Second, the evolution of medical model
Third, the motivation of modern medical model
Four, the basic content of modern medical model
Fifth, the guiding significance of the transformation of modern medical model to medical practice.
Sixth, the meaning of health.
Seven, the medical model is dynamic.
First, the concept of medical model
Mode: it can refer to an ideological system or way of thinking. In scientific research, it refers to the theoretical explanation or explanation of natural or social phenomena. The model includes two links: cognition and practice.
Medical model: Medical model is the generalization of important medical concepts such as human health view, disease view and death view.
Second, the transformation of medical model.
The evolution of medical model is a long and tortuous process. Several medical models experienced in history:
1. The medical model of theism
Due to the low development level of ancient productive forces and the lack of scientific knowledge, people have insufficient understanding of the objective world and cannot distinguish themselves from the environment. They believe that people's life and health are given by God and gods, and diseases are caused by ghosts and gods and punished by God. To get rid of diseases, we can only rely on prayer and witchcraft, which is an ancient medical model of deism.
2. The medical model of natural philosophy
With the development of social productive forces and the improvement of scientific and technological level, human beings began to understand themselves and the environment objectively, and made a superficial and rational summary of health and diseases. Doctors began to associate diseases with various changes in nature, and through speculative reasoning, they proposed that the changes of seasons and climate could affect the changes of human body, forming a medical model of natural philosophy.
3. Mechanical medical model
16 ~ 17 century, the European Renaissance brought the industrial revolution, promoted scientific progress and influenced medical concepts. At that time, people were compared to machines, and all human phenomena were explained from the mechanical point of view. People believe that people started the machine themselves, and disease is a mechanical failure of a certain part of the machine. The doctor's task is to repair machines and treat headaches and feet. Mechanism explains that life activities are mechanical movements, and protecting health means maintaining machines. Ignoring the complex biology and sociality of human beings.
4. Biomedical model
1)
From18th century to19th century, with the high development of natural science and medicine, basic medicine such as anatomy, histology, physiology, pathology and genetics formed a system, biologists and physicians put forward evolution theory and cell theory, and found pathogenic factors such as microorganisms. These scientific facts make people have a correct understanding of health and disease and form a biomedical model.
2) Achievement
Biomedical model has played an important role in promoting the development of medicine and made great achievements:
(1) In basic medicine, the understanding of human body is from macroscopic to molecular level, the gene theory is established, and the biological cause is determined.
(2) In clinical medicine, the development of antibiotics and vaccines has made the causes of many infectious diseases that seriously endanger human health clear, controlled and eliminated, achieved aseptic surgery, and solved the problems of pain, infection and blood loss.
(3) Public health: by improving the environment (sewage, living environment, food hygiene, garbage disposal, etc. ) and carrying out planned immunization, the infant mortality rate has dropped significantly and the average life expectancy has increased.
3) Views
(1) Psychosomatic Dualism
It is believed that there is a fine division of labor between mind and body, and diseases have a microscopic biological basis, that is, lesions can be found in the body when diseases occur. If they are not found, it means that the level of science and technology has not reached.
(2) Simplification theory
It is believed that the disease has a microscopic physical and chemical basis, and the final treatment of the disease ultimately comes down to physical or chemical methods.
4) defects
Although the biomedical model emphasizes that life activities are a unified whole in structure, function and information exchange, it ignores the key that human beings are the unity of biology and sociality.
Third, the emergence of modern medical model.
1. Background
Since 1950s, the spectrum of human diseases and deaths has changed greatly. The main diseases affecting human health have gradually changed from infectious diseases to non-infectious diseases, and various chronic diseases have become the biggest threat to human health.
In developed countries, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and malignant tumor have become the main causes of death, and the second health revolution to control non-communicable diseases is the primary task of health departments.
