1. Sustainable development is the goal of implementing the project of mountains, rivers and lakes.
Song Jian mentioned in "Scientific Practice is the Key to Implementing the Strategy of Sustainable Development" that the development and management project of rivers and lakes in Jiangxi Province, which started in the early 1980s, is a major practice of coordinating economy and environment, and it is an arduous and numerous project with the goal of sustainable development. The above nine development and governance models all reflect the remarkable characteristics of sustainable development:
First, the sustainability of development, that is, development should constantly meet the interests of modern people and future generations, and realize the unity of the interests of modern people and future people;
Second, the coordination of development, that is, economic and social development must fully consider the carrying capacity of resources and environment, and realize the coordinated development of society, economy, resources and environment;
The third is the unity of mountain management, water control and poverty control, that is, through mountain management and water control, the natural environment is improved, and local resources are rationally utilized to achieve poverty alleviation.
It has cultivated the local characteristic pillar industries such as subtropical fruits in southern Jiangxi and special aquatic products in Jiujiang, supported the project with an annual output value of more than 450 million yuan, with profits and taxes of1.1000 million yuan, absorbed more than 60,000 rural surplus laborers, and made great contributions to the local farmers' poverty alleviation. From 65438 to 0996, the Shanhe Lake Project in Jiangxi introduced the internationally successful microfinance poverty alleviation model-Bangladeshi rural bank microfinance poverty alleviation model (GB model for short), and carried out microfinance poverty alleviation experiments in Xing Zi County. The cumulative repayment rate of small loans is over 97%, and the per capita annual income is about 1000 yuan.
In addition, the Shanjianghu Project, in combination with the provincial conditions, launched the small loan model (RCC+VI model for short) of the village executive committee of the Sino-German cooperation project "Sustainable Development in Gannan Mountain Area" in Gannan Mountain Area 1996, and cooperated with Ganzhou Credit Cooperative Association to establish the county project management office (county project office for short) and village executive committee by using the existing operating system and projects of credit cooperatives. The micro-credit poverty alleviation loan was 6.5438+0.8 million yuan, the due loan was 6.5438+0.5 million yuan, and the actual loan was 6.5438+0.25 million yuan, with a cumulative repayment rate of over 85%. Gannan has benefited more than 2800 people. According to the survey, 95% of the farmers who participated in the loan activities increased their income by 500-4,000 yuan (the average income was about 1000 yuan), and began to get rid of poverty, and some of them embarked on the road of getting rich.
Practice has proved that micro-credit not only solves the problem that it is difficult for poverty alleviation funds to reach households, but also greatly improves the efficiency of the use of funds; At the same time, the participatory rural development and the cultivation of family self-help organizations, coupled with the corresponding practical technical training and the cultivation of poor households' production and management concepts, have effectively developed the human resources of the poor population and cultivated their basic comprehensive ability. The two poverty alleviation models of microfinance explored by Shanhe Lake Project were highly appraised and praised at the seminar on challenges faced by microfinance held in Kunming. Sino-German cooperation project is a participatory resource management system based on the wishes of some local farmers, which explores a new way of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas at the small watershed and community level and becomes an innovation in implementing mountain rivers and lakes projects at the small watershed level. This project to control poverty in mountainous areas is welcomed by farmers.
2. Relying on scientific and technological progress and innovation is the key to the success of the project.
The conception of mountain rivers and lakes project fully embodies the combination of system engineering and sustainable development thought. In the project area, before the project starts, experts from the province will be organized to conduct extensive regional scientific investigation, development strategy research and overall planning, and the whole project will be guided by scientific theories. This project. With the progress of the project, a multi-disciplinary, multi-sectoral and multi-level science and technology network has basically taken shape. Remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and multimedia integrated technology established by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and European Union (EU) aid projects have been used for flood prediction, monitoring and post-disaster assessment. In recent years, it has been further applied in the fields of land and resources investigation, management and environmental monitoring, which has improved the overall scientific and technological level of the Shanhe Lake project.
