In recent years, medical humanities and medical humanities have become the focus of academic exploration and research in the field of modern medicine. Although there is only one word difference between medical humanities and medical humanities, their concepts are not clearly defined in theory and vague in application. It is of great significance for medical humanities education and medical humanities research to clarify their concepts, attributes, differences and connections.
1 Connotation and concept of medical humanities
The emergence of medical humanities literature is neither arty of literati nor dull in study, but accompanied by ethical puzzles encountered by modern medicine and various problems encountered by contemporary biomedicine. Society and medicine themselves take the initiative to solve the above-mentioned problems and current medical ethical problems and think about the nature and purpose of future medicine. However, its concept is vague, and people often regard it as a synonym with humanistic medicine and substitute for each other. In fact, there is no standardized and unified definition of the term medical humanities, but one thing is recognized by scholars, that is, it is a discipline group rather than a discipline. Contemporary medical humanities is a discipline group with bioethics as its core. Because the reasons that directly contribute to the rise of medical humanities are the life and death dilemmas in those medical fields, bioethics is the first thing to be solved. However, ethical issues are not isolated, and are often linked with society and law. Therefore, the contemporary medical humanities is composed of medical sociology, medical law, medical philosophy and other disciplines, and its core value orientation is to safeguard human life dignity and human rights.
Since medical humanities is a discipline group, which core disciplines should be involved? There are some arguments in academic circles, but there is no consensus. For example, He Daren of Hunan Medical University divides medical humanities into six categories and four branches, with about 1 18 courses, while Zhang Daqing of Peking University Medical History Research Center advocates taking medical history, medical philosophy, medical ethics and medical law, and medical sociology as the core courses of medical humanities. Generally speaking, at present, the academic circles generally believe that the contents of medical humanities should involve or include medical ethics, medical history, medical philosophy, medical law, medical aesthetics, medical sociology, military medicine, medical innovation, medicine and literature and art, medicine and religion, etc.
2 the connotation and concept of medical humanities
Compared with medical humanities, the concept of medical humanities is more vague. Some scholars believe that the term medical humanities is not standardized and rigorous, and it is confused with "medical humanities" and "humanistic medicine" in application. Some scholars believe that medical humanism contains two meanings, namely "humane" medicine, which emphasizes kindness to others, such as ethical value in medical research and clinical treatment. Another meaning refers to the ultimate concern for human beings and the promotion of human nature, such as criticizing human arrogance in controlling nature and acknowledging "the limitations of medicine"; Wang Yi thinks that medical humanism is a gesture: paying attention to people, paying attention to people's value and thinking about people's value. It is also a position, based on the balance between academics and conscience, and the tension between reason and emotion, which is nourished by literature and art through reflection and criticism of philosophy, history and religion; To achieve the goal of medical science, the eternal problem of the ultimate value of medicine is "human medicine" to avoid the loss of modern and contemporary life value. Du explained that medical humanistic spirit is the spirit of caring for and respecting human life condensed in medical technology, and doing good is the purpose of medical and health care services. It involves the positioning of the ultimate value goal of medicine and medical care services, so it can be considered that medical humanistic spirit is the soul of medicine.
To sum up, the concept of medical humanism belongs to metaphysics, and it can also be said to be a philosophical concept, which is to explore the inherent humanity of medicine. Because medical research explores the law of human life, it is a human-centered research field, which means that medicine is extremely special compared with other natural sciences, which is the essential feature of medical humanities. This is because: ① Life movement is the dual function of material and spiritual factors of human body, and it is the unity of subjective and objective. Human psychology, will, emotion, personality, consciousness, and even the self-awareness and cultural movement of human society are indispensable basic connotations of life movement, and even have decisive factors in a certain sense. Life movement is not only a material (physical) movement of human beings, but also a spiritual (cultural) movement. Medical care for life, people-oriented, people-oriented, the most important aspect is humanistic care. The meaning of life is not only survival, but also dignity and value, which is the meaning of human beings. Therefore, medicine should be the whole process of seeking truth, beauty and goodness, not just looking at human organs. ③ The sociality of life movement as an individual determines the sociality of medicine itself. From the ultimate goal and value, any natural science serves the development of human society and the free and all-round development of human beings, which is the value pursuit of human beings. What's more special about medicine is that it directly studies and serves people, involving everything about people, so medicine can't turn a blind eye, naturally bring it into its own thinking field, and then consciously bring the study of individual life movements into the thinking of human social values.
