Infant feeding and nutrition guide 2022, everyone will be happy to see a new life, which is the hope and symbol of the future. They are very fragile and need more careful care. Let's share the Guide to Infant Feeding and Nutrition 2022.
Guidelines for infant feeding and nutrition 2022 1 1, vitamin a.
Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common public health and nutrition problems in the world, and it is also one of the most important nutritional factors affecting the serious infection and death of children in developing countries. It is pointed out in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals that vitamin A deficiency is listed as one of the key diseases to be eliminated in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals.
In 2000, the epidemiological survey of children aged 0-6 in the whole country 14 province showed that the incidence of vitamin A deficiency and marginal deficiency was over 50%, and the incidence of infants under 6 months was close to 80%, mainly marginal vitamin A deficiency (subclinical deficiency). The ninth edition of Pediatrics has classified subclinical vitamin A deficiency as vitamin A deficiency.
By searching and sorting out the data of domestic epidemiological survey in China from October to June, 2006, the data of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions were obtained, among which the data of children aged 0-6 * * involved 18 regions. Because the sample size and distribution in different regions are slightly different, the survey data obtained can only be used as a general reference. According to the classification method of subclinical vitamin A deficiency by the World Health Organization (WHO) (the prevalence rate is calculated by serum retinol concentration < 0.70μ mol/L):
< 2%, which does not constitute a public health problem;
2- 10% (excluding 10%), mild public health problems;
10-20% (excluding 20%), with moderate public health problems;
≥20%, which is a serious public health problem.
It should be noted that this result is only when the serum retinol concentration is less than 0.70μ mol/L. According to the latest pediatric standards, if the population of 0.70- 1.05μmol/L is covered, it will exceed 50% in most areas and even 80% in some areas. According to the epidemiological data from various places, the situation of vitamin A deficiency among children (especially infants) in China is still grim.
Vitamin A has important physiological functions in maintaining the structure and function of epithelial cells, promoting bone development, maintaining visual function, resisting infection and promoting hematopoietic function, and is an essential nutrient element in infancy. Once vitamin A is deficient, the incidence of respiratory tract infection and digestive tract infection in children increases obviously, and the height growth is affected. In addition, children with vitamin A deficiency are more prone to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Serious lack leads to problems such as night blindness, dry eye and growth retardation.
2, vitamin D.
For infants and young children, vitamin D deficiency cannot be ignored. According to domestic epidemiological statistics, the incidence of rickets among children under 3 years old in China was 20.3% in 20/200512. According to the latest epidemiological data in various regions, although the current situation of vitamin D deficiency in infants and young children in China has improved compared with 20 years ago, vitamin D deficiency is still relatively common. This may be related to the low content of vitamin D in breast milk (20IU/L) and the difficulty in obtaining it in complementary food.
The main physiological function of vitamin D is to promote the absorption of calcium, maintain the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body and promote bone development. In addition, vitamin D has the functions of promoting immune function and anti-allergy. Vitamin D deficiency in infants will not only affect bone development and health, but also affect the health of adults. Recent research shows that the lack of vitamin D in infants may increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes in adulthood.
It is suggested that newborns should be supplemented with vitamin AD from birth. According to the recommended intake (RNI) in the Reference Intake of Dietary Nutrients for China Residents, the optimal ratio of vitamin AD intake for infants and young children is: the ratio of vitamin A to vitamin D is 3: 1, which can meet the scientific and reasonable intake of vitamin A and vitamin D. At present, the commercially available vitamin AD drops (Yikexin), 0- 1 year (green), contain vitamin A/. 1-3 years old (pink) specifications contain vitamin A 2000IU and vitamin D 700IU. One pill a day is a safe, effective and reasonable dose, and it is also a preventive dose recommended by China National Prescription Collection (Children's Edition).
Step 3 iron
Iron is an important nutrient for children's growth and development. The Outline of Children's Development in China (20 1 1-2020) points out that the anemia prevalence rate of children under 5 years old should be controlled below 12%. Although the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is decreasing year by year, the incidence of iron deficiency anemia (ID) is very high, even exceeding 40% in some areas, which threatens the health of infants in China.
Iron is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome A and some respiratory enzymes, and participates in important life processes such as transportation and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body and tissue respiration. Iron is related to the formation and maturation of red blood cells.
