The purpose of building a cowshed is to create a suitable living environment for cattle and ensure their health and normal operation of production. Spend less capital, feed, energy and labor, and get more livestock products and higher economic benefits. Therefore, the following principles should be mastered when designing beef barns.
(1) meets the environmental quality requirements of cowshed: a suitable environment can give full play to the production potential of cattle and improve the feed utilization rate. Generally speaking, 20% ~ 30% productivity of livestock depends on the environment. Improper ambient temperature can reduce the productivity of cattle 10% ~ 30%. If there is no suitable environment, even if full-price feed is fed, the feed can not be converted into animal products to the maximum extent, thus reducing the utilization rate of feed. It can be seen that when building a cowshed, the requirements of dairy cows for various environmental conditions must be met. See Table 7-3 for the ecological environment quality requirements of cowshed.
Table 7-2 Requirements for Ecological Environment Quality of Cowshed
Table 7-3 Air Environment Quality Requirements of Cowshed
*: PM 10 is inhalable particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 10 micron; TSP is the total suspended particulate matter.
(2) Meet the requirements of production technology: the production technology of beef cattle includes the composition and turnover mode of cattle, forage transportation, feeding, drinking water, dung removal and so on. And technical measures such as measurement, weighing, sperm collection and insemination, prevention and treatment, and production care. The construction of cowshed must be combined with the production technology in this field. Otherwise, it will bring inconvenience to production, or even fail to produce.
(3) Meet the requirements of health and epidemic prevention: Epidemic diseases will pose a threat to cattle farms and cause economic losses. By building a standardized barn and creating a suitable environment for cattle, the occurrence of epidemic diseases will be prevented or reduced. In addition, special attention should be paid to the hygiene requirements when building the cowshed, so as to facilitate the implementation of the veterinary epidemic prevention system. According to the requirements of epidemic prevention, site planning and building layout should be carried out reasonably, the orientation and spacing of cowshed should be determined, disinfection facilities should be set up, and sewage treatment facilities should be arranged reasonably.
④ Economical and reasonable: on the premise of meeting the above three requirements, minimize the project cost and equipment investment to reduce the production cost. Therefore, the construction of cowshed should make full use of the favorable conditions of nature (such as natural ventilation and natural lighting). ), use local materials as much as possible, adopt local construction habits, and appropriately reduce the area of affiliated buildings.
(2) Configuration requirements of beef farm buildings
The configuration of beef cattle farm buildings should be adapted to local conditions, which is conducive to production, epidemic prevention and safety, neat and compact, with high land utilization rate, low investment, economy and practicality.
(1) Cowshed: China has a vast territory, and the climate between north and south and east and west is quite different. The building requirements of cowshed are also different. The north needs cold protection and the south needs heatstroke prevention. The central region should consider both cold protection and heatstroke prevention. Therefore, the architectural form of cowshed is different.
The form of cowshed depends on the scale and mode of feeding. The construction of cowshed should be convenient for feeding management, lighting, heatstroke prevention in summer, cold prevention and epidemic prevention in winter. When building multiple cowsheds, the long axes should be arranged in parallel. When there are more than four cowsheds, they can be arranged in two rows in parallel, aligned back and forth, and the spacing is greater than10m.
② Feed shed: The feed shed should be located at a moderate distance from each cowshed, slightly higher, dry and ventilated, which is conducive to the transportation of finished products to each cowshed.
③ Hay sheds and barns: Hay sheds and barns should be located downwind as far as possible, with a distance of at least 50 meters from the surrounding houses. They should be built separately to prevent loose grass from affecting the beautiful environment of the cowshed and to achieve fire safety.
④ Silage silo or silo: The principle of building site selection of silo or silo is the same as that of feed silo. The location is moderate and the terrain is high, so as to prevent sewage pollution such as feces and urine. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the convenience of transportation when entering and leaving materials and reduce labor intensity.
⑤ Veterinary room: The isolation cowshed should be located in the downwind of the cowfarm, which is relatively remote, convenient for isolation and reduces the spread of air and water pollution.
⑥ Office and staff dormitory: located in the windward of the cowshed, to prevent air and water pollution and epidemic diseases. There should be a disinfection room or a disinfection pool at the entrance of the cattle farm, office and dormitory, and there should be someone to look after it.