Medical humanism can be understood from the following three aspects: first, it highlights the spirit of medical humanism, that is, human beings care for life in medical activities and adhere to the people-oriented spirit; Second, medical humanistic care, which is embodied in the practice of medical activities, should not only provide patients with necessary diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation, but also provide patients with spiritual, cultural and emotional services to meet their physical and mental health needs; Third, the humanistic value of medicine embodies the truth-seeking, goodness-worship, beauty-worship and sanctification of medicine. The existence of medical humanistic value is not only theoretical, but also practical, which is the inherent essential attribute of medicine.
Accordingly, medical humanistic spirit can be defined as: the spiritual content involved, formed and pursued by people in the whole medical field or medical activity practice, as well as the psychological orientation and will power that drive people to carry out medical activities, which is the exploration of the ultimate problems related to medical humanistic spirit, humanistic care and humanistic value, and the essence, characteristics, significance and value of people in the whole medical field or medical activity practice. Its connotation is: higher than human nature, attaching importance to life, being highly healthy, respecting personality and pursuing medical goodness; Concentrate on "people-oriented" concern, respect, care and care for people.
3 the relationship between medical humanities and medical humanities
First of all, the connotations and attributes of the two concepts are quite different. Since the 1960s, the medical humanities has gradually formed and emerged on the basis of continuous reflection on the crises and challenges faced by modern medicine. Due to the rapid development of medical technology, biological engineering and medical technology have advanced by leaps and bounds, which has created the glory of modern medicine, but at the same time it is difficult for modern medicine to get rid of it. Medical humanities examine the evolution of medicine from the perspectives of history, culture, religion and philosophy, ask about the significance of medicine, and reshape the value of medicine, so as to better understand health and disease, patients and treatment, reposition the relationship between doctors and patients, and rebuild the cornerstone of health policy and medical service. Therefore, it has strong interdisciplinary characteristics (interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary), and its extension (content) includes medical aesthetics, medical ethics, medical history, medical philosophy, medical anthropology, medical law, medical sociology, military medicine, medical war, medicine and literature and art, medicine and religion, etc.
Medical humanities is a broad field, covering ethics, law, medical ethics and so on. When it comes to medical humanities, people often associate it with humanistic spirit. For example, strengthening medical humanistic education mainly refers to strengthening medical ethics education and enhancing medical humanistic spirit. Therefore, medical humanism is a philosophical concept, which belongs to metaphysics and pays attention to the internal, universal and essential problems of medicine. For example, medical humanistic concept, humanistic spirit, humanistic care and humanistic value are concepts opposite to medical science and medical technology.
Secondly, their time and background are different. With the birth and development of medicine, the emergence of medical humanities is much earlier than that of medical humanities. The development of medicine has gone through three main stages: primitive medicine, empirical medicine and modern medicine. Medicine is full of humanistic spirit, and it exudes a strong humanistic atmosphere since its birth. The medical humanities came into being with the emergence of medicine, because medicine takes people as the research object, and medicine was not, is not and cannot be a pure natural science in the past.
The emergence of medical humanities is much later than that of medical humanities. It was not until the second half of the 20th century that modern medicine encountered moral and ethical problems that could not be solved by medical science (biomedicine) or pure science itself (especially the moral problems brought about by the development of biomedical technology), and it slowly sprouted with the efforts of scholars in many fields. If biomedicine belongs to science and tends to technical operation, then medical humanities also has its operational level (R only belongs to the "technical" operation of humanities), including doctor-patient communication, medical regulations and ethical standards that people are most concerned about now. However, it is not enough to just stay at the tool level and pay attention to skill training. Clinicians have good communication skills, do not violate the rules in law, and do not violate ethics intellectually. Simply using "humanistic technology" is called "hypocrisy", which is not a real medical humanities. Medical humanities need to think from the value level, understand life, health and medicine from a holistic perspective, and know how to comprehensively consider diseases, risks and long-term quality of life, and truly be responsible for patients. Therefore, learning medical literature knowledge and skills is not only to "avoid risks", but more importantly to promote the value of respecting and caring for patients. Medical humanities is a discipline group, knowledge and skills, and medical humanities is the core of medical education.
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