Iron deficiency can lead to iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition and even growth and development disorders in infants. At the same time, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia will cause irreversible damage to the nervous system of infants, especially infants under 2 years old. Once the damage occurs, it is almost irreversible. According to the comparative quantification of health risks published by WHO, for a population, for every reduction of hemoglobin 10g/L, the IQ will decrease by 1.73 points ... Iron deficiency not only affects IQ, but also affects children's academic performance and social adaptability.
"Suggestions for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children" points out that:
Premature infants and low birth weight infants who are exclusively breastfed should be supplemented with iron from 2-4 weeks old, 1-2mg/kg/d to 1 year old; Breastfed full-term infants need to add iron fortified food after 4-6 months, and if necessary, supplement iron according to1mg/kg/d.
For infants with ID and IDA, the dose of iron supplementation should be calculated as elemental iron, that is, 2-6mg/kg of elemental iron should be supplemented daily, and iron supplementation should continue for 2 months after hemoglobin returns to normal, so as to restore the body's stored iron level.
Vitamin A and vitamin C can promote the absorption of iron and improve the effect of iron supplementation.
4. Zinc
For infants and young children, zinc is also an easily deficient nutrient. Especially from 4-6 months after birth to 2 years old, zinc deficiency is more likely to occur due to the rapid decline of zinc content in breast milk and insufficient addition of complementary food. According to epidemiological statistics, about 30%-60% of children in China are zinc deficient, and WHO classifies China as a country with moderate zinc deficiency.
Zinc has three functions: catalysis, structure and regulation. It participates in the synthesis and activation of various enzymes, protein and nucleic acids, and maintains the integrity of ion channels and biofilm. It plays an important role in children's growth and development, learning and cognitive behavior development, wound healing, taste and immune regulation. Zinc deficiency can lead to growth retardation, partial eclipse or anorexia, dry skin and decreased immune function in children.
Studies have shown that there is a vicious circle between children's diarrhea and zinc deficiency. Who recommends zinc supplementation for children under 5 years old with acute or chronic diarrhea all over the world. Within 10- 14 days, the zinc intake of children under 6 months is 10 mg per day, and that of children over 6 months is 20 mg per day.
In the case of zinc deficiency in infants, 1mg/kg zinc can be supplemented every day for 1-2 months. If the high-risk factors of zinc deficiency persist, it is recommended to supplement zinc with a small dose of 5- 10mg every day.
summary
Nutrition and health in the first few years after birth are the basis for children's survival, development and Millennium Development Goals. Malnutrition in infants and young children will lead to short-term and long-term adverse consequences, such as delayed physical and intellectual development, increased morbidity and mortality, and long-term consequences, such as affecting children's intellectual potential, decreased learning and work ability, enhanced reproductive ability and increased risk of chronic diseases.
The best feeding method recommended by WHO is exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months old, and then continue breastfeeding until 2 years old or older. At the same time, from the age of 6 months, supplementary food and nutrients are added in a timely, reasonable, appropriate and safe manner.
Due to the rapid growth and development of infants and children and the particularity of food supply demand, infants and children are prone to lack of nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin D, iron and zinc, which should be supplemented in time and reasonably to meet the nutritional needs of infants and children and maintain a good level of growth and development.
Infant feeding and nutrition guide 20222 principles of infant nutrition balance
In infancy, children grow and develop rapidly. For example, the average weight of a full-term normal child is 3.2kg, which will increase by 1 times within five months and reach three times by 1 year. So is height. Full-term babies average 50 cm and grow to 1 year, which is 1.5 times of that at birth.
In addition, the metabolism of infants and young children is far more vigorous than that of adults. For example, the digestive system of infants digests food, the blood circulation system transports nutrients, the viscera and tissues absorb nutrients and excrete waste, and the respiratory system inhales oxygen and discharges carbon dioxide. Are busier than adults. The younger the child, the faster the breathing frequency.
At the same time, the development of various tissues and functions in children has never stopped. Therefore, babies need more nutrition than adults.
Experts advocate breast-feeding babies, but if mothers have little or no milk, they should be mixed. Can't eat milk powder or dairy products alone. You must balance the supply and demand of nutrients and match them reasonably to meet the needs of calories and various nutrients in infancy.
Therefore, reasonable nutrition is a very important measure to ensure their growth and development, improve their health and prevent diseases.