(3) Feeding technology and design parameters
① Beef cattle feeding methods: including tethered feeding and non-tethered feeding. At present, tethered feeding is mostly used. Feeding, dung brushing and dung cleaning are all carried out in the cowshed, and a playground and drinking water device are set outside the cowshed for cows to drink freely. The advantage of this barn is that it can be raised separately and treated separately, which is convenient for observing the estrus of dairy cows. If there are diseases or abnormal phenomena, it is easy to find and treat them in time, which can prevent colds in winter and heatstroke in summer. The disadvantage is that the cost is higher.
② Grouping management: Beef cattle are generally divided into three feeding stages: 1 calf stage before 6 months old; The second stage is the breeding stage of 7 ~ 18 months old; The third stage is the production stage (or fattening production or reproductive production) after 18 months old. Feeding in groups and houses at different stages. In the breeding stage and production stage, we should also consider the feeding management of male and female groups.
(3) Cowshed form: According to the use requirements and shed structure, it can be divided into closed shed, semi-open shed and open shed. According to the arrangement of cow beds in the barn, it can be divided into single row and double row, head-to-head and tail-to-tail. Single-row type is generally used for less than 20 heads, and double-row or multi-column type should be used for more than 20 heads. The fattening cowshed can be opened in double rows, 1 cowshed, with 50 ~ 100 heads. In addition, according to the different feeding objects, cowshed can be divided into breeding cowshed, breeding cowshed, breeding cowshed, delivery cowshed and so on.
④ Feeding density: adopting decentralized feeding method. See Table 7-4 for the required barn area (including indoor and outdoor venues) of each cow.
Table 7-4 Area required for each beef cattle
Note: Quoted from foreign standards.
Free-range fattening cattle should be raised 10 ~ 20 heads per circle.
The floor area of tethered beef cattle is 1.4 ~ 1.5m 2/ head for dairy cows and 2. 1 ~ 2.3m 2/ head for adult dairy cows over 6 months old.
⑤ Environmental factors: Dairy cows have poor heat tolerance and strong cold tolerance, and their production performance declines outside the appropriate temperature range. The cold-resistant temperature limit is 4℃, and the heat-resistant temperature limit is 25℃.
(4) Cowshed building
① Building requirements: The building of cowshed should be based on the local temperature change and the production purpose of cowshed. The construction of cowshed should be simple, local materials, economical and practical, meet the requirements of veterinary hygiene, and be scientific and reasonable. Conditional, can build a good quality and durable cowshed.
The cowshed should be dry, warm in winter and cool in summer, the ground should be insulated, impervious and non-slippery, and sewage and feces should be easily discharged outside the shed. The house is clean and the air is fresh. Because the winter and spring monsoon is mostly northwest wind, it is better to sit in a barn facing south or southeast. The cowshed should have a certain number and size of windows to ensure sufficient sunshine and air circulation. The roof has a certain thickness and good thermal insulation performance. The layout of various facilities in the shed should be scientific and reasonable to facilitate the growth of beef cattle.
② Basic structure
A. Foundation and wall: the foundation depth is 80 ~ 100 cm, the brick wall is 24 cm thick, the roof of the double-slope cowshed is 4.0 ~ 5.0 meters high, and the front and rear eaves are 3.0 ~ 3.5 meters high. The lower part of the inner wall of the cowshed is equipped with a fence to prevent water vapor from infiltrating into the wall and improve the firmness and heat preservation of the wall.
B doors and windows: the door is 2. 1 ~ 2.2m high and 2.0 ~ 2.5m wide. Doors are generally set as double doors, and can also be set as rolling doors or one-sided doors pushed to one side of the wall. There should be some closed windows, with height 1.5m, width 1.5m and ground height1.2m..
C. Roof: Double-slope roof is the most commonly used in beef barns. This type of roof can be applied to large-span cowshed and cows of all sizes. This kind of roof is economical, good in heat insulation and easy to construct.
D. Cattle beds and feeding troughs: Most beef farms feed through troughs. Cattle beds are generally required to be 1.6 ~ 1.8m long and 1.0 ~ 1.2m wide. The slope of cattle bed is 1.5%, and the position of cattle trough end is high. The building material of cattle bed can be cement, brick or direct soil. The cement floor cannot be smooth; Brick floor is made of bricks; The earth cow bed is to level the ground, spread sand and gravel, then spread a layer of concrete and tamp it. Small-scale cattle farms had better have cattle beds.
