Work on population and family planning (1)
I. Introduction
In the past 30 years, China's population and family planning work in? Control population, improve population quality and improve population structure? Under the guidance of major policies, rely on? Publicity and education, birth control, regular work? Our working methods have made historic achievements that attract worldwide attention. Generally speaking, the new fashion of marriage and childbearing has been deeply rooted in people's hearts. Having fewer children is not only the need of survival, but also the necessity of development. Eugenics has become the common expectation and pursuit of the general public, especially married people of childbearing age. These turning thoughts objectively constitute the decisive internal cause for the stability of China's low fertility level. It potentially requires that China's current population and family planning policy must keep pace with the times, from making overall plans and focusing on solving population problems to optimizing the quality and population structure of the birth population.
Second, in the family planning work.
The fertility rate in line with the policy is an important goal to measure the regional family planning level. In the past, under the background that people's concept of fertility was very backward, in order to achieve this goal, the government had to take various forms of administrative means, which is called? Indigenous method? . This is the product of a certain historical stage. Realistically speaking, these? Indigenous method? It has played a very important role in promoting family planning work. Now, with the acceleration of the construction of a harmonious society and the process of governing the country according to law, what grass-roots workers can do is mainly publicity and education before giving birth and administration according to law after giving birth (that is, collecting social support fees), while the latter is by no means easy to implement in detail. With the increasing socialization of population movement, there must be clear facts and procedures in this process, from obtaining evidence to filing a case to collecting according to law. Its purpose is to draw lessons from the past, so as to achieve the effect of curbing unplanned birth. At the same time, in order to maintain social stability and avoid the occurrence of vicious cases, in the process of collection, faced with the poor population, it has to be postponed, levied less, or even exempted in fact.
In order to encourage the birth behavior according to the policy, a series of incentive measures have been introduced and implemented from the central government to the local government. Such as: family planning reward and assistance, college entrance examination plus points, rural cooperative medical assistance and so on. The introduction and implementation of these policies have indeed played a good leading role for the broad masses of people of childbearing age, but at the same time, we should also see that there are many problems in the implementation of these policies. In terms of system design, in order to ensure the accuracy of family planning bonus payment, it is required to conduct an in-depth investigation on every object over 60 years old who has not violated the family planning policy. Evidence collection materials include transcripts of face-to-face inquiries, back-to-back circumstantial evidence, records of villagers' congresses, village, street (township), district (county) level certificates or case investigations, and there are as many as ten forms.
When I participated in this matter, I witnessed that the rural elderly had to state their helplessness and embarrassment in marriage and childbirth when they were young in order to enjoy the annual assistance of nearly 1000 yuan. Every time I think about it, my heart still aches. The author constantly reflects that the government has set up an incentive mechanism to help people's feelings and set an example for others. Why should we emphasize that people who are childless or infertile after marriage cannot enjoy it? You know, this is a scar in the heart of the target family. In order to prove the truth of the facts, why do you need so many forms? These materials are not of great benefit except for increasing the labor and administrative costs at the grassroots level. The author believes that in order to achieve the demonstration effect brought by reward and assistance, it is really necessary to investigate whether the target family violates the family planning policy, but it is not necessary to investigate the reasons too much. Even if you need to pursue its accuracy, you don't need to set up obstacles yourself, which consumes huge manpower, financial resources and material resources. It can completely simplify the procedure, take responsibility at different levels, pursue responsibility afterwards, and cancel unreasonable enjoyment qualifications according to the facts.
In order to control the birth behavior outside the policy, China has already implemented effective contraceptive measures. Ringing and ligation were once important means to control illegal births. Now the awareness of birth control has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and choosing different birth control methods is a household name. In this case, it is not necessary to distribute the implementation rate of long-term birth control measures to the grassroots as an index. Health and family planning departments can be implemented through publicity and guidance. Birth control is not only the need of work, but also the need of life of people of childbearing age. Why go upstream when you could have gone downstream?
In order to strengthen the family planning management of the floating population, the Regulations on the Family Planning Management of the Floating Population has clearly stipulated that the household registration and current residence should be jointly managed, and the current residence management should be the main principle. However, in practice, it is required to manage the household registration and current residence that flow across regions, and report the birth population at the same time. The domicile must master the marital status, pregnancy status, birth control status and follow-up management of the floating population. Among these hard indicators, one is the implementation rate of long-term birth control measures, the other is the timely reporting rate of pregnancy, and the third is the fertility rate that conforms to the policy. The natural flow of population is the expression of social progress.