In order to adapt to the change of disease composition (disease prevalence rate), the medical community put forward that the medical model needs to change from biomedical model to bio-psychological-social medical model (modern medical model) in the late 1970s. This is the change of human disease spectrum and the product of deepening human understanding of disease and health. It can be said that this is the second revolution of medical care. Once the bio-psycho-social medical model was put forward, it attracted the attention of many countries.
2. Changes of disease spectrum and cause of death spectrum
Generally speaking, the disease spectrum usually refers to the ranking of the top ten diseases with the highest frequency and the greatest harm to human beings. The scientific estimation of disease structure by disease spectrum is of great guiding significance for disease prevention and medical research.
In developed countries, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and malignant tumor have always been the main causes of death, and the disease and death patterns in cities and developed rural areas in China are equivalent to or close to those in developed countries.
According to a statistical data of the Ministry of Health, the change of death spectrum of urban population in China during the 40 years from 1957 to 1997.
Let's look at the changes of five major diseases:
Infectious diseases: 1957 and 1963 ranked second among the top five causes of death, respectively, and fell to the fifth place at 1975, and withdrew from the top five causes of death at 1985;
Respiratory diseases; From the first in 1957 and 1963, it gradually fell to the third in 1975 and the fourth in 1997;
On the contrary, heart disease and cerebrovascular disease gradually rose from the fourth and fifth places in 1957 and 1963 to the first and second places in 1985;
Malignant tumor was the third cause of death in 1963, and by 1997 it had become the most important cause of death endangering the health of urban residents in China.
There are two main reasons for this change. One is the aging of the population caused by the decline in mortality and birth rate, and the other is the increase in the proportion of people who died of non-communicable diseases.
Modern medical model is the expansion and perfection of biomedical model.
Fourthly, the content of modern medical model.
That is, the bio-psychological-social medical model: there are four factors that affect human health.
1. Biological genetic factors
It is the basis of understanding life activities and health. Including the mechanism of normal physiological activities and pathological changes, the process of pathogenic factors affecting human structure and function, and the mechanism of information transmission, are the contents that must be studied.
In the bio-psychological-social medical model, biology still ranks first, but at the same time, it emphasizes the influence of other factors.
2. Environmental factors
Environmental factors include natural environment, psychological environment and social environment.
3. Lifestyle and behavioral factors
It is gradually formed in the process of socialization and under the mutual influence of people. A good lifestyle promotes health, while a bad lifestyle is harmful.
4. Medical and health service elements
Including medical and health service layout, resource allocation, health policy, technical level and service quality.
Five, the influence of modern medical model
1. The modern medical model has caused people to re-examine the medical purpose.
New medical purposes:
(1) Prevent diseases and injuries, and promote and maintain health;
(2) relieve the pain and suffering caused by the disease;
(3) Nursing and treatment of diseases and nursing of intractable diseases;
(4) Avoid premature death and pursue peaceful death.
2. Impact on health services
Mainly manifested as "four expansions":
(1) From treatment service to prevention service.
Primary prevention, take effective measures to nip in the bud;
Early secondary prevention, early detection and timely treatment of diseases;
Three-level prevention, do a good job in treatment and rehabilitation after illness to prevent disability.
(2) Expand from technical services to social services.
(3) Expanding from in-hospital service to out-of-hospital service.
(4) Extending from physiological service to psychological service.
3. Influence on medical education
Professionals trained by modern medical education should adapt to the changes of medical model in three aspects: attitude, knowledge and ability.
1The World Congress on Medical Education held in August 1988 adopted the far-reaching Edinburgh Declaration. The declaration pointed out: "The purpose of medical education is to train doctors to promote the health of all people."
The medical education reform proposed by the World Health Organization includes three aspects.
(1) Facing the needs of 2 1 century, the medical and health service system must be reformed.
(2) Doctors must be "five-star":
Providers of medical services: Doctors can provide medical care services according to the overall needs of patients for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.
Decision-maker: comprehensively consider the use of various treatment technologies from the aspects of ethics, cost and patient needs.
