Middle school students go to school mainly for physical exercise, and generally rely on physical education class, extracurricular sports activities and other forms to systematically learn physical exercise methods and skills to enhance their physical fitness. Because physical exercise itself is dangerous, students sometimes have injury accidents during exercise, so it is imperative to strengthen school sports safety education and how to prevent and deal with sports injuries.
First, the school sports safety education responsibilities of all parties
1. Schools should establish and improve sports safety systems and strengthen safety precautions.
Schools should know the students' physical condition as soon as possible and arrange the contents of sports reasonably; Strengthen students' sports safety education, survey the terrain as early as possible, and remove obstacles or objects that are easy to cause students' injuries; At the same time, in sports, special teachers are equipped to be responsible for the safety of students; In case of emergency, necessary medical rescue measures should be taken during exercise.
While doing these jobs well, schools should also strengthen the system construction, formulate the qualification examination system for students exempted from taking classes in physical education class, and establish and improve the handling plan for accidental injuries of students.
2. Physical education teachers' related responsibilities and educational measures
In order to prevent students from being injured or having accidents in physical education class, PE teachers should improve the attendance system and call the roll before class. If you find someone coming for no reason, you should go to the class to understand the situation and contact the class teacher in time. If you ask for sick leave, you must have a leave note signed by the class teacher. If students need to leave halfway, they must ask the teacher for leave.
In order to avoid physical education class's injury, the teacher should lead the students to get ready before each class. Warm-up and unarmed exercise are the most basic and effective ways, but the movements should be in place.
Students' accidental injuries in sports often occur, which is inevitable to some extent. For example, in ball games, anything can happen from joint sprain to fracture. Physical education teachers should consciously guard against these accidents, care for students and be serious and responsible.
Teachers can effectively avoid sports injuries by teaching students standardized technical movements in teaching activities. In sports, sports injuries caused by irregular movements are common. Teachers should seriously and timely correct students' unreasonable movements and teach standardized technical essentials, so that students can use technical movements reasonably in sports and reduce the occurrence of injury accidents.
At the same time, we should teach students some methods of self-protection, enhance their awareness of prevention, and facilitate students to effectively protect themselves.
In addition, PE teachers can explain the common sense in sports in time according to their own experience, so as to help students better understand themselves and improve their self-protection ability.
3. The help of PE teachers in students' injury accidents
In order to reduce or avoid the occurrence of student injury accidents, physical education teachers should provide some help for students:
In the classroom, teachers should achieve "three spirits". First of all, they should have keen eyes and be good at discovering dangerous accidents or upcoming accidents. Some students who run around, grab things, fight, run amok, behave rudely and violate sports rules should be found and stopped in time.
The second is to have a clever mouth, a nagging mouth, always talk about safety issues, and infiltrate safety education into every student's heart.
Third, teachers should be patient in class, fully combine the teaching materials, predict the hidden dangers that are easy to find in teaching, put students' safety in mind, think about students' safety everywhere, and be alert to students with poor physique, poor skills and disobedience. After class, dangerous equipment such as shot put and jumping box should not be placed on the playground at will, so as to avoid personal injury accidents caused by students playing unsupervised.
Second, the prevention and treatment of students' common sports injuries
Sports injury is a common problem in physical exercise, which affects students lightly and causes disability seriously. Therefore, preventing sports injuries in sports is an important task of school work.
Sports injuries are mainly muscle and fascia injuries; Ligament and joint capsule injury; Muscle sheath injury is the most. Followed by abdominal osteochondrosis, shoulder injury, knee meniscus injury and fatigue periostitis. The sports that cause injuries include gymnastics, sprinting, basketball, jumping, throwing, volleyball, weightlifting and football. The injuries mainly occurred in the knee joint and waist, followed by feet, ankles, thighs, hips, calves and wrists. From the nature of injury, there are many minor injuries, many chronic injuries, and few severe and acute injuries. Mastering the occurrence law of sports injuries is beneficial to the prevention of sports injuries. The main causes of sports injuries are:
① Insufficient training level: I didn't master the essentials of action and was injured due to incorrect action. Training includes general physical training, special technical training, strategic and tactical training and the cultivation of moral quality.
② Poor organization of competition, teaching or training courses: lack of medical supervision, incorrect or excessive preparation activities, or the venue, equipment, protection and clothing do not meet the hygiene requirements.
