming and Qing Dynasties: either inherit the court style of Song Dynasty or follow the charm of Yuan landscape. Due to the changes of the times and social unrest, some eccentric painters have appeared, such as the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou". Their artistic style is informal and officially becomes law.
(7) Folklore-the development of human body painting art: Among the works depicted in the song, the most famous masterpiece is Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival in the Northern Song Dynasty; Woodcut illustrations in Ming and Qing novels: the development of folk art: favorite people, their painting forms, and more practical life.
(8) Features: ① During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, China's paintings had a special realistic court and folk art; On the other hand, non-utilitarian, mainly freehand literati painting. (2) Literati painting has occupied a dominant position since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the forms of China's painting and calligraphy are integrated with poetry, calligraphy, painting and printing. (3) Chinese painting does not seek form, but focuses on personal subjective expression of love, flexibility, freedom, enlightened national self-confidence, self-esteem, independence and fear of violence, which has played an inestimable role.
The development characteristics of Chinese painting are: BR/& gt；; The evolution background of 1: the evolution of Chinese painting profoundly reflects various historical periods, such as the developing painting in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the miniature of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the characteristics of the Tang Dynasty clearly reflect the spirit; Painting art in song dynasty
②: The growth of literati painters From the artist's point of view, the artist's achievements are getting higher and higher. The Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were an era of commercial development and urban prosperity. The most outstanding achievement of literati painting.
③ From the perspective of painting style: as an open foreign policy, foreign economic and cultural exchanges are frequent, and painting is constantly integrated into foreign styles, such as drawing lessons from foreign artistic styles such as India and Persia during the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties.
(4) From the function of painting, painting has gradually developed from a pure art commodity. To meet the development and demand of commodity economy, painting became a commodity in Song Dynasty.
(2) Literary achievements
1。 The Book of Songs: China's first collection of poems, which laid the foundation for the realism of China's classical literature, was regarded as a Confucian classic by later generations and was the source of China's poems. From the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, poems of about 500 years have been preserved, and ***305 is divided into three parts. Feng, Ya and Song Feng are folk songs in the Western Zhou Dynasty, collectively referred to as Mai. The lyrics of Yagong and the realistic spirit of the songs are truly and profoundly accompanied by the lyrics of dance music to worship ancestors. Reflected the social life at that time. Mainly manifested in four words, repeated use of sentences, rich in easy-to-understand language;
2。 Chuci: During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan of Chu absorbed the essence of folk language. He wrote a new poem in Chu dialect, also known as Sao Paulo. Qu Yuan expressed his concern about his emotional fate through his poems. The flexibility and freedom of sentences, the grandeur of China and the United States, and their unique imagination have created a precedent of lyrical romance in China's classical literature. Li Sao, the masterpiece, is the longest lyric poem in ancient China.
3。 Han Changfu: Under the background of political unity and economic development in the Han Dynasty, a special style with meticulous rhetoric and gorgeous literary style-Han Fu came into being. It absorbed the expression techniques of the Book of Songs and the rhyme book of Chu Ci in the pre-Qin period. Mainly representing Sima Xiangru.
4。 The Golden Age of China's Ancient Poetry Creation.
⑴ Bai (poem): The elegance and boldness, vertical and horizontal opening and closing, represent the romantic style.
(2) Don't be pessimistic and disappointed (poet). Du Fu's poetry is called "the history of poetry", which is the representative of dignity and honesty, depression and realism.
(3) Tang Bai Juyi: The works are approachable, popular and fluent, and criticize realism.
(4) Reasons: (1) The unification of the Tang Dynasty, economic prosperity and strong national strength; (2) Frequent ethnic exchanges between China and foreign countries; (3) Prosperity, openness and multiculturalism; (4) Establishment of the imperial examination system; (5) Development of five-character poems and seven-character poems.
Since the Han Dynasty. Song: Originated from the folk, it is also called "long and short sentences", which is convenient for more flexible emotional expression. It can be a music concert. -Yu Lin Ling by Liu Yong in the Northern Song Dynasty; Li Qingzhao, a famous poetess in the early Song Dynasty.
(2) The uninhibited school-Shi's Niannujiao Chibi and Xin Qiji's Bodhisattva River on the Wall.
6。 Yuanqu:
⑴ Yuan Sanqu rose in the poetic style of Yuan Dynasty and was sung on the basis of Jin Shi, a folk custom. Later, the literati reproduced the form. Widely used vernacular, dialect, interlining, more closely combined with music and poetry drama.
(2) The background of the rise: Han literati are hopeless and depressed, which often expresses their feelings of depression.
7. Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties: The genre of novels in Song and Yuan Dynasties was born and gradually became the mainstream literature. (Reason: the industrial and commercial departments and public departments of Gaotou Town)
(1) Four classical novels in Ming Dynasty: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the first historical novel in ancient times; Westward Journey to The Journey to the West, a model of ghost stories, Shi Naian's "Water Margin"-aristocratic martial arts; Lan Ling smiled at the original work Jin Ping Mei, describing the state of life world and reflecting the changes of social atmosphere. ② "Three Words" and "Handwriting": Collect short stories in the late Ming Dynasty: A Warning to the World, Yu Shiming's Ci, Borrowing Words to Wake Up the World, Harmony and Surprise of Continuation. The society in Ming and Qing Dynasties was full of money worship and fame, and the traditional light began to dilute the object of praise and became the first businessman in the literary world.
(2) Clarity: key realistic masterpieces: A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin, an encyclopedic masterpiece; Satisfied with Pu Songling's Strange and Lonely and Angry Books; Wu Xiucai's satirical novel Dream.
Caption: The great people of China were originally developed by an ancient country and a world civilization. With a long history, China's literature is brilliant, diverse and rich, comparable to any literary power in the world. The first collection of poems in The Book of Songs, from1/kloc-0 to the 6th century BC, reflects the breadth and depth of social life, and Fu Bixing's artistic expression means are praised by more and more foreign scholars. The unique formal expression, artistic charm and language potential in the Tang and Song Dynasties reached the extreme, which is the easy-to-remember, vigorous, diverse, in-depth and orderly style of Yuan Qu. Enter the boom stage. In the novel, the literary style of "Biao Ren" and "Ci" in Song Dynasty. Short stories in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties and novel legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties established a long genre. There are two famous works in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, namely "The Water Margin" by Shi Naian and "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Luo Guanzhong. Two magnum opus, voluminous and magnificent, as long as 100 words, enjoy world reputation, and the history of novels has opened up a new stage. The evaluation and analysis of the encyclopaedia Dream of Red Mansions in feudal society's high generalization of social life and exquisite artistic expression pushed China's classical novel creation to a new height.
(C) the emergence and development of Peking Opera
Origin of China Ancient Opera: As early as primitive times, there was a voodoo ritual called Nuo. Nuo operas often hold songs and dances, including the seeds of ancient operas. In Song Dynasty, Southern Opera, a complete form of opera, was formed in Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province.
Yuan Dynasty: China opera art entered the golden stage in the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was a dramatic Song Dynasty, which was located in the north of China. Poetry, singing, dialogue, music, dance and other performances in the Yuan Dynasty have complete story lines and characters, which indicates the maturity of China's ancient operas. In the history of literature, Yuan Dynasty is often compared with Tang and Song Dynasties, representing a generation of literature. Guan Hanqing is the founder of Yuan Zaju and the highest achievement of a great playwright.
Kunqu Opera: In the middle of Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, it was popular near Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province. As the father of all kinds of dramas.
4, the formation and development of opera:
(1) The process of its emergence and development: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing, as the political and cultural center of the whole country, was very active on the opera stage. During the Qianlong period, Huizhou Opera Troupe went to Beijing to perform four categories of "Qing" emblems. The emblem is first-class, inclusive and comprehensive. It draws lessons from Diao Han, Kunqu Opera, Shaanxi Bangzi and other operas and performances, and is also influenced by its cultural capital. More standardized, pay attention to rhyme. Through absorption and continuous integration, a new drama in Beijing-Peking Opera has been formed. Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty ushered in a prosperous time in Guangxu period.
(2) Features: Peking Opera is a masterpiece of ancient drama art, mainly performing historical stories. It has developed nearly perfect artistic procedures, division of roles, and vivid four trades: facial makeup, costumes, singing and once-clean ugliness; Carry forward the symbol, virtual performance art, including traditional song and dance, and comprehensively use the artistic means of singing, reading, doing and playing; Orchestral music controls the rhythm of gongs, drums, jinghu, erhu and flute, exaggerates the atmosphere, sings with mellow voice, recites poems, infiltrates poetic feelings, carves shapes and shapes, gives people a sense of beauty, and shows a wider world on any small stage.
⑶ Artistic achievements: The unique China opera has reached a new height, and it is called "the splendid palace art chess with national quintessence radiating human culture".
(4) China ancient science and technology:
Achievement state
trait
school
The former is the earliest astronomical monograph, and the latter is the first catalog in the world.
Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, seismograph, water image instrument, earthquake direction.
The comprehensive view of the earth is earlier than that of western Europe 1000 years.
In the Tang Dynasty, a group of eminent monks created the Zodiac Patrol Instrument. For the first time in the world, it is found that the length of meridian is measured by the change of star position.
The earliest meridian measurement method
The Book of History written by Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty.
More than 300 years before Europe. One of the most complicated ancient calendars. Only 26 seconds longer than the actual time. count
Spring and autumn multiplication table.
Nine Chapters of Arithmetic in the Eastern Han Dynasty summarized the mathematical achievements in Zhou Dynasty, Qin and Han Dynasties and recorded the most advanced mathematical methods in the world at that time.
It marks the formation of the ancient mathematical system.
In the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, Zu Chongzhi's pi was accurate to the nearest seventh place.
This result led to the world being 1000.
medical treatment
school
It was written in the Warring States and the Western Han Dynasty, and it was written in Huangdi Neijing.
The existing early medical books laid the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine.
Zhang Zhongjing's theory of typhoid miscellaneous diseases in the Eastern Han Dynasty
The four methods of "looking at the smell" discussed in this paper are clinical classics of traditional Chinese medicine and are called "medical sage Zhang Zhongjing".
Ma Fei San developed in Wuqinxi in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Invented the earliest anesthetic, invented the first gymnastics to exercise health.
Li Mingshizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica
It represents the highest achievement of ancient pharmacology in China, summarizes the most advanced classification of pharmacological achievements in the world in the 6th century/kloc-0, embodies the idea of biological evolution, and promotes the development of world biology, so it is called "The Grand Ceremony of Oriental Medicine".
agriculture
Studying in Jia Sixie.
"Qi Yaomin's Book" in the Northern Dynasties
China's first complete agricultural work summarizes the long-term accumulated production experience and fishery production mode of the deputy working people of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry in northern China, and puts forward valuable suggestions on developing diversified businesses and products according to local conditions.
Wang Yuan town agricultural book
The focus of the reform of production tools, with special emphasis on water conservancy and electricity, rather than simple mechanical tools, rather than the rights of human beings and animals, has played an important role in improving work efficiency.
Xu Guangqi's encyclopedia of agricultural administration in Ming dynasty,
The advantages and disadvantages of ancient and modern agriculture and agronomy, so as to comprehensively evaluate and teach western agricultural science and technology, agricultural science and technology experiment ideas and methods, reflect scientific, innovative and advanced, and reach the peak of traditional agricultural science and technology. Xu Guangqi is known as "the pioneer of modern science"
(e) Four ancient inventions and their historical influence.
The invention of the four great achievements
affect
Paper making,
(1) The ancient Chinese characters in China were first carved on Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes, and later on bamboo slips and silk books. ② A kind of plant fiber paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, but the paper was rough and not suitable for writing. (3) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved his writing ability on papermaking fiber paper. ,
It has become an important invention in the history of human civilization and promoted the spread of human civilization.
printed
Printed by 1: The earliest extant Diamond Classic of the Tang Dynasty (868). (2) The type of movement: the record of woodcut prints in the Northern Song Dynasty, in which movable type printing was invented by bisexual people. Mud type, followed by wood type and metal type.
/kloc-metal movable type in the 0/3rd century. /kloc-In the middle of 0/3rd century, movable type printing spread to Korea, then to Europe and from the western regions, which promoted the development of culture and had a great impact on the process of human civilization.
gunpowder
(1) In the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was invented, and the earliest record of alchemy pharmacy found that Sun Simiao Dan used gunpowder as early as the Tang Dynasty; ② In the gunpowder war in the late Tang Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, gunpowder was widely used.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, gunpowder was introduced to Europe by Arabs, which had a great influence on western society. Gunpowder exploded in the "knight class" in Europe. "The three great inventions have noticed the arrival of capitalist society. about
compass
The four oldest inventions in history: (1) Invention and application: the guiding instrument of the Warring States Period-Ian, since it appeared on the compass, the compass fish. ② The compass invented in the Northern Song Dynasty uses artificial magnets to navigate.
/kloc-biographies of western Europe, America and the world before the round-the-world voyage in the 0/3rd century provided conditions for opening the world market and establishing a European navigator colony.
Historical influence: ① movable type promotes cultural development and is a tool of Protestantism; The compass spread to Europe, and the voyage around the world in America provided important conditions for European navigators to discover the open world market and establish colonies. The gunpowder knight was blown to pieces. The three great inventions noticed the arrival of capitalist society. Papermaking has become a major invention in the history of human civilization. In Europe, the bourgeoisie opposed feudalism, played an important role in feudal society and promoted the transition to capitalist society. (2) China's achievements in ancient science and technology have been ahead of the world for a long time, which has contributed to highlighting the development of world civilization and promoting the development of world science and technology.