The question is, how difficult is it for the government in the household registration area, especially in the mountainous area, to grasp the family planning information of the floating population, especially the long-term floating population, which is far away from the inflow area and random! How difficult it is to implement tracking management! In order to grasp the information and meet the requirements of tracking management, the village (neighborhood) Committee of the household registration area has to seize the opportunity of the floating population to return home at any time. Sometimes red lines are used to set up checkpoints when issuing certificates for the floating population and implementing preferential policies in rural areas. Although it can play a certain role, it makes the relationship between cadres and the masses tense and damages the image of the party among the people. Moreover, in order to implement the responsibility of tracking management, the registered residence has to organize special classes to go out across regions, cities and provinces, which often has poor results after paying a large travel cost. At present, the country is reforming the household registration system, and the residence permit will replace the household registration book. The author believes that the reform of household registration system will become a new engine for equal national treatment and social progress, and the health and family planning departments should conform to the trend, constantly optimize management methods, and inject practical new impetus into promoting family planning management.
Family planning benefits the country and the people. Family planning has made great contributions to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Before 1979, China failed to implement the national policy of family planning, which caused a major population mistake. The rapid population growth caused a heavy burden on economic development and social progress, making it difficult to move forward. At present, the internal conditions of population family planning have undergone profound changes, so it is necessary to re-examine and position China's national family planning policy and weigh the current family planning policy within a large population.
Three. Suggestions on population and family planning work
1, said the total population.
The author was born in 1960s with four brothers and sisters, which was the peak of population growth in China. I have a daughter, aged 2 1, who is in the low fertility stage in China. This fertility situation is a microcosm of the fertility situation of urban population of the same age. What is certain is that most of our descendants will consciously marry late and have children late. The main reason is not the pressure of survival, but the amount of time needed for education, employment and entrepreneurship, and the amount of time needed for pursuing a higher level of life. This has become an objective fact with a continuing trend. This reality brings us the following worries: First, in the future population structure of our descendants, including rural youth, what proportion of front-line workers can we provide for our whole society? Second, with the advent of an aging society, how many old people will the younger generation support at the same time after forming a family? This may not be mainly a financial burden, but it can definitely be said that the younger generation is under pressure from energy and spirit. These problems may be difficult to solve by a sound pension system. What kind of material world and emotional world will people live in in our upcoming aging society? Even if these problems are to be solved, according to the periodicity of population birth and growth, it will take nearly 20 years to alleviate them. Third, the young only child is pampered in life and spiritually exclusive. Although they have received rich culture and modern science and technology education, their coping psychology, ability and quality are really worrying in the face of national defense needs and various difficulties and obstacles in social progress.
In rural areas, a couple can't have a second child after giving birth to a boy; After giving birth to a girl, you can have another child. The original intention of such a birth policy is to fully consider the needs of agricultural production and labor, and should not be interpreted with one-sided views and discriminatory eyes. However, compared with the urban population, the agricultural population is still at a low fertility level despite a large degree of out-of-policy fertility behavior. First, the long-term adherence to the family planning policy: the school-age population has obtained more convenient means of birth control; The survival pressure of the school-age population brought by the birth outside the policy; Social radiation caused by the collection of social support. Second, with the increase of population mobility, the vast number of rural youth have accepted the new outlook on life, work and fertility spread by modern civilization to a greater extent. The new generation of rural youth may still have the desire to have a second child, but it is certain that only a very small proportion of couples want to have three or more children.
It is worth noting that children living in families with many children are generally better than only children in psychological quality, hard-working spirit and dedication. During several years of conscription work, the author also noticed that most of the people who are willing to join the army and can settle down in the army live in families with many children, and they shoulder the difficult and high-risk national defense task.
In order to urge the floating population to be managed by both the registered residence and the current residence, the solution proposed by the family planning department is that the two places should be managed together and reported. However, this not only objectively increases the difficulty of mastering pregnancy, tracking services and controlling unplanned births in the registered residence, but also weakens the management and service responsibility of the current residence because of the means of driving away and avoiding when welcoming the inspection. In addition, the increase in data reported by bilateral statistics to the new population can not be ignored.