Information disseminator: actively and effectively carry out health education, advocate a healthy lifestyle, and enhance the awareness of health protection of individuals and groups.
Community leaders: balance and coordinate the relationship between individuals, communities and society to meet the needs of medical care.
Health service managers: work together within the health sector and in other social institutions outside the health field.
(3) Medical education itself must be reformed.
It is necessary to strengthen the cultivation of medical students' humanistic quality, pay attention to the cultivation of comprehensive ability and innovative ability, and establish the viewpoint of lifelong education.
4. Impact on preventive medicine
In the past, social health measures mainly relied on group prevention, from enhancing individual immunity through vaccination to improving urban water supply and drainage and garbage disposal systems and improving environmental sanitation conditions through municipal projects to improve social health conditions. This has brought infectious diseases, parasitic diseases and endemic diseases under control.
But then two trends appeared. One trend is that chronic diseases that are difficult to be completely cured become the main targets of hospitals, and the other trend is the new occurrence and resurgence of infectious diseases.
5. Influence on clinical medicine
Sixth, the meaning of health.
(A) the concept
1. Understanding health
From ancient times to the present, all ages and nationalities regard health as the first need of life. With the improvement of people's quality of life, people pay more and more attention to health.
Health is the foundation, health is the guarantee, health is the foundation, and health is the most precious wealth of mankind. Enjoying health is the ideal pursued by all mankind. At the same time, health is not only a personal resource, but also the most important resource in society. Achieving the highest possible health level is the guarantee of economic development, social progress and national prosperity, and it is also an important social goal all over the world.
2. Definition of the World Health Organization
About health: The World Health Organization (WHO) 1948 put forward in its organic law that "health is not just the absence of disease or weakness, but a state of physical, psychological and social adaptation." Three-dimensional health view. This is a leap in human understanding of health on the basis of summing up the achievements of modern medicine, and expands the connotation of health to a new realm of understanding.
3. Three dimensions of health
From this definition, we can see that the requirements for health put forward by the World Health Organization are very rich in connotation. It can't be said that not getting sick is health, and health includes three levels:
1) Good health: refers to the complete body structure and normal function;
2) Mental health: also known as mental health, refers to a person's mental state in a good state, including a correct understanding of self, a correct understanding of the environment and timely adaptation to the environment.
In real life, a person's mental health will be reflected in the following aspects:
(1) Attitude towards yourself and others, self-knowledge and good at making friends.
(2) Attitude towards work, love to study and work, be able to focus on meaningful and valuable things and get pleasure from them.
(3) Attitude towards the environment and good adaptability.
(4) The attitude towards difficulties and troubles, under normal circumstances, does not shrink back, does not escape, does not fantasize, dares to face and actively solves.
3) Social adaptability: it includes three aspects, that is, everyone's ability should be fully exerted in the social system; As a healthy individual, he should effectively play a role that suits his status; Everyone's behavior conforms to social norms.
4. WHO's expansion of the concept of health
In recent years, the World Health Organization has once again extended the concept of health, and moral cultivation and reproductive quality have also been included in the scope of health. Taking moral cultivation as the connotation of mental health, its contents include: healthy people do not meet their own needs at the expense of others, have the concept of distinguishing between true and false, good and evil, beauty and ugliness, honor and disgrace, and can restrain themselves and dominate their thoughts and behaviors according to social behavior norms. Reproductive health means that people are in good physical, psychological and social relations during the reproductive process. Women can safely experience pregnancy and childbirth, and the babies born can survive and grow up healthily.
(B) the four major factors affecting health
Behavioral and lifestyle factors.
1) Concept: It means that people's own bad behaviors and lifestyles bring direct or indirect harm to the health of individuals, groups and even society, and have the characteristics of potential aggression, accumulation and extensive influence on the body.
Bad behaviors and lifestyles involve a wide range, such as unreasonable diet, smoking, alcoholism, sedentary inactivity, promiscuity, drug abuse, drug dependence, driving and flying without wearing a seat belt, etc.