Based on modern science and technology and modern management technology, the Shanhe Lake Project has made bold innovations. Starting from 199 1, we set out to establish a geographic information system covering the whole region, build the remote sensing and geographic information system center of the whole province, and adopt the way of inviting in and going out, which provided effective decision support for the planning and implementation of the project, the economic construction of the whole province, and disaster reduction and prevention. Information technology has made an important contribution to the thrilling flood control at the turn of spring and summer from 65438 to 0998. At the critical moment of flood fighting in the whole province, with the support and help of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanjianghu Office used the L-band high-resolution airborne synthetic aperture radar remote sensing aircraft, the achievement of China's 863 high-tech project, to obtain high-quality radar image data of Poyang and flood-stricken areas, and used the established geographic information system to analyze the disaster situation in time. But also provides a scientific basis for flood control deployment, and plays an important role in the post-disaster recovery of production and the construction of towns by immigrants.
In early September, Premier Zhu visited the disaster area in our province again. The provincial government used radar remote sensing monitoring data to report the disaster situation in our province and the deployment of post-disaster reconstruction work to Premier Zhu in detail. High-tech has provided accurate data for flood fighting and emergency rescue work, which has been affirmed by Premier Zhu and won more national financial support for post-disaster reconstruction in our province.
On September 19, the provincial government held a working meeting on returning farmland to the lake to build a town for immigrants, with the participation of county heads and heads of relevant departments of counties affected by the lake. The small government asked me to show the results of radar remote sensing monitoring and related background data in the affected areas (including satellite images of resources, data on land use status, etc.). ) at the meeting, and cooperate with the planning of immigrants returning to the lake to build a town. Other functional departments of the provincial government (such as Flood Control Office, Civil Affairs Department, Construction Department, Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, Land and Resources Bureau, Meteorological Bureau, etc.). ) have also asked for relevant information to provide reference for the post-disaster reconstruction work of this department. Every time the main leaders of the province visit the disaster area, they don't forget to bring the local remote sensing map. Accommodation technology serves the whole process of Shanhe Lake Project. Through timely dynamic monitoring, the achievements and impacts of project implementation can be found in time, which can provide information support for evaluating the sustainable development and governance capacity of the basin, and then improve the planning and measures of development management.
The mountain rivers and lakes project proposes to cure fools, aiming at developing human resources. Through experiments and demonstrations, a technical service team combining scientific and technical personnel with farmers has been trained and established. In order to improve the scientific and technological quality of farmers in experimental bases and extension points, the project has established a sustainable development training center, which has trained 6,543,800 people for the project area.
3. Controlling soil erosion is the key point of mountain control and water control project.
The direct cause of soil erosion is the destruction of vegetation on the mountain; However, from a deeper level, soil erosion is the result of extremely complex natural factors, economic factors and human behavior factors. The "Shanhe Lake Project" has grasped the fundamental principle of soil erosion control and implemented both the symptoms and root causes. In view of natural factors, take measures such as planting trees and grass on the top of the mountain and water conservancy projects; In view of economic factors, through the development and utilization of resources, economic development to increase farmers' income, mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses to control soil erosion; In view of human behavior factors, education and training measures should be taken to improve the quality of the population, change the traditional backward and unsustainable mode of production and consumption, and guide people's behavior into a virtuous circle.
Since 1990s, an eco-agricultural project with local characteristics-Pig-biogas-fruit project has been explored in southern Jiangxi Province. By the end of 1.998, 334,200 biogas digesters had been built, 21.8000 mu of orchards had been developed, and 4 million pigs had been released annually, and 1.053 biogas ecological villages and/or towns 1.07 biogas ecological villages had been built. The specific content of the pig biogas project is to build a biogas digester for each household, and to slaughter two pigs per capita every year and plant one mu of fruit per capita, which is called 12 1 project locally. This project was later widely used in other aquaculture industries, forming ecological agriculture projects such as pigs, wetland fish and pigs, wetland vegetables and so on. The core of pig biogas project is to build a biogas digester for each household, using biogas generated by biogas digester under human and animal manure as fuel and lighting, and using biogas slurry and biogas residue to raise fish, pigs, vegetables and fruits, so as to utilize and develop rural economic resources at multiple levels, improve economic benefits, improve ecological environment and increase farmers' income.