2. Weigh the demographic structure
The balance of population structure should not only consider the current composition and trend of the old, middle-aged and young population, but also consider the current sex ratio of the young population and newborns. The general trend of China's population development is the over-sized and increasing elderly population, and the young and middle-aged population whose sex ratio has been unbalanced and will be even more unbalanced. This will inevitably lead to the increasing lack of first-line wealth creators and social responsibility bearers, the increasing pressure on people's lives and emotions, and various social problems brought about by the serious imbalance of marriage needs. How to deal with the double pressure of population size and population structure? The birth of a second child by two children alone marks a major adjustment of the birth policy, which truly takes into account the national conditions and conforms to public opinion.
It is worth noting that the liberalization of the policy of having a second child in a single family has not ushered in a new birth peak, and a considerable proportion of families have slowed down the pace of having a second child or are ready to give up the right to have a second child. This phenomenon shows that people's concept of fertility has changed greatly. It is no longer the mainstream idea of social fertility concept to have more children and more happiness. People hope that children can grow up healthily, receive better education, have better jobs and a better life. Perhaps, many families still expect to have two children, but at the same time, the concept of equality between men and women and the concept that daughters are passed down from generation to generation have long been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Of course, this must be based on the real investigation and scientific demonstration of demographers and sociologists. If this judgment is correct, we should decisively accelerate the process of fully liberalizing the two-child birth policy. To weigh the advantages and disadvantages of fully liberalizing the two-child policy, we should not only consider its impact on the total population in theory, but also analyze and evaluate the data obtained after the actual liberalization of the two-child policy.
At the same time, the full liberalization of the second child birth policy is also the need to effectively adjust the sex ratio of newborns. Whether in urban or rural areas, giving birth to a child is basically a natural state, and giving birth to a second child mostly takes into account gender issues, which leads to illegal identification of the sex of the fetus and illegal termination of pregnancy. At present, the main way to control the sex ratio of newborns is strict control from drug sales to B-ultrasound identification, aiming at cracking down severely? Two mistakes? Behavior, put an end to selective fertility, and achieve the effect of natural fertility. The premise of this view is that natural childbirth can make the sex ratio relatively balanced.
However, it ignores the basic point of this understanding: the sex ratio can naturally be adjusted, which inherently requires a couple to have two or more children. Judging from the total number of people, when having a second child, most of them will have children of the opposite sex. Therefore, it can be considered that the current birth policy has brought a huge negative impact on the sex ratio of newborns. In the vast rural areas, a couple can't give birth to boys, which naturally reduces the female base and increases the male base. After giving birth to girls, they will be eager to have boys. Regardless of illegal selective childbearing, even natural forces will lead to the majority of men when giving birth to a second child, thus increasing the male base on one level.
Objectively speaking, couples living in cities and towns are mostly calm and let nature take its course on the issue of newborn sex. Comprehensive rural areas, towns and? Super life? At present, a couple has about 1.4 children on average. From a scientific point of view, a couple can have an average of 1.8 children, which is conducive to the basic balance of the sex ratio. According to experts' prediction, even if China fully liberalizes the two-child birth policy, an average couple will only have 1.6 children, which will undoubtedly only play a positive role in regulating the sex ratio of newborns in China. Crack down on solving the problem of sex ratio at birth? Two mistakes? It's just a tactical behavior, however, no matter how perfect the tactics are, they can't fundamentally make up for the loopholes caused by strategic decision-making mistakes.
In the past, we didn't follow Ma Yinchu's population theory, which led to the blind population growth and made irreparable mistakes. Today, while seeing the brilliant achievements that the long-term adherence to the basic national policy of family planning has brought to China's population loss of 400 million, if we don't see the inherent guarantee of stabilizing the low fertility level contained in the great change of people's fertility concept, and the positive role played by moderate changes in population policy in improving people's happiness index and solving the realistic and potential contradictions of population aging, gender imbalance and labor shortage, we may still make a major historical mistake. The population problem is a strategic issue, which must be considered and designed within the grand strategic scope of the Chinese dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
3. Measuring population quality
Fully liberalizing the two-child birth policy can not only resolve the birth control goal of family planning on a large scale, but also resolve the social contradictions brought about by pregnancy tracking management and social support fee collection on a large scale, and effectively focus the population and family planning staff on publicity and education and quality services. Population quality is related to the future and destiny of the nation. The eugenic project is the first step to ensure the quality of population, and prenatal eugenic testing is the premise of eugenic guarantee.