The feeding tank is located in front of the cattle bed, and the fixed cement tank is the most practical, with a width of 0.6-0.8m and a bottom of 0.35-0.40m, which is arc-shaped. The inner bottom of the trough is 0.2-0.3m higher than the cow bed, the inner edge of the trough is 0.4m high (near the cow bed) and the outer edge is 0.6m high (near the walkway). A horizontal column is installed in the tank, which is off the ground. In order to operate conveniently and save labor, it is best to build a high trough, which is 0.3 meters higher than the cow bed, and the trough with low trough position should be connected into a whole. That is, the outer edges of the grooves and channels are on a horizontal plane.
E. Passage and manure ditch: Double-row cowshed, head-to-head feeding, middle passage width 1.4 ~ 1.8m ... The passage width should be suitable for feeding trucks to pass through. The road and groove are integrated, and the road width is 3 meters (including the groove width). The width of dung ditch should be 0.25 ~ 0.3m wide, 0. 15 ~ 0.3m deep, and the slope should be 1: 50 ~ 100.
F. Sports ground, drinking trough and fence: the length of sports ground should be aligned with the length of cowshed, neat and beautiful, and make full use of land. The width should be calculated according to the design of each cow 10 m2 (5 m2 for fattening cattle). The playground should have a certain slope to facilitate drainage. The playground can use half cement or brick floor, half mud floor and a fence in the middle. The soil layer is open when it is dry and closed when it is raining or wet. Cows need to drink water at any time, so besides drinking water indoors, they must also set up a drinking trough next to the sports ground. The tank is 3-4 meters long, 70 cm wide at the top, 40 cm wide at the bottom and 40-70 cm high. There should be a drinking trough for every 25 ~ 40 cows. Fences should be built around the sports ground, and steel pipes, cement piles and barbed wire can be used. Height 1.5 ~ 1.8 meters, which should be durable.
(5) Cowshed construction
① Closed cowshed: tethered feeding is mostly adopted. It is divided into single-row and double-row types.
A. single row: there is only one row of cow beds. This kind of cowshed has the advantages of small span, easy construction and good ventilation, and is suitable for semi-open or open cowshed in Yu Jiancheng and small cowshed.
B. double row: there are two rows of cow beds. Generally, a cowshed is built, about 100 heads, divided into two units, with a span of10 ~12m, which can meet the requirements of natural ventilation. The middle of the tail-to-tail type is a dung cleaning channel, and the two sides are feed channels. There is a feeding channel in the middle of the head-to-head type and a dung cleaning channel on both sides. For the closed cowshed, the tail-to-tail arrangement is widely used. Because the cow's head is facing the window, it is conducive to breathing fresh air, and it is easy to get sunshine in winter, which reduces the infection of diseases. It can also avoid the pollution of feces and urine to the wall and keep it clean and hygienic, but it is a bit inconvenient to distribute feed. The advantages and disadvantages of head-to-head style are just the opposite of tail-to-tail style.
② Semi-open cowshed: The semi-open cowshed has walls on three sides, a roof on the sunny side and a fence on the open side. The opening of this cowshed can be blocked in winter to form a closed state. So as to achieve the purpose of ventilation in summer, warmth in winter and improvement of indoor microclimate. Compared with closed cowshed, this kind of cowshed has low cost and labor saving.
③ Plastic film shed cowshed: Plastic film shed cowshed is a kind of semi-open cowshed, which is a kind of thermal insulation semi-open cowshed introduced in the cold areas of northern China in recent years. In winter, semi-open or open beef cowshed is closed with plastic film, and the temperature of cowshed is raised by solar energy and heat emitted by cattle, and the plastic film also avoids heat loss.
Sunlight is the main heat source of greenhouse. Therefore, when designing and building a greenhouse, we should first solve the lighting problem, especially in winter, when the sunshine is weak and the temperature is low, we should maximize the transmission of sunlight into the greenhouse.
