Contents of health assessment:
1, physical examination
Diabetes patients usually have high blood sugar and lose weight, so it is necessary to have a preliminary physical examination, such as checking the patient's temperature, pulse, breathing and blood pressure.
2. Laboratory inspection
Laboratory tests generally include blood routine, urine routine, liver and kidney function, glycosylated hemoglobin, etc. Blood routine can show whether there is platelet increase or decrease, abnormal liver and kidney function, etc. Urine routine can show whether urine sugar is positive or not, and liver and kidney function mainly depends on blood creatinine, urea nitrogen and other values.
Glycosylated hemoglobin can reflect the average blood sugar in the last 2~3 months. Diabetes patients usually have elevated glycated hemoglobin if their blood sugar is not well controlled.
3. Complications check
Complications usually include fundus examination, electrocardiogram examination and nervous system examination. Fundus examination can check whether diabetic patients have retinopathy, and electrocardiogram examination can check whether diabetic patients have heart damage. Neurological examination can show whether diabetic patients have neuropathy.
Etiology of diabetic patients:
1, genetic factors
1 type or type 2 diabetes mellitus has obvious genetic heterogeneity. Diabetes has a tendency of family onset. 1/4 ~ 1/2 patients have a family history of diabetes. At least 60 genetic syndromes can be associated with diabetes.
There are many DNA loci involved in the pathogenesis of 1 diabetes, among which the polymorphism of DQ locus of HLA antigen gene is the most closely related. Many obvious gene mutations have been found in type 2 diabetes, such as insulin gene, insulin receptor gene, glucokinase gene and mitochondrial gene.
2. Environmental factors
Obesity caused by overeating and decreased physical activity are the most important environmental factors of type 2 diabetes, which makes individuals with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes prone to illness. 1 The immune system of diabetic patients is abnormal. After being infected by Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, parotid virus and other viruses, it leads to autoimmune reaction and destroys insulin β cells.