Explanation: In ancient China, practicality was emphasized, while theoretical study was neglected. Therefore, China's science and technology has been in the leading position in the world for a long historical period. However, due to the development of science and technology in China, China and China, it is impossible to form a special scientific theory, which only stays in the stage of visual experience and lacks the ability of sustainable development. Therefore, the later modern science lags far behind the advanced level in the world.
Comprehensive promotion:
1, the characteristics of ancient literary forms
(1) Han Changfu: The richest people in the Western Han Dynasty were mostly dragons. With beautiful scenery, magnificent momentum, exaggerated techniques and rhetoric, they showed broad and huge cultural spirit, courage and courage of the times, as well as various material and spiritual lives. Most of the Fu-style words in the Eastern Han Dynasty are short and lyrical, which overcomes the shortcomings of extravagance and vagueness in the Fu-style words in the Western Han Dynasty. If they are superficial, their mood is relatively clean.
(2) Tang poetry: highly prosperous, poets and people, diverse styles, the impact on social life, far-reaching great achievements for future generations.
(3) Song: This word has different lengths, which is convenient for expressing feelings, reflecting the sharp social reality of class contradictions and ethnic contradictions, and expressing worries about fate. It is suitable for singing.
(4) Yuan Qu: A mixture of poems and villages, appealing to both refined and popular tastes, lyrical narration, sir, quite lively.
& gt(5) Novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties: Novels entered a stage of vigorous development, showing unprecedented prosperity. Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties are not only varied in genre, but also greatly improved in reflecting the depth and breadth of social life, characterization, detailed description and language use. The social function and literary value of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the literary forms of novels. 2. Long-term development of ancient science and technology in China;
1 Unity is the mainstream of history, the society is relatively stable, and the development of science and technology creates a good social environment.
(2) China established a feudal system and gradually formed a unified multi-ethnic centralized feudal country, which contributed a very important organization and support, from scientific and technological inventions, astronomical calendar "agriculture" thought, medical and mathematical attention.
(3) China's agriculture and handicrafts have been in the leading position in the world for a long time, and the development of science and technology has provided material conditions. (4) Domestic economic and cultural exchanges are frequent, and people of all ethnic groups learn from each other, learn from each other's strong points, jointly create an ancient culture, and constantly absorb foreign advanced culture to improve their own quality. develop
⑤ China's ancient educational thought and the development process of scientific and technological talent base.
⑦ The hard work and creation of the broad masses of working people.
The characteristics of ancient China:
(1) It is not enough to explore the law of scientific and technological development, mainly because the traditional research methods sort out ancient books and lessons, and lack of testing.
(2) It mainly serves the development of feudal agricultural economy and the need of applying science and technology to large-scale projects, and lacks effective technology to transform into productivity and sense of responsibility, which is the driving force for the further development of science and technology.
(3) China has been leading the world in science and technology for a long time in ancient times, which has made great contributions to the development of world civilization and produced far-reaching influence. BR/>； Why didn't modern science appear?
① During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, capitalism sprouted, and the feudal natural economy remained dominant, which restricted the development of productive forces and did not have the urgent need and motivation to develop science and technology. The inherent dispersion of the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy has narrowed the economic root of the abnormal production of modern science.
(2) China's feudal rulers implemented the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", which was not conducive to the transformation, popularization and application of scientific production and scientific and technological achievements, hindered the growth of capitalist seeds, and also hindered the development of trade and industrial technology.
(3) The rulers of Ming and Qing Dynasties strengthened cultural absolutism, imprisoned ideas, stifled academic atmosphere, and ignored actual intellectuals, which was not conducive to the development of natural science from production and observation and research on nature. This policy of cultural autocracy cannot produce modern science and technology.
(4) During the rise of western capitalism, the feudal rulers in China adopted a closed-door policy, which hindered the normal communication between Chinese and Western cultures.
⑤ Education is backward. The purpose and content of China's feudal education Confucianism rarely involved the training of feudal officials in production and scientific knowledge. Private school education with education is not conducive to the integration of science and the cultivation of talents.
In short, when the decadent feudal system was in China, it was impossible for China to produce modern science similar to that in Europe.
The relationship between the characteristics of China ancient culture and its social background;
(1) Pre-Qin: primitive society with low productivity.