Some figures you should know are that one person produces about 1.2 kg of garbage every day, and1.300 million people produce 1.56 million tons of garbage every day, which is only in China. According to reliable research, about 1 species of animals and 1 species of creatures disappear every 1 minute in the world. The coal with the most energy on the earth can only be mined for no more than 200 years.
The most radical way is to stop all industries and turn off machines, hehe.
This is impossible, so the most effective thing is to start from self, care for the environment, beautify the environment and maintain ecological balance; Reduce the emission of harmful waste gas, protect the ozone layer and prevent the greenhouse effect.
Supplement:
18. 1 Global atmospheric changes and environmental problems caused by human activities can be mainly attributed to three aspects: First, the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to climate change; Second, the destruction of the atmospheric ozone layer; The third is the cross-border transportation of acid rain and pollutants. China still faces severe tasks and difficulties in protecting and improving the quality of urban atmospheric environment. China's efforts to protect the atmosphere are aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the country's economic and social development, and making contributions to international cooperation devoted to global air protection.
18.2 China has acceded to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the amended Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and has been working on a national action plan to implement these international conventions and protocols. China has promulgated the Law on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in People's Republic of China (PRC). Preventing air pollution and protecting the atmosphere is a long-term task. At present, most of the international measures to protect the atmosphere are "emission reduction schemes", that is, to limit and reduce the emissions of fossil fuels and other pollutants. The implementation of these plans will limit the scale and speed of China's economic development to some extent.
18.3 the strategies and measures to protect the atmosphere involve many departments, such as legislation, planning, finance, energy, geology and minerals, transportation, industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, commerce and climate, ocean, environment, scientific research, education, etc., and all departments need to work together to achieve practical results. Therefore, the work related to the planning fields in Chapters 7, 1 1, 12, 13 and 14 will help to achieve the goals of each planning field in this chapter.
18.4 this chapter has four program areas:
A. control air pollution and prevent acid rain;
B. prevention of stratospheric ozone depletion;
C. controlling greenhouse gas emissions;
D. climate change monitoring, forecasting and service system construction.
Programme areas
Control air pollution and prevent acid rain
Action basis
18.5 China's resource characteristics and economic development level determine that the energy structure dominated by coal will exist for a long time. Controlling soot air pollution will be the main task of air pollution control in China. Secondly, we should pay attention to and control the emissions of motor vehicles.
18.6 at present, the main problems existing in air pollution control and acid rain prevention in China are:
(a) Smoke pollution exists in almost all cities, especially in winter in northern cities. China's sulfur dioxide emissions are increasing year by year, and a large area of acid rain area has been formed in the south, which has been found to cause harm to forests, soil, crops and buildings.
(b) Advanced and practical control technology is still lacking. At present, desulfurization technology is limited to experiments and demonstration projects, and has not been applied in large-scale practice. The flue gas control technology of small and medium-sized industrial boilers and kilns still needs new breakthroughs, and the practical control technology of acid-causing substances suitable for China's national conditions is also very lacking;
(c) The starting point of industrialization is low, the production scale is small, and the pollutant discharge is large. For example, the coal consumption of small and medium-sized generator sets in thermal power plants is about 30% higher than that in developed countries; The cement dust emission of a large number of small and medium-sized cement plants is at the level of 3.5 kg/ton; The technological transformation of industrial enterprises is quite difficult. In the past ten years, only about 20% of enterprises have carried out comprehensive technological transformation, and even fewer have truly reached the level of advanced production technology and modern management.
There are many historical debts and a large funding gap; It takes at least 200 billion yuan to control the pollution of old industrial enterprises in China, so it is difficult to raise such a sum of money. The pollution control of such enterprises must take the road of technological transformation, clean production or industrial structure and layout adjustment.
(e) The technical level of the automobile industry mostly stays at the level of the 1960s, with high energy consumption and serious single-machine pollution; The product renewal cycle is slow, the use time is long and the pollution degree is high; The poor implementation of the published emission standards is mainly due to the lack of funds, testing equipment and management methods.
