Eyes are bright, cornea is free from injury, ulcer, pannus and transparent protrusion. Iris has normal structure and clear texture; The aqueous humor is not turbid, and the lens and vitreous are transparent; Clear fundus, no vascular hyperplasia, no protrusion, no bleeding point; The conjunctiva color is normal, there are no hyperplastic blood vessels, the secretion of eye fluid is normal, the secretion is less, and the vision is normal.
Ear sensitivity, normal hearing, no brown secretion with peculiar smell, no pain in the ear, no cancer and itching in the ear shell skin, no hair loss and no dandruff.
The tongue moves freely, the mucosa is not thickened, and the color is pink (Song Shiquan's tongue is blue-purple).
The nasal endoscope is wet and cold, without congestion, ulceration, less nasal discharge, purulent nasal discharge or nasal obstruction.
Oral mucosa is pink, tympanic membrane is intact, and there is no ulcer, salivation and peculiar smell; The teeth are neat, the gums are not red and swollen, there is no calculus, and it is not loose.
Through Mao Mao, it is smooth, not reversed, shiny, with uniform density and no flannel area.
The skin and feel are elastic, and there are no rashes, nodules, abnormal bulges or depressions, no tumors, furuncles, pains, pyoderma, little dandruff and no ectoparasites.
The anus is clean, no signs of diarrhea, normal secretion of anal glands, no redness and smooth defecation.
The male penis is not red and swollen, there is no purulent secretion inside, and the urine color is normal.
The bitch's vagina has no abnormal secretion, no peculiar smell, no thickening of clitoris and labia, no itching and no abnormal pigment changes.
Strong limbs, neck and waist, flexible neck rotation, free joint flexion and dexterity. Touch the waist with concave waist reflection.
Claw nails are strong and there is no tumor. Not easy to crack, and the toenails are not too long.
Temperature, respiration and heartbeat
Body temperature, respiration and heartbeat are important physiological indexes to measure the health status of dogs, which are called three clinical indexes. The normal body temperature of dogs is 37.5℃ ~ 38.5℃. You can measure skin temperature and anus temperature. Under normal circumstances, the temperature in the morning is slightly lower than that in the afternoon, and the temperature of puppies is about 0.5℃ higher than that of adult dogs.
It is normal that the body temperature will rise due to heat production after exercise. The following factors may increase the body temperature of normal dogs: after strenuous exercise; In an unfamiliar environment; When the spirit is tense, the bitch lacks calcium after delivery; Summer sultry heat dissipation is unfavorable.
Respiratory changes are related to lung function and environment. The normal breathing frequency of dogs is 10 ~ 30 beats/min. When sleeping, take a deep breath evenly; After exercise, the weather is sultry, the bitch lacks calcium after delivery, the lung function is poor or inflamed, and the dog wheezes, breathing shallow and fast.
The normal heartbeat of a dog is 70 ~ 120 beats/min. After exercise, abdominal pain, inflammation and other diseases, the number of heartbeats increases. When the heart function is abnormal, the rhythm of the heartbeat will change. In serious diseases, such as shock, the heartbeat is weak and fast.
Under general anesthesia, the dog's body temperature, breathing and heartbeat all drop, which is the result of anesthesia.
Function of important organs
Brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are all important organs.
The brain is the nerve center, and the receptors of peripheral nerves receive all kinds of stimuli and transmit them to the brain. The brain transmits relevant instructions to peripheral effectors through nerves, coordinating and dominating the physiological activities of various organs. Dogs rarely suffer from canine inflammation, but they are prone to canine distemper and toxic encephalitis, most of which are mainly nervous system symptoms, uncontrollable convulsions and poor prognosis.
As the initiator of the circulatory system, the heart contracts and relaxes regularly. In this way, the heart pumps blood from the heart into the arterial duct and distributes it throughout the body. After exchanging substances in capillaries, they flow into the heart through venous tubes. The number of heartbeats and the function of the heart can be checked by auscultation and electrocardiogram. Dogs have abnormal heart rhythm and the incidence of myocarditis is not high, but they often suffer from canine parvovirus disease.
The main function of the lung is breathing, and the exchange of metabolites such as oxygen and carbon dioxide is completed in the lung. The function and state of the lungs are very important. Through auscultation, blood routine and blood gas analysis, the state of lung function can be judged. Dogs often suffer from bronchitis and tracheitis, especially when the temperature drops suddenly. Without immunization, puppies are prone to canine distemper, infectious bronchitis and parainfluenza. When the larvae of some internal parasites migrate in the body, they often cause cough in puppies and cause changes in lung parenchyma.
