In this sense, the intestine is the most important self-repair system of the human body, supporting the whole life activities. ?
First, the influence of intestine on nervous system.
Let's talk about the relationship between brain and intestine (intestine-brain axis).
It is found that the number, types and neurotransmitters of nerve cells in the intestine are very similar to those in the brain.
Therefore, the intestine is called the "second brain" of the human body, also known as the "intestinal brain".
The brain can help us make decisions, so the intestinal brain can also make decisions in some cases.
For example, China people still eat Chinese food abroad, which is based on their stomach preferences. In the past, we attributed this phenomenon to "eating habits".
An article in Nature magazine 20 15 mentioned that after the floods in Canada, some local people suffered from irritable bowel syndrome due to drinking unclean water, and they developed abdominal distension, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation. In the next eight years, these people experienced anxiety and depression. ? 20 16 published an example in the authoritative New England Journal of Medicine. Some white people will have abdominal pain, diarrhea and abdominal distension after eating gluten-containing foods, which will lead to abnormal brain judgment and paranoia, and always suspect that others will harm him. Of course, this situation is rare in China.
The influence between the brain and the intestine is mainly produced by the following three substances:
1. Serotonin, chemical name 5-hydroxytryptamine. It is a mysterious substance found in serum, which can bring people a happy mood.
2. Cytokines in the intestine participate in the regulation of human health.
3. Metabolites produced by food in the intestine, such as short-chain fatty acids.
Researchers at the Medical College of Freiburg University in Germany found for the first time in animal experiments that intestinal bacteria in experimental mice can control the maturation process and function of microglia in the brain.
Microglia have the special function of repairing damaged brain tissue and are called "brain doctors".
Many studies have shown that microglia play an important role in diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
The researchers found that when the intestinal flora breaks down dietary fiber, dairy products and other foods, it will produce a short-chain fatty acid. This fatty acid will be used as a messenger substance to reach the brain through blood circulation, helping microglia to deal with inflammatory reactions quickly and effectively. ? In addition, in patients with perennial constipation, hydrogen sulfide will directly combine with dopamine receptors in the brain after entering the brain, which will reduce the utilization rate of dopamine binding, hinder the transmission of brain neurons, shrink the brain and greatly reduce the cognitive ability of patients.
Second, the mutual influence on intestinal microecology In recent years, a series of articles on intestinal flora have been published in famous medical journals.
Scientists believe that the intervention of intestinal flora can obviously change the state of the body, such as obesity, mood and many physiological diseases. Intestinal bacteria (probiotics) have many benefits to human body.
Mark, a postdoctoral fellow at MIT? Smith provided fecal microorganisms to the US 122 hospital, and the probiotics obtained from them can be used for transplantation. ? 1907, Mechnikov, a Russian Nobel Prize winner, proposed that lactic acid bacteria are related to longevity.
1933, Dr. Miyamiya of Japan discovered Clostridium butyricum, a normal bacterium in human body, which decomposes plant fibers in human body. In the brain-gut axis, intestinal flora seems to be the controller behind the scenes, which will control some physiological conditions of the human body.
Intestinal flora is mainly divided into three categories:
The first is the * * * bacteria born with human body, which is a beneficial probiotic;
The second is pathogenic bacteria;
The third is conditional pathogen, which is called double-sided. Whoever has the power will go with him. If probiotics have the power, it will not cause harm. If pathogenic bacteria prevail, they will make waves together, leading to physical symptoms such as diarrhea and food poisoning.
Constipation patients often have the problem of flora imbalance. Long-term accumulation of stool in the intestine will induce a variety of intestinal diseases, including colitis, colonic ulcer, colonic diverticulitis, and even malignant diseases such as rectal cancer and colon cancer.
Third, the impact on the skin.
Intestines interact with skin, and the most common disease is food allergy.
For example, after eating protein, some people will have diarrhea and vomiting, sometimes affecting the skin, such as itching and rash.
In the study of psoriasis, it is also found that patients are prone to psoriasis when intestinal microorganisms are unbalanced; The number of probiotics in the intestine of patients with psoriatic arthritis is decreasing, while the number of pathogenic bacteria is increasing.
Interaction between brain and skin. Psychoneuroimmunologists have found that stress, tension, sleep and other factors will directly affect people's immune system through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), causing inflammation, skin diseases and even heart disease.