18.7 the operational mechanism of macro-control policies suitable for air pollution control in China has not yet been formed. The existing policy system has not yet formed a perfect system and lacks coordination, which limits the role of policies and systems in air pollution control and management. Lack of effective energy pricing mechanism and environmental and economic policies.
target
By the end of this century, the following goals will be achieved:
(a) The environmental quality of key cities and local areas should be improved; The total amount of suspended particulate matter in urban atmosphere should be basically controlled, and the annual average concentration should be reduced;
(b) The total annual emission of sulfur dioxide in China should be controlled at 2 100 tons (23 million tons), the emission of industrial dust should be controlled within 7 million tons, and the emission of soot should be kept at about 6,543,800+0.4 million tons; The control of air pollutants should be extended from the control of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and sulfur dioxide to the control of carbon oxides, lead and nitrogen oxides.
(c) By the year 2000, the total amount of harmful gases emitted by motor vehicles will basically remain at the current level; Formulate and implement ship emission standards.
After 18.92000, it began to develop in the direction of comprehensively improving environmental quality. Establish an environmental quality monitoring and early warning system in cities across the country. The control of mobile pollution sources extends from cars to ships, increasing the control content.
behaviour
18. 10 Implement effective coal energy pollution control and management measures, including:
(1) Establishing and popularizing the system of declaration, registration and license management of air pollutant discharge with the total amount control of air pollutants as the leading factor;
Starting with the adjustment of energy policy, we will improve the energy production structure and increase the proportion of hydropower, nuclear power and solar energy in primary energy. Gradually adjust and rationalize energy prices to promote energy conservation;
Develop urban gas, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas, and the urban gas penetration rate will reach 60% in 2000. Develop central heating, with the central heating area reaching 470 million square meters in 2000;
Gradually adjust the charging standards for air pollutant discharge to promote technological transformation of enterprises;
(5) Before 2000, we will focus on improving the air quality in a number of cities with serious air pollution.
18. 1 1 In the control of coal burning and acid pollutants, we mainly carry out scientific research and technological development in the following fields:
(a) Efficient dust removal technology for small and medium-sized combustion boilers;
(b) Comprehensive control technology of sulfur dioxide emission, including complete briquette combustion technology, circulating fluidized bed combustion desulfurization technology, wet desulfurization and dust removal technology, desulfurization slag recycling technology and calcium injection technology in the furnace, etc. Improve and optimize the combination of various technologies, establish demonstration projects, and make the research results play the comprehensive benefits of environment, energy conservation and resource utilization of pollutants;
Sulfur dioxide control technology in coal-fired power plants, including large-scale fluidized bed combustion desulfurization technology, rotary spray drying desulfurization technology, furnace calcium injection technology, limestone and gypsum desulfurization technology and demonstration projects;
(d) Applicable control technology of acid-causing substances and practical control technology of nitrogen oxides;
(e) Efficient cleaning and combustion technologies for coal and energy-saving and low-pollution technologies for industrial furnaces.
18. 12 give full play to the role of the existing "air pollution prevention and control advisory Committee" and "energy and environment professional Committee", establish and improve management consulting institutions, and provide background information and suggestions for management decisions. Establish dynamic archives and basic information database of air pollution sources, and gradually develop and network. Strengthen the acceptance and supervision mechanism of the construction of national smoke control areas, and gradually link up with the air pollution permit system, laying the foundation for the implementation of the total air pollutant control management model.
18. 13 Learn advanced management experience from developed countries through mutual visits, sending personnel for further study, and hiring experts and consultants. According to the national conditions of China, we will strive to give priority to the introduction of pollution control technologies, such as sulfur dioxide control technology and energy-saving and efficient boiler technology. Actively participate in international activities and treaties aimed at improving the quality of the atmospheric environment and protecting the atmosphere. Actively seek financial support from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.
18. 14 in controlling mobile pollution sources, the following measures are mainly taken:
(a) to formulate management measures, technical policies and economic policies for mobile pollution sources; Develop an efficient, less polluting, safe and reliable transportation system and do a good job in urban planning; Strengthen the supervision of automobile production enterprises, and their products shall not be produced and sold without the permission of the supervision department, so as to promote the adjustment of the industrial structure of the industry and make the automobile industry develop in large quantities and at a high starting point;
(2) In terms of vehicles, the emission standards of vehicles in use can be achieved by strengthening maintenance. Set up inspection outlets for vehicles with excessive emissions;
(c) Collect the quantity and pollution of national vehicles and establish a database; Analysis of statistical data, according to the pollution situation, to further make the standard scientific, in order to promote the improvement of technical level and reduce pollution; Gradually establish a transportation information exchange and service system, optimize transportation conditions and reduce no-load consumption;
Carry out international exchanges and cooperation and master the latest purification technology and management methods; By introducing technology or joint venture production, the emission level of motor vehicles will be fundamentally improved.