Most of the dog's liver is located on the right side of the front abdomen, and the entire concave surface of the quarter costal diaphragm is occupied by the liver. The gallbladder is obvious, bile is discharged from the bile duct and opens in the front of the duodenum. The main function of the liver is to secrete bile, help digest fat, and also play a certain role in metabolism, detoxification, hematopoiesis and defense. In the liver, bile salts are synthesized or combined with taurine or glycerol to form taurocholate or glycerol bile salts. Liver function test needs certain experimental equipment. The normal values of liver function in dogs are as follows: alanine aminotransferase is 4 ~ 66 U/L at 30℃; At 30℃, the aspartate aminotransferase is 8 ~ 38U/L; R- glutamate transferase (GGT) was 65438 0.2 ~ 6.4U/L at 30℃. In some cases of parasitic diseases, icteric hepatitis, infectious hepatitis and ascites, or before and after taking drugs harmful to the liver, liver function should be tested.
Urine excretion is one of the functions of the kidney. In addition, the kidney also has the function of maintaining ion balance in the blood. The main functions of the kidney include excretion (such as waste products metabolized by protein), regulation (such as acid-base balance) and biosynthesis (such as erythropoietin). Nephritis and chronic renal failure should be examined for renal function. Old dogs, obese dogs and dogs with urinary tract inflammation should have their blood and urine checked. Normal blood urea nitrogen is 1.8 ~ 10.4 mmol/L, creatinine is 60 ~110 μ mol/L. Urine examination items include: urine color, odor, transparency, acid-base reaction, occult blood, relative density, protein and urine. When there is chronic renal failure, you should have a regular physical examination.
The end of the pancreas is located at the front end of the duodenum and is divided into two parts, one is exocrine and the other is endocrine. The pancreas secretes colorless and transparent alkaline (PH 7.8 ~ 8.4) pancreatic juice during digestion, which is rich in pancreatic fatty acid, trypsin, pancreatic amylase and pancreatic nucleic acid decomposing enzyme. The endocrine department is islet, and there are three kinds of cells, A cells-producing glucagon, B cells-producing insulin, and C cells-producing somatostatin. These hormones are secreted and enter the blood, regulating the balance of sugar in the body. The pancreas also secretes a large amount of bicarbonate into the duodenum to maintain the proper PH value of the intestinal cavity, which is conducive to maintaining the activities of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal enzymes. The function of the pancreas is very important for digestion. By detecting amylase (185 ~ 700 U/L at 30℃) and lipase (0 ~ 258 U/L at 30℃) in blood and trypsin, neutral fat and starch in feces, we can analyze whether the pancreas is inflamed or not.
Dogs have miscellaneous food and short digestive tract, but their digestive glands have strong functions. The average residence time of food in the digestive tract of dogs is about 24 hours. The process of degradation of food macromolecules into simple molecular compounds is called digestion, while the process of substances passing through intestinal mucosa is called absorption. The contraction of masticatory muscles and digestive muscles mechanically makes food particles smaller. The digestive juice rich in enzymes secreted by the stomach and small intestine of the digestive tract plays a role in chemical decomposition, and bacteria parasitic at the end of the digestive tract also produce enzymes with chemical digestion.
There are both autonomous and involuntary controls on the activities of digestive tract. Chewing, swallowing and anal sphincter contraction all belong to autonomous control, while all digestive and secretory activities of gastrointestinal tract are controlled by the interaction of nerves and hormones.
The food that dogs eat every day is mainly ground into large particles by mechanical chewing, which is fully mixed with saliva. The parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland and zygomatic gland secrete saliva into the mouth. Saliva consists of 99% water, 1% mucus, inorganic salts and enzymes.
After food enters the mouth, the tongue first forms a food ball and sends it to the eating passage. There are no digestive enzymes in the esophagus, but it can secrete a lot of mucus, which has a lubricating effect on food. Food balls creep through the esophagus and enter the stomach through the cardia.
The rhythmic contraction of gastric wall muscles pushes food to pylorus, which promotes the mixing of food with digestive juice and the decomposition of digestive products. The secretion of the stomach is controlled by nerves and hormones, and the food entering the stomach is mixed with gastric juice and further decomposed under the mechanical pressure of gastric contraction.
