The specific manifestations of the disease, and accordingly called the disease symptoms. Symptoms are observable pathological process phenomena. The task of disease diagnosis is to find the symptoms of sick birds. Diagnosis is also a process of thinking about diseases. Only by mastering the correct observation methods and common sense of normal behavior of birds can we observe the real situation of birds and find the symptoms of bird diseases. When observing birds, we should follow the principle of being far before approaching, and being quiet before moving.
1, feeding and drinking water
Birdman should record the daily feed and water consumption of birds. Under normal circumstances, when the temperature is high, the bird's food intake will decrease and the water consumption will increase; When the temperature is low, the feed intake increases. When birds get sick, they usually reduce the amount of colored food. Loss of appetite is common in general diseases and fever; The uncertainty of appetite is mostly chronic digestive organ diseases; Loss of appetite is the most common of all kinds of serious diseases. However, sometimes the phenomenon of super diopside occurs. For example, birds will have hyperprolactinemia for a long time when they are recovering from diseases, or when they suffer from metabolic disorders, intestinal parasitic diseases and other diseases. However, when the body lacks certain vitamins and trace elements or suffers from parasitic diseases, heterophilia, such as bird feather disease, will occur, which is related to the lack of sulfur in the whole body. Drinking water is not only related to the change of temperature, but also related to the amount of exercise and the water content of feed. Eating dry feed and drinking water will increase; When birds have diarrhea, gastroenteritis, salt poisoning and fever, their desire to drink water increases; When birds have glossitis and stomatitis, their appetite decreases.
2. Physical examination
A well-developed bird has plump feathers, bright colors, healthy skin and bright eyes, giving people a solid and powerful feeling of even and symmetrical posture. Sick birds bring people physical weakness, disheveled feathers and listlessness.
3. Nutritional examination
A well-nourished bird has a rounded outline, a plump chest, elastic skin, shiny feathers, a shiny beak and bright eyes. Malnourished birds have exposed sternum, dry and inelastic skin, loose feathers and dull colors.
Wait a minute. Malnutrition is often due to insufficient feed; Or improper feed mixing; Or diseases such as dyspepsia, malabsorption, chronic dysentery or parasitic diseases. All kinds of diseases can show nutritional changes.
4, posture
Bird's posture has normal physiological posture and abnormal disease posture, so the change of bird's posture and the characteristics of bird's habitat are often used as the basis for diagnosis. For example, a characteristic posture of pigeons suffering from salmonella typhimurium is that one leg supports the body to stand, the other leg is suspended, the head is tilted, and the head is tilted back or turned; However, when birds suffer from vitamin B 1 deficiency, they are star-shaped; When vitamin B2 is deficient, toes bend inward. When folic acid is deficient, it is in a stretching position; Marek's disease presents a split posture with one leg forward and the other leg backward. These typical postures are characteristic symptoms of bird diseases and are very important for the diagnosis of bird diseases.
5, feces
The breeder should carefully observe the bird's dry feces every day, such as shape, color, smell, mucus, liquid preparation, parasites, foreign bodies, comfort salt and so on. Normal bird droppings should be cylindrical, thin and curved, covered with a thin layer of white uric acid. When suffering from white dysentery, the bird's feces are white paste or gray lime-like loose stool; When suffering from Newcastle disease, the feces are yellow or yellow-green loose stool; In the case of coccidiosis, the feces are brown or bloody loose stool; When parasitic diseases occur, there are insects in the feces. '
6.diarrhea
When birds have diarrhea, they constantly discharge porridge, liquid or watery stool. Mild short-term diarrhea is often due to sharp changes in feed or excessive salt. Stubborn and severe diarrhea indicates that there is an inflammatory process in the intestine, such as enteritis.
7. constipation
Constipation is due to the retention and blockage of intestinal contents, which is difficult to discharge, mostly a small amount of dark spherical hard stool.
8, defecation with pain
Birds show pain, fear or blame when defecating, and often suffer from peritonitis and gastroenteritis, or traumatic pericarditis, traumatic gastroenteritis and liver trauma caused by nails, steel needles, fishbones and sharp wooden sticks.