According to WHO 1992, developed countries account for 70-80%, developing countries account for 40-50%, and 60% of global deaths are caused by unhealthy lifestyles and behaviors. Through 30 years' efforts, the death rate of cardiovascular diseases in the United States has been reduced by 50%, of which 2/3 is achieved by improving behavior and lifestyle.
2) The characteristics of unhealthy behaviors and lifestyles that affect health.
(1) has a long incubation period.
After the unhealthy lifestyle is formed, it usually takes a long time to have an impact on health and produce obvious pathogenic effects.
(2) poor specificity
There is no clear correspondence between unhealthy lifestyle and diseases, which shows that an unhealthy lifestyle is related to many diseases and health problems, and a disease or health problem is related to many factors in the unhealthy lifestyle.
(3) Strong synergistic effect
When a variety of unhealthy lifestyles exist at the same time, various factors can cooperate and strengthen each other, and the harm caused by this synergy will eventually be greater than the sum of the individual effects of various factors.
(4) high variability
There are obvious individual differences in the harm and occurrence time of bad lifestyle to health.
(5) widespread existence
Bad lifestyles widely exist in people's daily lives. Many people have such bad lifestyles, and the harm to health is extensive.
3) Four cornerstones of health
1992 The Victorian Declaration on Heart Health put forward by the International Heart Health Conference pointed out that the four cornerstones of health are reasonable diet, moderate exercise, quitting smoking, alcohol restriction and psychological balance. It is of great significance to explain the influence of behavior and lifestyle on health.
2. Environmental factors
The "environment" factor refers to the external world with people as the main body, including natural environment and social environment.
3. Biological factors
Biological factors include pathogenic microorganisms, heredity, growth and development, aging and so on.
4. Health service factors
It refers to the activity process that health institutions and health professionals use health resources and various means in a planned and purposeful way to provide necessary services to individuals, groups and society in order to prevent diseases and improve health.
Seven, the medical model is dynamic.
This is for everyone. Medical model is a summary of important concepts such as health, disease and death, so it is dynamic. I read an article on the Internet, and some scholars also suggested that the modern medical model, even the bio-psycho-social medical model, also has its limitations, such as environmental problems and public mental health problems. I think with the development of medical technology and the constant changes of human diseases and deaths, the understanding of medical model will be broader and more comprehensive. So everyone should have this idea.
Fu Fuli: Teacher, I would like to ask what is the focus of this semester's pathology exam? thank you
Guo Xiaoxia: We should follow the evaluation instructions. In addition, we have online review at the end of the term. You are very welcome to participate in the final review online.
Yin Zhiying: What everyone is required to master in learning requirements or learning objectives is the key content, which is also the key content of the exam. In addition, there is a final review guide book at the end of the term, which contains assessment instructions and review questions for your reference. In addition, I suggest that you take part in online real-time tutoring activities at the end of the term, when Guo Xiaoxia, the host teacher of this course, will give you a detailed introduction.
Sun Jie: How to master infectious diseases and parasitic diseases?
Zhao Xinsheng: Key Points of Prevention and Control on Characteristics of Pathogen Transmission Pathway
Chen Yuhong: The law of disease development?
Zhao Xinsheng: Different diseases have different laws and need specific analysis.
Liao Na: Teacher Yin, there are many pathological contents. Would you please introduce some main points to the teacher?
Yin Zhiying: What everyone is required to master in learning requirements or learning objectives is the key content, which is also the key content of the exam. In addition, there is a final review guide book at the end of the term, which contains assessment instructions and review questions for your reference. You can also look at the text of Teacher Guo's teaching activities online, which contains this content.
Wang Qing: Can the examination mode be changed?
Zhao Xinsheng: The reform of examination mode has been explored and tried. What do the students think?
Yin Zhiying: We are exploring new examination methods in each course, such as semi-open-book examination and online examination.