Most of the digestive products are finally digested in the small intestine. For example, all digestible protein, fats and carbohydrates are digested into amino acids, dipeptides, glycerol, fatty acids and monosaccharides, which are absorbed by the small intestine together with water, vitamins and inorganic salts. 50% of dog food and drinking water is absorbed in jejunum, 40% in ileum, and only 10% in large intestine and colon. During the absorption of digestive products, all digested nutrients and more than 90% of sodium ions, potassium ions and chloride ions in the intestinal cavity are absorbed.
Salt and water are absorbed by the large intestine, which peristalsis less than 5 times per minute. The peristalsis of the large intestine can promote the mixed movement of intestinal contents back and forth, and sometimes there will be massive violent movement. The bacterial fermentation of dogs is mainly concentrated in the large intestine. The main bacterial species are Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Clostridium. The retention time of undigested food in the large intestine is about 65438 02 hours.
Dogs must have a normal gastrointestinal tract if they want to digest and absorb food smoothly, and the state of gastrointestinal tract depends on teeth, digestive enzymes, stomach function, intestinal function, pancreas, hepatobiliary function and whether they are sick or not. Objective indicators are the physical properties of feces, defecation frequency and fecal composition. The stool examination items include occult blood, parasites, parvovirus monoclonal antibody, trypsin, neutral fat, starch and muscle fiber.
Hematuria examination
Hematuria examination in dogs is one of the bases for diagnosis of canine diseases, and it is also an important content of clinical physical examination.
Blood consists of plasma and tangible components (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), and blood cells account for 30% ~ 40%. The relative viscosity was 4.7, the relative density was in the range of L.05 1 ~ L.062, and the total blood volume was 7.7% of the body weight. The main distribution is: circulating blood accounts for about half, spleen stores 1/6, liver stores 1/5, and skin stores1/0. Red blood cells can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, and there are 8 homologous antigens (8 blood types) on the surface. White blood cells have nuclei, and one of their main functions is to protect the body from invasion. Platelets are mainly involved in the coagulation process and maintain the integrity of vascular endothelium.
The water content of plasma is 9 1 ~ 92%, and the solid matter is only 8 ~ 9%. Plasma proteins (albumin, globulin and fibrinogen, etc. ) is the main solid substance, which is involved in transporting nutrients, hormones and metabolites. Globulin is the main component of antibody and has immune function. Fibrinogen is involved in hemostasis.
The normal blood physiological values of dogs are: red blood cells 5.5 ~ 8.510/2l, hematocrit (HCT)0.37 ~ 0.55 L/L, and mean hematocrit (MCV) 60 ~ 7710-5. The average erythrocyte hemoglobin (MCH) was19.5 ~ 24.510-12g, hemoglobin (Hb) was 120 ~ 180g/L, and the neutrophils in leaves were 60 ~ 77%.
The normal biochemical values in dog blood are: total protein (TP)54 ~ 78g/L, albumin (ALB)24 ~ 38g/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)8 ~ 38U/L at 30℃, alanine aminotransferase (ALT)4 ~ 66U/L and alkaline phosphatase at 30℃. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is 100 U/L at 30℃, the amylase is 185 ~ 700 U/L, the lipase is 0 ~ 258 U/L and the r-glutaminase (GGT) is/kloc at 30℃. Direct bilirubin is 2 ~ 5 μ mol/L, urea nitrogen 1.8 ~ 10.4 mmol/L, muscle crisp is 60 ~10 pmol/L, cholesterol is 3.9 ~ 7.8 mmol/L, and total bilirubin is 2 ~/kloc.
When examining anemia, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections, parasitic infections or evaluating body resistance, blood tests are often used to understand the degree of disease, blood pH, anemia, changes in certain enzymes, ion concentration, abnormal cells, microfilaria, coke worms, trypanosoma, hookworm larvae and thyroid hormones.
The normal feces of dogs are khaki, containing about 70% water, and the normal defecation frequency is 1 time. In addition to water, there are unabsorbed food residues and exfoliated intestinal cells in feces. Clinically, stool examination is mainly used to diagnose canine parvovirus disease, whether there is gastrointestinal bleeding (occult blood), colitis or enteritis, and the contents of trypsin, muscle fiber and starch. It is also used to diagnose parasitic diseases. However, it should be noted that some parasites are intermittently ovulating, which requires multiple examinations to confirm the diagnosis.