For example, some people suffer from vitiligo because of the loss of their loved ones and mental trauma; Some people will be bald after the stock market crash; Psoriasis patients are prone to anxiety during acute attacks, and such negative emotions will affect the brain, leading to greater pressure on the brain, aggravating the condition and forming a vicious circle. It causes infection of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, and then causes abnormal secretion function of sebaceous glands, leading to skin problems such as rough skin, freckles, chloasma, acne, dull complexion and dullness.
Fourth, the impact on liver function Intestinal microecology not only directly affects its organs and intestinal diseases, but also affects liver metabolism, immunity and other functions through "intestinal-liver dialogue", which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various chronic liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease and autoimmune liver disease.
Toxins are absorbed by the large intestine, enter the liver through the portal vein and reach the whole body, which increases the burden of liver detoxification function, leads to the decline of liver function, and then accelerates the apoptosis and degeneration of liver cells.
Secondly, when the liver function is seriously damaged, the ammonia absorbed by the large intestine from feces cannot be metabolized by the liver in time. After high concentration ammonia permeates the blood-brain barrier, the excitability of the cerebral cortex is inhibited, and the patient's response to external stimuli is reduced, resulting in drowsiness, drowsiness and even deep coma, which is clinically called hepatic coma.
Influence of verb (verb's abbreviation) on kidney Both kidney and colon help to regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. The kidney also plays a secondary role, secreting water-soluble toxins, which may have been absorbed by the intestine or are the result of microbial metabolism in the intestine.
If the intestinal flora is out of balance and the intestinal permeability changes due to the abuse of antibiotics, it is especially dangerous for the kidneys.
The imbalance of intestinal microorganisms leads to increased absorption of intestinal toxins, enhanced immune response and systemic inflammation, which affects kidney health and leads to chronic kidney diseases. Some ammonia in patients with long-term constipation will hydrate in the blood to form metabolites such as urea and creatinine. It will also increase the burden on the kidney and damage the function of the kidney. Once the function of kidney is destroyed, it will cause serious harm to the urinary system, endocrine system and hematopoietic system of human body.
In the study cohort of American veterans, there were 3,504,732 people with eGFR≥60ml/min/ 1.73 m2 (no chronic kidney disease at first). To explore the relationship between constipation and the incidence of chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and EGFR changes.
After adjusting for age, sex, baseline eGFR, complications and other factors. Compared with patients without constipation, patients with constipation are more likely to suffer from CKD, ESRD and faster eGFR decline. The severity of constipation is accompanied by an increase in the risk of the above results.
VI. Influence on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Combined with the clinical research and animal model research of more than 4,000 patients, the Cleveland Clinic researchers confirmed for the first time that bacteria in the intestine can change platelet function and the risk of thrombosis-related diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
A new study by Chongqing Nutrition and Food Safety Research Center shows that resveratrol in red wine can change intestinal microorganisms and reduce the risk of heart disease. The research results were published in mBio.
The latest research of university of groningen Medical Center in the Netherlands found that the flora in the digestive tract will affect people's weight, blood lipid and cholesterol levels, and then affect heart health.
According to the researchers, the composition of intestinal flora can explain the difference of high-density cholesterol level of 4%, weight difference of 5% and triglyceride level of up to 6%. After considering the factors such as age, sex and heredity, the influence still exists.
University of groningen Medical Center, the lead author of the study, said that the intestinal flora can even be called "the heart in the intestine". This result is helpful for scientists to develop new therapies to prevent heart disease, in which intestinal flora can be regarded as the object of "medication".
Seven, the impact on the immune system, intestinal function decline, will accumulate a large number of toxic substances, the accumulation of toxins greatly affect the function of various organs of the body, reduce human immunity, seriously affect the body's resistance to diseases, is the root of sub-health status.
About 70% of the human immune system is controlled by the intestine, which is why many problems in our body are often related to digestive problems and food sensitivity. Intestinal problems can lead to allergies, asthma, migraine and autoimmune diseases.
Yasuo Okumura, a professor who studies natural killer cells, said: "Many immune cells will not be activated until the body is infected by a virus, but NK cells responsible for monitoring abnormalities in the body are different. They will quickly attack the target at the first time, exclude infected cells and newly generated cancer cells, and eat foods rich in lactic acid bacteria, which can improve the activity of NK cells and maintain daily immune function. "
20 17 "cells? Discovery magazine published a research paper on the Internet entitled "Pathological Aggregation Effect of Long-term Drinking Decaffeinated High Sucrose Cola on Mice", written by Professor Yin Zhinan from the Institute of Biomedical Transformation of Jinan University. Studies have shown that long-term intake of high-sugar drinks will affect the intestines and promote autoimmune diseases in mice.