In monitoring and controlling acid rain, the following actions have been taken:
(a) To formulate national strategies and plans for comprehensive prevention and control of acid rain, and formulate acid rain control policies; Strengthen acid rain monitoring, improve monitoring technology and monitoring network;
(b) Study the effects of acid rain, acid pollution and critical load in different areas, and study the ecological effects of acid rain and its prevention and control methods;
(c) Cooperate with the international community to carry out long-term acid rain monitoring activities and cooperative research activities in China; Introduce foreign methods and technologies to control acid rain to improve the level of acid rain prevention and control in China;
(four) on the basis of the implementation of the existing national pilot scheme for the collection of industrial coal-fired sulfur dioxide pollution charges, the system of sulfur dioxide pollution charges will be gradually and comprehensively implemented;
(five) to carry out the comprehensive prevention and control of acid rain in areas with serious acid rain.
B. preventing stratospheric ozone depletion
Action basis
18. 16 the China municipal government established the national ozone layer protection organization and management organization, formulated industry management norms, actively carried out research on substitutes and alternative technologies, arranged matching funds for enterprises' alternative technological transformation, and earnestly implemented the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer.
The Government of China has compiled the Ozone Protection Report of China. With the support of international organizations and in accordance with the requirements of the Protocol on Multilateral Fund Assistance to Developing Countries, the leading group for ozone layer protection in China organized relevant industry departments, set up nine expert groups, and compiled the National Program for the Elimination of Ozone Depleting Substances in China, numbered 1992. The Plan calculates the production and consumption of controlled substances in China in 199 1 year, forecasts the consumption in 1996, 2000, 2005 and 20 10 years, puts forward the policy and technical route for phasing out controlled substances, and determines 20/kloc.
18. 18 With the support of the World Meteorological Organization, China has built two ozone observation stations in Beijing and Kunming, and has obtained the observation data of 12 years. The results obtained are very consistent with those of other observatories in the world. The National Meteorological Administration is preparing to build a new background station in Qinghai, which will be put into operation on 1994 to provide data for global ozone observation.
Basic scientific research on ozone layer protection is being carried out step by step. In the process of implementing the Protocol, China faces various economic and technical difficulties, such as extensive fields, complex industrial structure, large capital gap, uncertain alternative technologies, and great difficulty in technological transformation.
target
18.20 by the year 2000, the reduction of ozone-depleting substances (hereinafter referred to as ozone-depleting substances) shall not be less than 60% of the total phase-out. Among them, the aerosol industry was completely eliminated in 1997, and the foam plastic industry was completely eliminated except refrigerators and hard polyurethane board in 2000.
18.2 1 research, development and trial production of ozone-depleting substance substitutes and alternative technologies. 1 996 (in 2000, a foundry with a production capacity of110,000 tons and its supporting material factory were built; Improve the testing method and technology of the basic performance of substitutes, and establish the recycling network of ozone-depleting substances.
18.22 improve the existing long-term ozone observation station, build Qinghai observation station in 1994, and gradually build China ozone observation network.
behaviour
18.23 establish laws and regulations on the management of ozone-depleting substances in China, including the production and sales licensing system, the control of new construction, expansion and technological transformation of production and consumption enterprises, and the supervision and management of imports. Use economic leverage to restrict the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances and encourage the use of substitutes and alternative technologies by adjusting tax policies and formulating preferential policies. Organize and implement the use of international aid funds to China. Revise the national phase-out plan in time according to the progress of the Protocol, and complete the projects assisted by the Multilateral Fund on schedule.
18.24 establish ODS production, consumption, import and export database and information system, collect production and consumption in all parts of the country in time, evaluate, predict and analyze production, consumption, environmental impact and alternative technologies, and serve for policy formulation or adjustment.
18.25 support the research and development of substitutes and alternative technologies, and actively encourage the development and use of non-ozone depleting substances. Support scientific research related to ozone layer protection, including ozone depletion mechanism, health and environmental impact caused by ozone depletion and its relationship with economy.