Dog urine is generally light yellow, yellow or brown, clear and transparent, with an average PH of 5 ~ 7 and a relative density of1.015 ~1.050. Urine examination is widely used in clinical diagnosis, which can detect urine volume, urine color, transparency, odor, urine protein, pH, relative density, urine sugar, acetone, acetoacetic acid, bilirubin, urine urobilinogen and urine urobilinogen, hemoglobin, chyluria, urine sediment, urinary creatinine clearance rate, urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, lead, mercury and arsenic.
behaviour
Whether walking or running, dogs are vigorous and powerful, with touching posture, unified movements and rhythms, and free coordination. Dogs can flex freely and move dexterously. Common abnormal movements and postures are mostly related to the following situations:
Lumbar injury is mostly related to the protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc caused by insufficient bone calcium in dogs, which leads to weakness of both hind legs and even dragging. Hip dislocation is mostly caused by trauma, often habitual dislocation, mainly unilateral. Rupture of medial rectus ligament of knee joint or dislocation of kneecap is related to congenital structural defects. Claw injuries are mostly injuries caused by sharp instruments or long toenails, and limbs dare not carry loads on the ground. When bone injury occurs, the main manifestations are abnormal limb movement and joint pain. For example, trauma, manifested as limb elongation or shortening, pain.
type
Sexual maturity of dogs is earlier and more stable than physical maturity, and physical maturity varies from breed to breed. Generally speaking, small dogs mature earlier than large dogs. For small dogs such as Beijing Dog and Shih Tzu Dog, it is more appropriate to breed and conceive in the second estrus (about 12 ~ 14 months old), and it is better for big dogs such as Great Dane to breed after 18 months old because it is mature at this time.
The pregnancy rate of bitches is the highest on the first 1 1 ~ 13 days of estrus. After conception, the bitch gives birth 60 days after pregnancy, and the postpartum lactation period is about 45 days. Bitches give birth to 4-6 babies per litter on average.
Dystocia mainly occurs in the following situations: the fetus is large, especially when there are only 1 fetus; The bitch is pregnant before maturity, and the pelvic opening is narrow; Bitches generally eat meat, and their bones are stunted; Fetal malposition; Bitches have weak constitution and weak contractions; Premature delivery before normal delivery time, premature delivery due to external stimulation, etc. Sometimes, the bitch of a small dog is too small and the male dog is too big, which is also one of the factors that cause dystocia.
Puppies can't open their eyes until they leave their mother 10. At first, they mainly relied on their sense of smell to feed. Bitches mostly identify their puppies by smell. Seven days after delivery, the growth and development of puppies enter a rapid stage, which is easy to cause or aggravate the postpartum calcium deficiency of bitches, manifested as wheezing, high fever and convulsions. At this time, calcium supplementation is the primary task.
Continuously develop
Newborn puppies spend their time in understanding. They eat when they are hungry and drink when they are thirsty. The diet is entirely provided by the bitch. During the growing period, the demand for energy and nutrition of puppies increases sharply, which is the need of puppy growth and development.
When puppies grow to 5 ~ 6 months, the weight of some breeds of dogs can reach half that of adult dogs. Due to different breeds, the time and relative speed required to reach the weight of adult dogs are also different. It takes longer for large dogs to reach adult weight than small dogs. Feeding methods are very important to the growth speed of large dogs and giant dogs, and the period with the fastest growth speed is also the period most prone to bone development disorders.
After weaning, the feeding frequency can be changed to 4 times a day, and when the weight of puppies is half that of adult dogs, the feeding frequency can be changed to 2 times until adulthood, and then changed to/kloc-0 times a day. Dogs should not eat at will to avoid obesity. Some dog foods are high in protein and fat. Although this dog food is delicious, don't eat too much. The other is the lack of exercise, especially the puppies in the restricted area in China. This will lead to a sharp increase in the number of fat cells, and it will not succeed in losing weight in adulthood, which will have a great impact on the cardiovascular system and life expectancy.
The physical maturity of small dogs is about 12 ~ 14 months after birth, such as Beijing Terrier, Shih Tzu and Japan. Kane? , Tibetan lions and other varieties. The physical maturity of medium-sized dogs ranges from 16 to 18 months, such as Labrador, Setter, Collie, boeing da, Du Binquan and Rottweiler. The average maturity of large dogs and giant dogs is 22 ~ 24 months, such as Saint Bernard, Great Dane, Newfoundland and Caucasian dogs.
The aging of dogs has a certain relationship with the breed of dogs. Generally speaking, small dogs have a long life. For example, Beagle/Kloc-0 is a puppy at the age of 0/0, while Great Dane is an old dog at the age of 8. As the dog grows older, the daily food intake gradually decreases. For aged dogs, the quality and digestibility of food are very important.