③ Athletes are in poor mental state: those with poor skills, too nervous thoughts, uncoordinated movements, good skills, negligence and inattention are all prone to injury.
④ Unfavorable climatic factors: In the cold and humid climate, the probability of sports injury increases obviously, especially the injury of muscle and ligament. The reason is that cold reduces the fluidity, elasticity and mechanical endurance of muscles. Heat stroke is easy to occur when the temperature is too high, and the road is slippery after rain, and it is easy to be injured when the light is insufficient.
The prevention of sports injuries should be determined on the basis of understanding the laws and causes of students' sports injuries, mainly following the following principles:
① Correct guiding ideology. It should be clear that the purpose and task of school physical exercise is to promote students' all-round development, overcome the idea of simply pursuing grades and winning gold medals, and carry out safety education according to the psychological characteristics of Xi' an people's strong curiosity and eagerness to achieve success.
Strict organization and good discipline are important links to prevent sports injuries, and scientific exercise methods and reasonable arrangements are important guarantees to prevent sports injuries. In sports activities, it is necessary to educate students to correct their exercise attitude, observe discipline, operate according to regulations, make good preparations before training, and strengthen training and protection of vulnerable parts.
③ Establish the necessary system. Regularly carry out physical fitness monitoring and health examination, try to create conditions conducive to exercise, pay attention to eliminate bad factors, conduct safety inspections on venues, equipment and clothing before exercise, and take protective measures during exercise.
At the beginning of the fitness program, it is the most vulnerable time, because the body has not adapted. Therefore, fitness must start slowly, and it is forbidden to make up for the neglect of exercise in the past with one exercise. At the beginning of every exercise, you must do warm-up activities and be full. Muscle soreness is a sign of overexertion. If you haven't exercised recently, muscle activity and soreness are inevitable at first. The best way to relieve this soreness is to start activities slowly and gradually increase muscle strength.
Sores always occur gradually, and are generally not serious. Pain often occurs suddenly and is more severe. Pain is a red light, telling you to stop activities at once, indicating that there is something wrong with your body and you must have a check-up. If the pain recurs, you must seek medical attention in time. In addition, we should avoid overwork. If you still feel very tired after an hour or two of exercise, your fitness plan is likely to be too radical. Physical exercise should make you relaxed and comfortable, not exhausted. Here are some common treatments for sports injuries.
1. "Rice" self-therapy
Bruises and lacerations, which are common in sports fields, also occur frequently in daily life. Common sports injuries are: joint sprain, scapulohumeral periarthritis, tennis elbow and hip bursitis; Rope muscle strain, quadriceps femoris strain; Skeletal tendinitis, gastrocnemius strain, periostitis, Achilles tendinitis, ankle sprain, arch sprain, etc. You can use "rice" self-therapy immediately after the above soft tissue injuries.
The so-called "rice" is actually four code names. R means rest; I, ice; C, that is, compression; E, the elevation. Take the beginning of each letter to form the meter, which is helpful for memory.
rest
Once the pain occurs, stop using the injured part immediately to avoid aggravating the operation and rest for at least one day. If the injury is not serious and the pain is relieved, you can gradually start to move and keep the muscle contractility.
ice
Wrap the ice cubes with a towel or put them in a plastic bag and apply them to the injured area to relieve the pain and swelling. Be careful not to cause frostbite (ice breaking).
oppress
Wrap the injured part with elastic fabric (wrist protector, ankle protector, leg protector), and ice it too tightly. After 30 minutes, remove the pressure and ice. After another 15 minutes, bandage the injured part again for 30 minutes. Do this repeatedly for about 3 hours.
rise
Put the injured part on a higher plane than the heart. If you have a leg or ankle injury, you should lie down, put your leg on the quilt and raise it to shoulder height. This is an important measure to reduce swelling. If necessary, rice therapy can last 24 hours. If the swelling and pain do not disappear after two days, you can do hot compress. It is best to ask a doctor for diagnosis and treatment in the following situations: knee joint injury, deformity of the injured part, obvious swelling (hematoma) after injury, severe pain and tenderness, immobility of the injured part, and ineffective self-treatment.
If we follow the principle of rice therapy within 48 hours after injury, many soft tissue sports injuries will be controlled, at least to avoid the deterioration of injuries, alleviate the pain of the injured, and be of great benefit to future rehabilitation.