Judging from the practice of the broad masses of people in southern Jiangxi, the implementation of the ecological agriculture project of pig biogas and fruit biogas does have many benefits, which are summarized as six benefits by cadres and masses in southern Jiangxi;
First, it is conducive to closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and reducing soil erosion. A 6 cubic meter biogas digester can normally produce gas, which can save 2.5 tons of firewood a year, equivalent to 0.35 hectares of trees per year 167 1000 mu.
Second, it is conducive to the improvement of soil. According to the determination, after three years of continuous application of biogas fertilizer in rice fields, soil microorganisms are very active and chemical fertilizers are used less.
Third, it is beneficial to increase the drought resistance, frost resistance and insect resistance of crops and fruit trees, and improve the quality of agricultural products. Biogas slurry can not only soak seeds, water vegetables and spray fruits, but also feed pigs to raise fish. If navel orange is sprayed with biogas slurry, the sugar content is higher and the taste is better: after pigs eat biogas slurry feed, they gain weight quickly, slaughter early, and their fur color is bright and attractive.
Fourth, it will help farmers save money and increase their income. A farmer built a 6 cubic meter biogas digester and raised four pigs all the year round. After one year, saving energy can reduce the expenditure around 600 yuan. Applying biogas slurry and biogas fertilizer can reduce the input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides into 200 yuan per mu of crops. The comprehensive utilization of biogas slurry and biogas fertilizer can also greatly increase the output of agricultural products. For example, after rice is soaked in biogas slurry, the yield can be increased by 7.5%, reaching 15.4%, which increases farmers' income.
Fifth, it is conducive to improving the living environment of farmers and improving their health and quality of life. The construction of biogas digesters has promoted the improvement of water and toilets, reduced the spread of diseases, improved environmental sanitation and greatly improved the appearance of villages.
Sixth, it is conducive to improving farmers' awareness of science and technology.
In addition, the pig biogas technology has the following innovations:
(1) Take the lead in establishing the pig-biogas-fruit ecological agriculture model and its technical system;
(2) A new agricultural industrial chain was established, and the relationship between pig-biogas-fruit model system and material utilization and energy conversion was found;
(3) Innovation of biogas digester structure;
(4) Developed GF (Microbial Flora) biogas fermentation promoter;
(5) The effect of biogas fertilizer on improving agricultural yield, quality and stress resistance was studied.
(6) The pig-biogas-fruit model system and technical standards were compiled, and the standardization and standardized operation of eco-agricultural technology were realized for the first time.
10/0000 households in 20 provinces (cities) at the site meeting in July, 1999, this model was designated as the southern model by the Ministry of Agriculture. Among them, there are 456,900 households in Gannan, demonstration villages 1053, demonstration villages 107 and 998 ecological manors.
Although there are still some problems to be explored and solved in the development of the pig bog fruit project in southern Jiangxi, such as unbalanced development and lagging follow-up service, on the whole, the pig bog fruit project is successful, which really provides beneficial enlightenment for rural areas in southern China:
First, we should be good at combining poverty control with mountain and water control. Poverty and deterioration of ecological environment are mutually causal. No matter what the conditions are, cutting wood and grass as energy causes the destruction of forest vegetation, which is an important source of ecological environment deterioration. The implementation of the "Pig Biogas Fruit Project" can improve the rural energy structure, improve the rural ecological environment, help the people get rid of poverty and become rich, make the rural areas embark on a benign development path with a high degree of unity of economic, social and ecological benefits, and realize effective ways to control mountains, water and poverty. At the same time, it can smoothly implement the adjustment of rural industrial structure, greatly improve the utilization efficiency of resources, and avoid over-exploitation and waste of resources and even environmental degradation.
Third, we should be good at grasping the key links in the project, overcome the technical difficulties in the project, and make farmers easy to learn and understand, easy to operate, and willing to accept the use.
