Anton pavlovich Chekhov
Russian novelist and playwright. 1860 65438+/kloc-0 was born in Taganrog, Rostov State on October 29th, and 1904 died in Badenville, Germany on July 5th. When my ancestors were serfs and my grandfather was a free man, my father opened a grocery store and went bankrupt. 1876 moved to Moscow.
Chekhov 1879 entered the Department of Medicine of Moscow University. After graduation from 65438 to 0884, he began to practice medicine, and his extensive contact with society had a good influence on his later literary creation.
Chekhov began to contact newspaper editors with different tendencies from his college days, saying that he just "wanted to be a free artist". Until the second half of the 1980s, he still admitted that he didn't have his own worldview, and he felt painful about it. 1890 in April, he went to Sakhalin Island, where the government released prisoners, visited nearly 10,000 prisoners and immigrants, and returned to Moscow in February of the same year. This eight-month trip to the Far East enriched his life knowledge, interrupted his cooperation with anti-sports newspapers, and realized that a writer should not ignore politics. Soon completed the long reportage "Sakhalin Island", which truthfully exposed the ferocity of Russian autocratic rule. 1890 to 1900 went abroad for recuperation and went to Milan, Venice, Vienna and Paris. 1892, he bought the merihovo manor in sherpukhov county, Moscow state, where he lived until 1898, and then moved to Yalta due to severe tuberculosis. During this period, I kept close contacts with Tolstoy, Gorky, Bunin, kuprin, painter Levitan and director stanislavski, and forged a profound friendship. 1900 was awarded honorary academician of Russian Academy of Sciences. 190 1 year, she married Olga kniper, an actor of Moscow Art Theatre.
Influenced by the upsurge of Russian revolutionary movement at the end of 19, Chekhov actively participated in various social activities. 1898 supported the just behavior of French writer Zola in defending Dreyfus, 1902 angrily gave up the title of honorary academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, and 1903 donated money to help persecuted young students fight for democracy and freedom, which shows its firmness.
June 1904 Chekhov was seriously ill and went to Germany for treatment. He died and his body was transported back to Moscow for burial.
Chekhov's creation began to enter the literary world in the 1980s of 19, and he always insisted on novel creation. Its development can be roughly divided into three stages.
In the first stage, from 1880 to 1886, a large number of humorous short stories were published under the pseudonym "Dongsha Hont Hungary". Most of them are superficial, but some of them criticize the disadvantages of the times and leave a deep impression on people, such as Death of an Official, English Woman, Chameleon, Sergeant Prishbeyev and so on. Sorrow, Distress and Wanka, published in the mid-1980s, described the endless sufferings of ordinary workers and poor children with cold brushwork, indicating that the author's creation turned to face life directly.
In the second stage, from 1886 to 1892 and 1886, he published Good Man and On the Road for the first time under the real name of anton Chekhov. The genre of the novel is short and medium stories with a wide range of themes and serious sociality. This paper puts forward the question of "how abnormal this life is" from all angles. Such as Enemy, Sleepiness, Grassland, Naming Day and Duchess, Cossack and Lights, Boring Story, Exile and Ward 6, etc. , is his masterpiece at this stage. The last article deeply touched Lenin.
The third stage is after 1892. Most of the works have achieved the perfect unity of content and form, touched on major and urgent social issues with rich and profound thoughts, organically combined narrative and lyric in art, and each has its own characteristics. The representative works "A House with an Attic" and "My Life" negatively describe the "trivial things" popular at that time and Tolstoy's "popularization", and think that "a stronger, braver and faster way of struggle" is needed. The Trapped reveals the rampant and weak conservative forces in the suffocating social environment, and reflects the new social sentiment of "can't live like this anymore". The woman with a dog takes love as the theme, exposing the boredom and abomination of vulgar and hypocritical life; Gooseberry and Yao Neiqi criticized the vulgarity and boredom that were dormant in the land of personal happiness, and pointed out that the meaning of life lies in the struggle for "greater and more reasonable things"; The Kingdom of Women, Farmers, Visiting Doctors and In the Canyon vividly show the terrible scenes of polarization, extreme injustice, bankruptcy of farmers and greed and cruelty of rich peasants in Russian society under the condition of rapid development of capitalism. The protagonist of "fiancee" even proposed to "turn his life upside down" and expressed his strong desire to move towards a new life. Although the works at this stage are still limited to short stories, as the writer himself said, what he wrote is "observing and studying the results of life" and "important or typical things", so it has great social functions. Gorky said that Chekhov's novels are "works with much more content than words" and "works with little space are doing something of great significance: arousing people's disgust at the muddled and half-dead life".
Chekhov began to write plays from 65438 to the 1980s. At the beginning, they all wrote drama sketches or one-act plays, which were close to the early humorous stories. The well-known Ivanov is a drama that criticizes an intellectual hero who lacks firm thoughts and beliefs and commits suicide because he can't stand the test of hard life. /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, four feature-length screenplays were completed one after another. The first novel Seagull, through the inner conflicts and different fates of three artistic intellectuals with different personalities, shows that only those who have confidence in the difficult reality have a future and value. The second book, Uncle Vanya, describes the spiritual destruction suffered by middle and lower intellectuals and their tragic situation in reality. The author sympathizes with the hero's kindness and diligence and condemns his depressed attitude towards life because of his lack of ideals. The three young intellectual women written in the third "Three Sisters" are kind and sincere, yearning for a bright and beautiful future, but they can only live in painful expectations. This successfully reveals the theme of "the destruction of beauty" in reality; At the same time, the premonition of "a huge and healthy storm is coming" confided by the protagonist adds a trace of optimism to the whole depressed and sad picture of the script. The last film "cherry orchard" shows the irreversible decline of Russian aristocratic manor and its objective historical process of being replaced by capital forces; At the same time, through the image of the young hero, the sadness of bidding farewell to the past is intertwined with the optimism of longing for a better future. Cherry orchard's chopping of knives and axes was accompanied by the cheers of "Long live the new life", although this "new life" was not clear. The themes, tendencies and styles of these four plays are basically consistent with some novels of writers in the middle and late period. There are no bizarre twists and turns, but through the daily life of ordinary people of all colors, important and urgent problems in society are revealed. The development of the plot is simple and natural, and at the same time it contains rich subtext, full of lyricism and poetry.
The influence of Chekhov's creation occupies an important position in world literature. His short stories are as famous as Mo Bosang's, and his achievements in drama can be compared with Ibsen's. In China, Chekhov's works began to be translated shortly after his death, and now almost all his novels and plays have been translated into Chinese. Many famous plays have been staged in China Theatre for many times and have a large audience.