18.26 requires the multilateral fund to timely approve and provide the funds needed for the project according to the plan of the national programme, so as to ensure the smooth implementation of the ODS phase-out plan in China. On the premise of reasonable international transfer mechanism and technology price, promote international technology transfer and exchange with China. Actively seek financial support from international organizations to carry out scientific research activities related to ozone layer protection; Actively participate in international scientific information exchange. Strive for international direct subsidies for projects that choose alternatives and alternative technologies. Support the construction of ozone observation network in China and participate in the global ozone observation system. Use bilateral or multilateral activities to improve scientific research capabilities, promote the exchange of talents and technologies, and develop effective substitutes and alternative technologies.
18.27 increase the number of trained personnel in the fields of science and technology, industry, consumption and management related to ozone depletion. Offering ozone layer protection courses in colleges and universities to train talents. Make use of various publicity means to strengthen public publicity and education and raise public awareness of ozone layer protection. Strengthen the construction of compliance management institutions, including the leading group for ozone layer protection in China and relevant research institutions, and strengthen coordination capacity.
Control greenhouse gas emissions
Action basis
18.29 the China municipal government has set up an inter-departmental national climate change coordination group, which is responsible for organizing the formulation of policies and plans and coordinating scientific research. The Research Center for Contemporary Environment and Economic Policy in China has carried out "Study on the Sources of Greenhouse Gases in China and Its Emission Reduction Strategy", while the China Academy of Sciences and the State Meteorological Administration have completed the study on "Climate Change Caused by Greenhouse Effect and Its Impact on China", and the State Science and Technology Commission has specially set up a project to study global climate change in the Eighth Five-Year Plan.
18.30 Although China's per capita carbon dioxide emissions by 2000 are still less than half of the world's per capita level 1989 (1.2 tons/person) and less than the average level of industrialized countries (3.3 tons/person)16, China still actively participates in the international community to control greenhouse gas emissions. According to the characteristics of energy resources and the level of economic development in China, it is planned to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by adjusting industrial structure, adjusting energy structure and improving terminal energy technology. Studying methane emission sources and adopting scientific fertilization and irrigation methods can reduce methane emission from rice fields; At the same time, actively formulate countermeasures and take measures from increasing greenhouse gas sinks to contribute to solving global warming.
target
18.3 1 Effectively control greenhouse gas emissions, reduce the growth rate of carbon dioxide emissions, study ways to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and preserve and strengthen greenhouse gas sinks. Coordinate the actions of various departments and take measures to adapt to climate change.
behaviour
18.32 unify, coordinate and formulate the national greenhouse gas control action plan, including:
Energy development plans and afforestation plans conducive to controlling greenhouse gases;
Determine and allocate emission control targets according to relevant international greenhouse gas control frameworks or conventions.
18.33 strengthening scientific research:
(a) Study the impact of greenhouse gas increase on global and regional climate, the impact of climate change on all aspects of China and the countermeasures to be taken;
(b) To study the calculation and measurement methods for determining greenhouse gas emissions, and calculate and verify the greenhouse gas emissions in China;
(c) Studying various methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as rational application of chemical fertilizers, scientific cultivation methods in paddy fields and comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes;
(d) To study and determine the countermeasures to adapt to climate change.
18.34 save energy and reduce consumption, and accelerate the progress of industrial technology. Through the implementation of the national energy conservation law, improve the awareness of energy conservation of the whole people. By gradually rationalizing energy prices, we will limit energy waste and inefficient use. Vigorously promote energy-saving technologies.
18.35 improve energy efficiency, including reducing energy consumption in energy production, improving energy efficiency of mechanical and electrical products, and developing energy-efficient industries, such as organic agriculture and ecological agriculture.
18.36 planting trees in a large area, increasing green vegetation, strengthening plant photosynthesis, absorbing carbon dioxide and balancing greenhouse gas emissions.
18.37 participate in and cooperate with the follow-up activities of the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fulfill China's commitments, promote China's efforts in environment and development, safeguard national sovereignty and promote unified and coordinated international actions. Participate in scientific research and scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation on international climate change. Strive for international technical assistance to improve energy utilization efficiency and energy saving level in China.
Climate change monitoring, forecasting and service system construction
Action basis