At present, the superior department takes the pre-pregnancy eugenics detection index as the task to the lower level. However, there are at least the following shortcomings in the operation process: first, the index itself only requires pre-pregnancy testing, ignoring pregnancy testing; Second, the test must be completed at the district-level family planning service station where the household registration is located. Due to the outflow of a large number of people of childbearing age, it is difficult and costly to organize family planning departments at street and township levels. It can be seen that the eugenics we are pursuing is not perfect in the implementation process. The integration of health and family planning resources objectively provides more powerful organizational guarantee and technical support for the implementation of eugenics project. The national free eugenics test is beneficial to the country and the people, which should have received positive response from the masses of childbearing age, but the actual effect is not good. Combined with the ongoing mass line education, the author believes that the main contradiction lies in the separation of purpose and means, and the mass problem has not been well solved. One step away? problem The work of the higher authorities has become accustomed to the tasks and indicators, so that the grassroots can run around without spending money and let the masses go back and forth tirelessly.
In order to solve the problem in essence, the health and family planning department must explore ways to break down the household registration barrier, so that people of childbearing age can walk the shortest distance in a smooth and convenient way with joy and expectation, and not only get the pregnancy conclusion they want, but also get the health and family planning care needed for the growth of newborns. From the masses to the masses is the magic weapon for our party to integrate theory with practice and serve the people wholeheartedly. People expect their offspring to be smart and healthy when they are born. Pre-pregnancy eugenics testing and birth defect intervention programs are responding to this expectation. How to reach out to the masses and do a good job is a matter of concern to the Chinese nation for generations. In addition to the necessary technology and means, scientific, standardized and simplified operation procedures are also very critical. If we simply hand over the underground task to the grassroots, let the permanent population go a long way to the designated monitoring point, and let the outflow population rush back and forth to the designated point where the household registration is located for inspection, then the difficulty of the organizers and the hardships of the masses can be imagined.
This kind of practice is also reflected in rural social endowment insurance and rural cooperative medical care. The party is warm and sunny. If the superior just arranges the work and solves the problem by assigning tasks, the grass-roots government will not be overwhelmed. Small government, big achievement? How will it be reflected? More importantly, a series of policies that benefit the country and the people need to go a long way to reach the masses. It is not difficult for information technology to promote social progress and let the people know the policy of benefiting the people. The difficulty lies in what kind of responsibilities the relevant authorities undertake and how to take actions to narrow the distance between the implementation of policies and the people. Social management is a big topic, and the progress of social management will promote social progress at a deeper level. Don't complain that the masses don't appreciate it, but find the reasons themselves, not only from the perspective of the correctness of the target, but also from the perspective of the operation method of the target. The feasibility and operability of operation methods are tactical means. The quality of tactical means and the quality of people who use tactical means greatly affect the realization of strategic objectives.
For many years, people have always advocated that family planning work must change from administrative management to service. Provide contraceptive services, reproductive health services, eugenics testing services, birth defect intervention services, and do a good job in the implementation of various family planning preferential policies such as family planning incentives and assistance funds. When doing these tasks, we must always ask ourselves, are the people satisfied? The author believes that quality service should at least have the following characteristics:
First, we have mastered the basic situation and main needs of our customers, not seeking to be big and wide, but to be precise. It not only grasps the main contradictions and the main aspects of contradictions, but also avoids meaningless resource consumption;
Second, an excellent and practical implementation. Excellence should reflect the clarity of objectives, the systematicness of arrangement and the responsibility of service personnel for the services provided. Feasibility should fully reflect that the way for people to get services is a smooth road rather than a journey. To do a good job, we must first examine its elements and grasp its laws. Some things really need responsibility decomposition and graded responsibility; Some things also need responsibility decomposition, but the priorities are different; Some things don't need to be broken down into responsibilities, but they can make full use of the centripetal force generated by the positive energy of things from high to low and from low to high, form interaction and directly achieve their goals.
In the process of target decision-making, information needs to interact and communicate up and down to achieve the effect of decision-making, and after the decision is formed, the most telling thing is execution. Many times, when we provide family planning services for the people, it is not that the people do not respond positively, but that the people need to pay too much helplessness and hardship in the process of responding. The essence of serving the people not only needs to come from the masses and truly understand their voices, but also needs to know how to go among the masses to make the services enjoyed by the masses easier and more comfortable.
Population quantity, population structure and population quality are relatively independent, interrelated and contradictory. It is like the three pillars supporting China's population development strategy. Therefore, population strategic decision-making should not only ensure the firmness of the three pillars, but also ensure the correct direction and proper position of the three pillars; It not only ensures the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, but also ensures the sustainable and all-round development of man.
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