9. breathe
When observing the bird's breathing, we should pay attention to the bird's breathing frequency, whether it is even, and whether there are any abnormal movements such as coughing, wheezing, sneezing, mouth opening and neck stretching breathing. The breathing frequency of birds depends on their size. When the temperature rises (36. 8 degrees), the bird's breathing began to accelerate. When birds suffer from febrile infectious diseases or pneumonia, their breathing and breathing frequency are accelerated.
10, skin
Although the skin of healthy birds varies from species to species, under normal circumstances, the skin of birds is soft, elastic and rosy (except birds with bones). Skin is a healthy mirror, so we should pay attention to observe the color of bare skin of birds and whether there are swelling, warts, acne and so on. For example, when birds suffer from cutaneous acne, the beak, eyelids, feet and other parts of birds can be diagnosed as acne; When there is trauma, the skin has trauma and bleeding.
1 1, feather
Healthy birds have bright feathers. When I was sick, my feathers were unkempt and dull, and my whole body looked bloated. Feathers grow slowly, rough and easy to fall off, and are easy to break or fade when they are parasitic on feathers or lack pantothenic acid, folic acid, zinc, selenium and vitamin A.
12, eyes
Healthy birds have bright eyes and round pupils. In general, birds can show no eyes for any disease. Some bird diseases can lead to lens opacity and even blindness. The symptoms of some bird diseases are closed eyes, tears, swelling or cheese-like lesions. When vitamin A is deficient, you will suffer from dry eye.
13, oral cavity
When observing the bird's mouth, we should pay attention to the changes of the bird's oral mucosa, tongue, hard palate and mucus. Such as Newcastle disease or organophosphorus poisoning, increased oral mucus; When suffering from acne, there is diphtheria-like ulcer soup on both sides of the mouth; When vitamin A is deficient, ulcers, caseous necrosis or diphtheria-like pseudomembranes appear in the oral cavity.
14, abdomen
This bird's abdomen is soft and similar in color to its skin. When birds have symptoms such as constipation, egg retention and abdominal tumor. , or ascites caused by liver disease, and there are a large number of ascaris and tapeworms parasitic, the abdomen will be significantly increased, hardness or color will change.
15, legs and joints
When birds suffer from arthritis, colibacillosis, salmonellosis, mycosis or other diseases, the joint capsules of tibial joint, tibial tarsal joint and toe joint are often swollen and weak.
Common drugs for treating diseases of ornamental birds;
Now there are many netizens who like to keep birds, but they don't know about the drugs for treating bird diseases. What medicine is needed to treat bird disease? It is understood that there are two domestic manufacturers specializing in the production of drugs for the treatment of poultry diseases. One is "Bird Music" developed in Beijing, which is a specific medicine for birds. Among them, the bird music 1 can make birds estrus and sing, and improve the spawning rate and hatching rate. Niaole 2 and 3 can supplement vitamins, trace elements, minerals, amino acids and other nutrients necessary for growth and development. Niaole No.4 is an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drug, which has obvious curative effect on colds and enteritis.
Niaole 1, No.2 and No.3 are all feed additives for poultry. Each bag weighs 5 grams and can be mixed with 500 grams of eggs. After feeding for 3 ~ 5 days, birds and pests in cages can be eliminated.
The other is the "Aiweikeling" series of bird medicines produced by Xi 'an, which are used for disinfection of birds' drinking water. For example, "vitamin drops" used to supplement nutrition in various growth and breeding periods of birds; Slufant gain powder which can prevent birds from pecking at anus and feathers; "Ou Ke nutrient" for preventing fracture and chondromalacia; There are also powerful nutritional additives for birds and birds, spark power powder, songbird essence, ectoparasite killing star, ray killing drops, powerful feather washing shampoo, Hercules pigeon racing powder, trichomonas net, coccidia net and throat disease clearing.
Feeding ornamental birds, generally should also spare drugs are:
75% alcohol, formaldehyde and (formalin) used for cage disinfection are mixed into 5% ~ 10% solution, and can also be mixed with the same amount of potassium permanganate for fumigation.
For skin abrasions or abrasions, it can be coated with purple liquid medicine and iodine.
Various antibiotics can be used to treat enteritis and respiratory tract infection.