Baby nutrition should be comprehensive and balanced. Reasonable nutrition is a very important measure to ensure the baby's growth and development, improve health and prevent diseases.
Complementary food also needs scientific feeding.
Parents should master rich nutrition knowledge and cooking skills, and carefully prepare meals after weaning to satisfy the appetite of babies and provide them with adequate and reasonable nutrition. But it doesn't mean to give children expensive delicacies, chicken, duck and fish. Instead, according to the existing conditions, we should reasonably mix and cook food in a scientific way, so that infants can eat well and get enough nutrition at a lower cost, thus growing up healthily.
Protein demand
Protein is an important part of all cells and tissues in the human body and the material basis of life. Protein is contained in muscles, blood, membranes, tendons, bones, hair and teeth in human body.
Protein is a nitrogenous substance, and its basic unit is amino acid. The importance of protein to the growth and development of babies is actually the importance of amino acids. Protein, a food, is absorbed by human body after being synthesized into amino acids by protease and pancreatic juice of digestive tract in stomach.
The whole metabolic process of baby's rapid growth and development needs enough protein. Protein also has the function of regulating physiology. Infants and young children are in the sudden growth stage of their bodies, and the quality and quantity of protein have an important influence on them. Once the protein supply of food is abnormal or the metabolism of protein in the body is disordered, it will bring serious obstacles to growth and development, make children sick and even lead to death.
Infants and young children need nine essential amino acids, namely lysine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, valine and histidine. These amino acids are not found in the body.
Synthesis can only rely on food supply. When a variety of foods are collocated, the amino acids of protein in various foods can complement each other in the body, so the diet of infants and young children should be diversified.
When the intake of protein is insufficient, infants will suffer from growth retardation, weight loss, muscle relaxation, decreased immunity, anemia and edema, and even affect their intellectual development; If there is too much supply, constipation and loss of appetite will occur.
Protein's absorption
Babies need a lot of protein. When the intake of protein is insufficient, it will cause the baby's growth retardation.
Babies' demand for protein
Babies' demand for protein varies with different feeding methods. Generally speaking, breast-fed babies need 2.0 ~ 2.5g protein per kilogram of body weight, and artificially fed babies need 3.5 ~ 4.0g (babies need 2.5 ~ 3.0g). For mixed feeding infants, the protein of animals should be not less than half of the total protein.
Fat demand
Fat is an important component of tissues and cells, and its main function in the body is to supply heat energy, reduce body heat loss and maintain body temperature. Protect organs from vibration damage and maintain normal physiological functions; Supply essential fatty acids to human body to maintain normal growth and development of human body; Promote the absorption and utilization of fat-soluble vitamins.
Not only that, fat is an important part of the brain. Except water, about half of the dry matter in the brain is structural fat, which is composed of fat, cholesterol, phospholipids, glycolipids and so on.
For the above reasons, there must be enough fat in baby food. If the fat absorbed by infants is not enough every day, it will lead to a long-term lack of fat-soluble vitamins in the body, and symptoms such as dry skin, brain dysplasia, dry eyes, and even serious night blindness.
In fact, babies need more fat than adults and school-age children. Babies under one year old need about 4 grams of fat per kilogram of body weight every day, and the heat energy supplied by fat accounts for 35% ~ 50% of the total dietary calories, so it is necessary to ensure adequate supply. However, infants should not consume too much fat, otherwise it will easily cause indigestion.
Studies have shown that fat contains vitamin B 1 and DHA, both of which are important components of brain development. If the fat intake is insufficient, it will lead to brain damage and cause irreparable consequences. When cooking for your baby, you can properly eat soybean oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil or salad oil, which can not only make the food more delicious, but also promote your baby's appetite.
Babies need more fat than adults: in fact, babies need more fat than adults and school-age children.
Infants and young children should not eat hydrogenated oil.
Although babies need a large amount of fat, they must be careful not to ingest hydrogenated oils, such as butter processed with vegetable oil, hydrogenated peanut butter, solidified edible oil and foods processed with coconut oil and palm oil. Although these also contain fat and taste good, they are not good for infants and young children. Try to avoid eating them.
The demand for sugar
Sugar, also known as carbohydrate, is an energy substance for the growth and development of infants. It is another main source of dietary heat energy, and it is also a powerful driving force for the development and activities of all internal and external organs such as nerves, limbs and muscles of infants.