4. Systematicness and comprehensiveness are the characteristics of Shanhe Lake Project.
The so-called systematicness means that the mountainous areas in southern Jiangxi, the Ganjiang River basin and the Poyang Lake area are regarded as an interconnected and inseparable provincial-level eco-economic system. Breaking the boundaries of administrative areas at the micro level, taking small watersheds as governance units, and making overall planning and overall deployment by using the ideas and methods of system theory have the advantages that as long as the source of the watershed is grasped in the same watershed, it is easy to control the water and soil resources of the whole watershed, and the governance cost is much lower than that of cross-basin governance. The so-called comprehensiveness means multidisciplinary cooperation and joint research. The experimental model and governance model of Shanhe Lake Project are the crystallization of the achievements of ecology, environment, resources, economy, society and other disciplines, which embodies the collective wisdom of natural science and social science workers. Multidisciplinary cooperation and joint research conform to the objective laws of modern scientific development.
5. Establishing an efficient and open management system is the guarantee for the smooth implementation of the Shanhe Lake Project.
River and lake projects in mountainous areas are arduous and numerous. How to mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties and form a mighty development army is very important. Therefore, this project attaches great importance to the establishment of efficient management institutions. The top leaders of the fourth session of the provincial government personally participated in and gave guidance, insisting on "giving full play to the power of the whole province to do a good job in the project of mountains and rivers." The development and management committee of mountain rivers and lakes is a decision-making body, which plays a powerful role in decision-making, overall planning and coordination. An academic committee composed of experts in related disciplines is a decision-making advisory body; The office of the mountain rivers and lakes development and management committee is an office composed of capable teams. This management system is supported and guided by the relevant state departments, and corresponding institutions are established at lower levels (cities) and counties to form a multi-level management network and implement effective management. The Shanjianghu Project attaches great importance to software management, insists on proceeding from reality and the immediate interests of the masses, constantly enhances the people's ability to be independent, conscious and rich, and uses policies to mobilize and protect the enthusiasm and creativity of the masses in implementing sustainable development. For example, in the development and management of small watersheds, market competition mechanism is introduced on the basis of unified planning, and it is contracted to farmers in pieces in the form of bidding, which has also achieved good results. In terms of investment mechanism, we will implement the policy of self-reliance, multi-party cooperation, state support and * * * seeking revitalization, introduce foreign talents, broaden channels for attracting talents, technology and investment, make full use of open opportunities, and strive for various forms of funding and support from 16 countries and international organizations.
In the past 20 years, officials and scholars from international organizations such as UNESCO, FAO, the United Nations Development Programme, the European Union and countries such as Japan, Germany, Britain and the United States have come to exchange and cooperate in the name of Sam Jianghu Project. Engineers and technicians from Shanhe Lake in Jiangxi Province have also been invited to study abroad for many times. 1June, 1990, the United Nations Development Programme set up the "Development of Rivers and Lakes in Jiangxi, China" free aid project; 1In June, 1992, as a typical example of China's regional sustainable development, Jiangxi Shanhe Lake Project was sent to the World Conference on Environment and Development in Brazil, which attracted the attention of representatives from all countries. 1in may, 1993, the german government decided to provide long-term assistance to mountain rivers and lakes projects, and then help Jiangxi to carry out large-scale comprehensive mountain development in a planned way in terms of technology and funds. From April 65438 to April 0994, Erkang He, the permanent mission of the United Nations Development Programme, made a special trip to Jiangxi for investigation, and implemented such extensive cooperation and assistance as a loan of US$ 24 million, which will surely accelerate the opening up of the future eco-economic zone and broaden the financing channels. Last year, it was selected as one of the six China projects of the Hanover World Expo.
The practice of river and lake projects in mountainous areas proves that openness is the key to efficient management. As an inland province, Jiangxi is relatively closed and its financial input is limited. Only by opening up can we jump out of Jiangxi and look at Jiangxi from the perspective of the world, and we can learn from the experience of many countries and win support from many sides. In short, without opening up, there would be no efficient management and successful practice of rivers and lakes.