2. Skin abrasions
Skin abrasion is skin bleeding or exudation of tissue fluid caused by external friction.
(1) Small area wear. If it is a general part, it should be rubbed locally with mercuric chloride or purple syrup.
The joints that need to be bandaged and the abrasions near them should be disinfected locally (with 0.05% bromogeramine, etc.). ), and then apply anti-inflammatory ointment to avoid local chapping affecting exercise.
(2) Large area wear and tear. Firstly, the wound was washed with normal saline, then disinfected locally, and finally covered and bandaged with sterilized vaseline gauze and dressing. Antibiotics can be added to prevent infection if necessary.
3. Skin laceration
Skin laceration refers to skin laceration and bleeding caused by severe friction or collision with external force. Lighter, after disinfection, you can stick it with tape or stick a band-aid; If the area is large, it needs hemostasis, suture and dressing. If necessary, use tetanus antibiotic 1500~3000 international units for intramuscular injection to avoid tetanus infection.
Stabs and cuts
Stabbing and cutting injuries refer to injuries caused by being punctured or cut by sharp instruments during sports. Treat the same laceration. Small and shallow wounds need not be sutured, while deep and wide wounds should be sutured with tetanus antibiotics and antibiotics.
bruise
Contusion refers to the damage to human skin or subcutaneous tissue under the direct action of blunt objects, such as the damage caused by collision and kicking during exercise.
Signs: Simple contusion is only local cyanosis, subcutaneous congestion, swelling and pain, which is more common in limbs and may be accompanied by dysfunction. Severe cases may be accompanied by muscle fracture, fracture, blood loss, visceral injury and concussion. If there is visceral injury, patients often go into shock and should be sent to hospital for treatment in time.
Treatment: local rest, limited activities, cold compress and pressure dressing within 24 hours, and the affected limb is raised. Those with obvious pain can take painkillers, topical rheumatism plaster, Shangshi Zhitong plaster, etc. After 48 hours, physical therapy and massage began, and the limbs began to move. If there is hematoma under the finger (toe), it can be disinfected locally, bled by fire needle puncture and bandaged. Antibiotics can be taken to prevent infection if necessary.
6. Muscle strain
Muscle strain refers to the damage or fracture of muscle fibers caused by excessive active contraction or passive elongation of muscles under the direct or indirect action of external forces. It is more common in lower limbs, scapula, back and rectus abdominis.
Signs: local swelling, pain, obvious tenderness, muscle tension or spasm, hardness to the touch, and increased pain during activities. When a muscle fracture occurs, the local swelling is obvious, accompanied by severe subcutaneous congestion and dysfunction, and the depressed or abnormally enlarged broken end can be felt.
Treatment: The light person can rest immediately, raise the affected limb, apply local cold compress and pressure bandage. Those with obvious pain can take painkillers as appropriate and start physical therapy and massage after 24 hours. If the muscle is mostly or completely broken, it should be bandaged under pressure and sent to the hospital immediately.
7. Joint ligament sprain
Joint ligament sprain is due to the indirect external force, which makes the joint move beyond the normal range, resulting in partial fiber breakage of the medial and lateral ligaments of the joint. Most of them occur in ankles, knees, wrists, palms, fingers, waist and cervical joints. Taking ankle sprain as an example, ankle lateral collateral ligament injury is very common in sports, accounting for about 16% of emergency sports creation cases. According to statistics, 92% of basketball players have been injured in the lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint, and 83% have been injured more than twice. 73% athletes in our national team have suffered more than two injuries to the lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint, and 59% have various symptoms. Although ankle ligament injury is not a serious sports injury, if it is not handled properly in the early stage, it will seriously affect the training of athletes and may cause serious sequelae.
After ankle sprain, you should immediately stop exercising, brake ankle joint, apply pressure to bandage and apply cold compress. When cold compress, ice packs or ice cubes should not directly touch the skin to avoid frostbite. Ankle brake can be fixed with adhesive tape, plaster or ankle brace. Braking, pressure dressing and cold compress on the injured part can effectively reduce the bleeding of ligament rupture, shorten the healing time and reduce the organized scar of hematoma in the future, which is the most basic treatment method for acute ankle sprain in the early stage.