It can be used to treat constipation and help lay eggs by dripping paraffin oil into anus or cloaca as lubricant.
Prevent rickets, improve reproduction rate, and treat cod liver oil lacking vitamins A and D.
Vitamin B complex can be used to help birds digest and increase their appetite.
Vitamin B 1 and thiamine hydrochloride are used to treat neuritis, spasm, gastrointestinal tachycardia and anorexia in birds. Unwilling to eat, weak birds can also feed some glucose water to drink.
Basic treatment of poultry diseases;
The treatment methods of ornamental bird diseases mainly include drug treatment and surgical treatment, among which drug treatment is the most widely used. In fact, in the process of surgical treatment, it is also necessary to combine medication.
Drug therapy refers to the local or systemic treatment with one or more drugs to correct the pathological state of sick birds and promote the recovery of normal physiological functions. Drug treatment includes etiological treatment and symptomatic treatment. According to the causes of diseases caused by treatment, the corresponding drugs are selected for specific treatment, so as to achieve the treatment method with the main purpose of eliminating diseases. Symptomatic treatment is aimed at clinical symptoms, selecting drugs that can relieve symptoms, so as to improve the overall physical condition of poultry and promote anti-summer, which is often used when the cause is unknown or clear but the condition is serious. In fact, the two are often used in combination. According to the characteristics of poultry, combined with specific diseases, there are many ways of administration.
1. mixed administration: also known as mixed administration, it is one of the most commonly used methods, mainly used for a long time, especially when the drugs used are insoluble or insoluble in water, or soluble in water but have poor palatability. The concentration of drugs in feed is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm).
2. Drinking water for administration: This is the simplest method of administration. In many cases, sick birds often continue to drink water, although their appetite is impaired, and even they waste food. The water consumption of birds varies from species to species, and is also affected by environmental temperature and their own health. Therefore, when calculating the drug concentration in drinking water, it should be adjusted at any time according to the species, physical condition, temperature, environment and other conditions of sick birds to avoid insufficient or excessive drugs entering birds. The drug concentration in drinking water is also usually expressed in ppm.
3. Injection-extraction method: This administration method may be the only practical method for sick birds who have completely given up their appetite for food and drinks and are seriously ill, especially in a dying state. In addition, drugs that are difficult to be absorbed or can not be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract are often administered by this method. In order to ensure the therapeutic effect, the effective drug concentration in blood should be maintained for at least 3 days. Occasionally, shock caused by the injection process may lead to the death of sick birds.
Injection administration includes subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection and intravenous injection. For some respiratory diseases, intratracheal injection or spray can also be used. When injecting subcutaneously, the medicine is usually taken out from the inside of the neck or thigh and injected subcutaneously. Chest muscles are often used for intramuscular injection. When injecting into the pectoral muscle, don't insert the needle too deep, so as not to insert it into the chest and abdomen to damage the internal organs and cause unnecessary death. Intravenous injection usually takes ulnar vein, and birds with underdeveloped wings can take jugular vein. In order to prevent accidents and the formation of hematoma, the needle for pulse-opening injection should be of appropriate size and the drug pushing speed should be slow.
4. Oral administration: It refers to a method of delivering drugs directly into the bird's mouth through droppers, syringes, tweezers and other instruments, which is often used for the administration of capsule preparations and anthelmintic drugs. Oral inorganic salts and vitamin complexes are also commonly administered in this way.
5. In vitro administration: It mainly refers to an administration method of spraying powder or liquid medicine on the body surface of sick birds. Water medicated bath and sand medicated bath also belong to this method. This method is often used to control ectoparasites.
6. Environmental medication: In order to control and eliminate ectoparasites of birds or harmful insects such as mosquitoes and flies, appropriate pesticides are often selected and applied to bird cages, bedding, bird nests and perches. And the surrounding environment closely related to bird life. It must be noted that most pesticides are toxic to birds to varying degrees, so we must be extremely cautious when using them.
In addition, there is a surgical treatment, which refers to a method of treating sick birds by surgical means, such as tumor resection, fracture reduction, foreign body removal, trauma repair and so on. According to the specific situation, the corresponding surgical methods can be adopted.