Wang Qing: What's the focus of the exam?
Zhao Xinsheng: The focus of the exam is what you are required to master. You can refer to the evaluation instructions.
Yin Zhiying: What everyone is required to master in learning requirements or learning objectives is the key content, which is also the key content of the exam. In addition, there is a final review guide book at the end of the term, which contains assessment instructions and review questions for your reference.
Chen Yuhong: What are the advantages of modern medical model?
Zhao Xinsheng: The understanding of health is more comprehensive. Modern medicine is not only the responsibility and obligation of medical workers, but also the responsibility and obligation of the whole society. Without a healthy ecological environment and social environment, health is passive water. Therefore, the most fundamental problem of medicine, that is, maintaining people's health and alleviating people's diseases, requires the extensive participation of the government and society. The advantage of modern medical model is to broaden people's understanding of health. Health is not only the absence of disease, but also the perfect adaptation to society and psychology. As every member of a social group, this is a responsibility.
Chen Yuhong: What is the significance of the transformation of biomedical model?
Li Chaobo: The purpose of medicine can be re-examined; 2. Promote the expansion of health care services; 3. Influence on medical education, preventive medicine and clinical medicine; 4. The assessment method of health status has changed.
Zhang Kun: How to adjust the new doctor-patient relationship under the new medical model: With the transformation from the traditional medical model of "disease-centered" to the new medical model of "patient-centered", the holistic nursing system has been rapidly implemented in hospitals at all levels in China. It is urgent to improve the quality of holistic nursing as soon as possible, and establishing a brand-new nurse-patient relationship can make patient-centered holistic nursing better implemented.
Li Chaobo: Do you mean the doctor-patient relationship or the doctor-patient relationship?
Zhang Kun: I mean the doctor-patient relationship.
Guo Xiaoxia: Doctors should be able to diagnose and treat physical diseases. They should also be able to communicate more with patients, actively help high-risk groups find psychological and social reasons, and discuss feasible solutions with them.
Yin Zhiying: In the new holistic nursing model, nursing work is also carried out, and patients are evaluated from the physiological and psychological aspects, and the existing problems are dealt with accordingly. This kind of nursing can make patients get all-round care, and the relationship of mutual respect and trust will be established between nurses and patients.
Wang Qing: How does lifestyle affect health?
Zhao Xinsheng: For example, smoking and drinking are common personal lifestyles, and everyone has different performances. Modern medical research has proved that the occurrence and development of many diseases are related to our lifestyle. For example, smoking can cause a series of respiratory diseases, such as tracheitis and lung cancer, while liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis and digestive diseases are often related to drinking.
Fan Li: What is the danger of blood circulation disorder?
Guo Xiaoxia: As a blood circulation disorder, it can be divided into local and systemic. Local diseases include congestion, hemorrhage, embolism, infarction and systemic diseases such as shock and DIC. The influence of local blood circulation disorder on the body depends on the situation, such as myocardial infarction. Systemic blood circulation disorder has a serious impact on the body, which will lead to death if it is not handled properly.
Fan Li: What are the hazards of acid-base balance disorder?
Guo Xiaoxia: The disorder of acid-base balance is a process accompanied by many diseases. The disorder of acid-base balance will affect the treatment of diseases and strengthen the damage of the body. It is necessary to analyze specific problems.
Wang Qing: The doctor-patient relationship is not easy to handle.
Li Chaobo: It is a thorny issue, which requires medical staff to master communication skills flexibly.
Guo Xiaoxia: This is a complicated problem, but people engaged in nursing work should take our work seriously, improve our service quality, treat our patients seriously and promote their health and physical and mental development. We should start from ourselves and do it well.
Yin Zhiying: From the perspective of understanding patients! In addition, we should learn to adjust ourselves. We often hear a slogan in the service industry called "the customer is always right". I think the needs and requirements of patients should also be regarded as reasonable! I know nursing work is hard. I salute you and all the nurses!