Sugar can be converted into fat and some amino acids in the body, but it cannot be converted into essential amino acids and essential fatty acids.
There are many kinds of sugar, which can be divided into monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. Monosaccharide is the basic unit of sugar, disaccharide and polysaccharide are composed of two monosaccharides and hundreds of monosaccharide molecules respectively.
The proliferation of baby brain cells and the development of nervous system need a lot of glucose. Sugar is also an indispensable substance to maintain the normal physiological function of the heart and nervous system. Babies need about 12 grams of sugar per kilogram of body weight every day, and the calories of sugar provided by babies' diet account for about 50% of the total calories.
Ensuring the supply of baby sugar and keeping the liver rich in glycogen can not only protect the liver from harmful factors, but also maintain the normal detoxification function of the liver. At the same time, sugar also has anti-ketone effect, which can help fat oxidation and protect infants from acidosis.
If the baby's sugar supply is insufficient, the baby's blood sugar will be low, and it will also affect the digestion, absorption and utilization of other nutrients. It is bound to rely on protein to make up for it, thus increasing the consumption of protein in the body, leading to the lack, emaciation, fatigue and dysplasia of protein. Babies naturally like sweetness and are more likely to accept sugar water, but the sugar water should be controlled 4 months ago. After 4 months, the supply of sugar water will be reduced. This is because, on the one hand, sugar water helps to supplement carbohydrates for your baby. When the baby is young, the body just lacks carbohydrates. You can feed the baby more sugar water in the first three months. On the other hand, when the baby is 4 months old, with the development of various organs of the baby, the baby's demand for carbohydrates is less. If you feed sugar water again, it will cause your baby to gain weight.
Infant feeding and nutrition guide 20223 If you want to supplement your baby with rich nutrition, you can't add a single food to your baby, because no food in the world can fully meet your baby's nutritional needs. When feeding babies, we should ensure the diversity of food, including vegetables and animal food. All kinds of food should be reasonably matched, proportion should be paid attention to, advantages should be complementary, and full use should be made. The baby with partial eclipse has low immunity and weak constitution, and all kinds of nutrition are beneficial to the baby's growth.
Breastfeeding babies are more likely to lack vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B, and minerals such as calcium and iron. When homemade food can't strengthen these nutrients, mothers can buy some formula foods from food factories during the milk change period. Most of these foods are a variety of nutritionally fortified baby foods, and natural or synthetic nutritional fortifiers are added to increase nutrition.
When buying, you should also choose according to the manufacturer and food description, and buy food that meets national standards.
Babies aged 9 ~ 10 months have a certain chewing ability, and their diet has gradually changed to three meals a day, mainly feeding their babies mixed foods such as staple food, milk, vegetables, fish and meat. It is necessary to ensure that the baby needs nutrition and consider the baby's food intake. If the amount is too large, it will affect the absorption of nutrients. Pay attention to the following points when feeding:
1, if there is enough breast milk, the baby can still feed a little before going to bed in the morning and evening.
2, this month's baby, complementary food can be arranged two or three times a day.
3, the baby's complementary food should be changed from thick porridge to soft rice, and complementary food should be added appropriately, and the amount should be increased compared with last month.
4. When the baby eats brunch, it is necessary to give the baby some solid food such as biscuits and steamed bread.
Meat is nutritious and delicious, so many babies love to eat meat, but eating meat is not necessarily healthy. Compared with other foods, they prefer meat and are prone to lack of nutrition. For the baby's health, it is necessary to correct the baby's habit of eating only meat:
1, try to mix the meat with the vegetables and chop the meat.
2, put the meat and vegetables together for a long time, so that the food is mixed with the aroma of meat, which will improve the baby's acceptance of vegetables.
3. Try to choose low-fat meat, such as chicken and fish. It is recommended to use less oil when cooking, such as cooking and steaming.
There are many reasons why babies don't eat complementary food. Maybe the baby is not hungry and doesn't know how to eat food. Some mothers suddenly picked up the baby and fed it when the baby was having fun, or it may be because the amount of feeding was too large for the baby to eat. Therefore, mothers should be patient when breastfeeding their babies, not too fast, feed according to their appetite, and don't feed too much food: don't always give babies one kind of food, adults often eat the same thing, so the diet must be changed to promote their appetite.