The following problems should be paid attention to when building a plastic film shed cowshed:
A. Choose an appropriate orientation: the cowshed in plastic film shed should adopt the orientation of facing south and extending from east to west. In areas with severe cold in the morning, serious air pollution and low sunlight transmittance, it is best to go west, which can prolong the sunshine time in the afternoon and help keep warm at night. In areas where it is not too cold in the morning and the atmospheric transparency is high, the east side should be used to facilitate the lighting in the morning. Things are about 5, and should not exceed 10.
B. Selection of suitable plastic film: polyethylene and other plastic films with high sunlight transmittance and low ground long-wave radiation transmittance should be selected, with a thickness of 80 ~ 100 micron.
C reasonable roof angle: the roof angle refers to the included angle between the roof surface of the greenhouse and the ground. The optimal lighting ceiling angle is different at different latitudes, as shown in Table 7-5.
Table 7-5 Optimum Daylighting Vertex at Different Latitudes ()
D. Reasonable vent: the vent of the shed is located on the downwind side of the roof, and the area of the upper protective cover and vent is 20 cm× 20 cm. The air inlet is located at the lower part of the inner wall of the greenhouse at 1/2, with an area of half of the air outlet, and an air outlet is set every 3 meters.
④ Assembled cowshed: The assembled cowshed is made of steel, manufactured in the factory and equipped on site, belonging to the open cowshed. The roof is galvanized or solar panels, and the roof beams are welded with angle steel; U-shaped groove and water tank are made of stainless steel, which can be adjusted freely with the height of cattle.
The indoor of assembled cowshed is basically the same as that of ordinary cowshed, and its applicability and scientificity are mainly reflected in roof truss, roof and wall and adjustable feeding equipment.
The roof truss beam is prefabricated by angle steel, and can be installed after the pier is built. The top of the frame beam is a purlin welded by angle steel and round steel.
The roof consists of 3 mm thick galvanized iron sheet, 4 cm thick polystyrene foam board and 5 mm thick galvanized iron sheet tile from bottom to top. Roofing materials are fixed on purlins with screws, and the roof ridge is provided with an adjustable hood.
The wall about 60 cm is a brick-concrete structure (the fence cowshed does not need a wall). There is a reinforced concrete pier under each beam and column, and other parts are covered with cement mortar. The walls over 60 cm are divided into three structures: the crescent-shaped parts at both ends of the roof and the walls at both sides of the breeder's dormitory and forage room are "Teke walls", and the basic skeleton is welded by angle steel, with 4 cm thick foam board filled in the middle of the angle steel, metal color plates buckled outside the skeleton, a layer of steel mesh fixed in the skeleton, and cement mortar coated on the net; The partition walls of the breeder's dormitory, forage house and cowshed are ordinary brick walls, and the external walls are cement mortar; Movable roller blinds are installed on the wall more than 60 cm before and after the cowshed. The roller blind is divided into two layers, the outer layer is a cotton curtain made of acrylic cotton sandwiched between double curtain fabrics, and the inner layer is a single curtain made of single curtain fabrics. A steel mesh is installed between the two layers of roller blinds, and the two layers of roller blinds are fixed with windproof ropes.
The assembled cowshed is advanced in design technology, applicable, durable, beautiful, simple to manufacture, time-saving and moderate in cost.
A. strong applicability: good thermal insulation and ventilation effect. The front and rear walls of the cowshed are replaced by movable shutters, which can be pulled up in summer to turn the closed cowshed into a shed-type cowshed with good natural ventilation effect. An adjustable cover was installed on the roof. In winter, when the blinds are lowered, the butterfly blades in the ventilation adjusting cap discharge ammonia gas in the house, thus achieving the effect of ventilation.
B. Durability: the roof truss, roof and wall of the cowshed are carefully designed according to the mechanical principle, and made of high-quality antirust materials, which are both light and durable, with a general service life of more than 20 years (except roller blinds).
C. beautiful: the outer wall of the cowshed is made of metal color plates (blue), which is neat, elegant and very beautiful.
D. Moderate cost: According to the construction area, the cost per square meter is about 80% of that of brick-concrete structure and wooden structure cowshed.
E. fast construction: simple structure, factory prefabrication and on-site installation. Therefore, it saves time. Generally 15 ~ 20 days can build a standard cowshed.