Zhao Xinsheng: Yes, now that the evidence provider is in the hospital, patients' awareness of rights protection is constantly improving, and medical expenses are rising. Many factors lead to the rising trend of medical disputes. Doctors should have a high sense of responsibility and professionalism, properly handle related medical problems and deal with them in accordance with medical conventions and regulations. In times of crisis, the life and health of patients should also be the first. China's relevant legislation and management regulations will fully consider the interests and protection of medical personnel.
Wang Qing: How to understand the concept of health?
Li Chaobo: Teacher Guo will talk about the concept of health in detail later.
Wang Benchang: How to improve the level of "holistic nursing" in the case of unbalanced medical proportion?
Zhao Xinsheng: Of course, the health authorities should reverse this abnormal phenomenon, and at the same time, as nurses, they should have a high sense of responsibility and a positive working attitude.
Li Langheng: What is the content of modern medical model?
Yin Zhiying: namely, the bio-psychological-social medical model.
Yu Caiyuan: that is, the bio-psychological-social medical model: there are four factors that affect human health.
Fan Li: What are the types of cardiovascular diseases?
Yu Caiyuan: angina pectoris, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, arrhythmia, etc.
Wang Manwen: What impact does the bio-psychological-social medical model have on clinical medicine?
Li Chaobo: 1. Promote medical staff to continuously expand and improve their thinking structure, so as to improve the diagnostic level;
2. Promote people to communicate with patients for a period of time, help high-risk groups find psychological and social reasons, and find feasible solutions to problems.
Wu Yujie: Is it necessary to treat patients with cancer pain according to this regulation?
Li Chaobo: If we can follow the three-step treatment plan, the pain of more than 90% cancer patients can be alleviated. The current treatment is not standardized, and the treatment effect on pain is not good.
Fan Li: What are the hazards of digestive system diseases?
Li Chaobo: It can cause systemic or local infection, inflammation, ulcer, benign and malignant tumors, vascular diseases and so on.
Fan Li: What are the principles of tumor prevention and treatment?
Zhao Xinsheng: Basically, it is to eliminate risk factors, such as physical radiation and chemical carcinogens. To promote the health of the whole people, protect high-risk groups, carry out health education and advocate a healthy lifestyle.
The key to secondary prevention is early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment.
Fan Li: What is the harm of water and electrolyte metabolic disorder?
Yin Zhiying: In order to maintain the normal function of cells and tissues, there must be a suitable living environment, which is extracellular fluid. It is very important to keep the physicochemical properties of extracellular fluid relatively constant. When the metabolism of water and electrolyte is disordered and the internal environment is unbalanced, the metabolic function of cells will be affected, and the functions of organs and systems will be disordered. For example, hypokalemia can lead to muscle weakness, slow gastrointestinal peristalsis and abnormal heart function.
Guan Cuina: How did the shock develop? What is its mechanism?
Zhao Xinsheng: Shock is an acute circulatory insufficiency mainly caused by microcirculatory disturbance caused by strong stimulation. It is often caused by massive bleeding, severe trauma, major surgery, dehydration, burns, serious infection, allergic reactions and toxic effects of certain drugs. According to the pathogenesis, shock can be divided into septic shock, hemorrhagic shock and cardiogenic shock.
In medicine, shock refers to the clinical syndrome caused by systemic microcirculation disturbance caused by various reasons.
The mechanism is that the supply of oxygen and various nutrients for human survival and the elimination of waste produced by metabolism all depend on effective blood circulation. Once the blood circulation is interrupted, life cannot be maintained. Shock is a very serious state in clinic. It often occurs after severe infection, severe trauma and massive hemorrhage, and mainly manifests as pale face, cold limbs, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, and soon enters a coma.
Guo Xiaoxia: The development and mechanism of shock is a very complicated process, and our teacher Zhao Xinsheng also gave an answer. Shock itself is not an independent disease, but a pathological process, which can be caused by many reasons, such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma or allergy. For shock, the important change of its occurrence and development is microcirculation. For various tissues and organs, when microcirculation changes, organ function will show a series of changes, which will lead to a series of life activities. I hope you can look at the contents of chapter 2, section 7 of Pathology about shock.
Niu Jianling: What is peptic ulcer?
Li Chaobo: Peptic ulcer is a chronic ulcer that occurs in the stomach and duodenum. It is named because the formation of ulcer is related to the digestion of gastric acid-pepsin. The mucosal defect of ulcer exceeds the muscularis mucosa, which is different from erosion.
Fan Li: What are the hazards of respiratory diseases?
Yin Zhiying: The meaning of breathing is to ensure that the body can get oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Diseases of the respiratory system will affect the ventilation and ventilation of the lungs, thus making the body anoxic and affecting the metabolic function of cells.
Guan Cuina: What should I pay attention to when studying pathology?
Zhao Xinsheng: First of all, we should understand the main learning goal of pathology, that is, to master the pathological characteristics of some common diseases, including gross changes and microscopic changes. Through these changes, we can infer the clinical manifestations of the disease and the corresponding treatment principles (of course, this last point is the key content to be mastered in clinical classes)! Knowing this, exams and review will not "go astray"
Yu Caiyuan: In the first few pages of the forum, Mr. Guo specifically talked about this issue: How to learn pathology well, please refer to it.
Niu Jianling: Is the post posted by Teacher Guo today the focus of the exam? I downloaded them all.
Yin Zhiying: Hello, Niu Jianling! Today is a special study discussion, which mainly discusses the related problems of medical model. Some students have asked the key points of this course, please refer to the answer!
Wu Yujie: Why are there measles patients? How to prevent it?
Yin Zhiying: You should be vaccinated.
Zhao Xinsheng: The most effective way to prevent measles is to effectively vaccinate measles monovalent or combined vaccine. Early detection, early isolation, early treatment and early reporting of patients can avoid the spread of measles. Measles patients should be isolated and treated in time to avoid going out to infect others; The isolation period from the end of infection period is 5 days after eruption, and those with pneumonia should be isolated until 10 day after eruption.
Wu Yujie: How long does it take for breast cancer patients to take medicine after most operations? Possibility of recurrence
Yin Zhiying: Is it treated with hormones?
Zhao Xinsheng: Follow-up after breast cancer surgery is very important. Because breast cancer is a systemic disease, although the prognosis is better than other malignant tumors, and the current level of comprehensive treatment has been greatly improved, there are still about 1/3 patients who will have recurrence and metastasis within 5- 10 years after operation. Early detection of recurrence and metastasis and timely treatment are expected to prolong the survival of patients.
To prevent postoperative recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer, we should first adjust our mentality, be good at controlling our emotions, adopt a positive and optimistic attitude, treat the disease correctly, establish confidence, cooperate with treatment and face life with a smile. Secondly, take an active part in social activities and take part in healthy physical exercises, such as Tai Ji Chuan, so as to get rid of the shadow that cancer brings to life. This is not only conducive to rehabilitation, but also reduces the burden on other family members and increases the interest of life. Third, Chinese medicine is extensive and profound. Patients with breast cancer have low immunity, so they can go to Chinese medicine hospital or Chinese medicine department of tumor hospital, and the Chinese medicine of "strengthening the body" is prescribed by tumor Chinese medicine for conditioning. Finally, diet adjustment, smoking cessation, alcohol withdrawal and other bad habits. Eat more green vegetables, beans and fresh fruits, and high-protein foods such as lean meat, eggs and fresh milk are also essential. It is also necessary to correct some folk misconceptions, such as "no chicken, no crab, no turtle ……", which have no scientific basis. As long as it suits the taste of patients, it is a healthy protein.
That's all for today's class. Many students post on the Internet, but since it is lecture time, I will answer your questions after class. Thank you very much for participating in this teaching activity. Goodbye!