It depends on the ethnic minority.
The Yi people
The Yi people have rich ancient books and documents. There are more than 2,000 volumes of ancient Yi books scattered among the people across the state. The famous documents include "Nisu Duojie", "The Genesis of the Yi People", "Solar Calendar" etc. Classic dances include the Hani ethnic group's Mang drum dance and music dance, the Yi ethnic group's Axi moon dance and cigarette box dance, and the Miao ethnic group's Lusheng dance, etc.
Classic music includes Haicai tune of the Yi people in Shiping. "Hani Four Seasons Production Tune", Hani polyphonic music, Yi cigarette box dance, and Yi Haicai tune were selected into the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.
National musical instruments include Bawu and Kouxian of the Yi people, Lusheng of the Miao people, and Hulusi of the Dai people. Totem worship includes the Hani people's dragon sacrifice, and the Yi people's fire and mountain sacrifices, etc.
Hani Nationality
The Hani Nationality is one of the unique ethnic minorities in Yunnan. The Hani population in Honghe Prefecture is 690,000 (statistics in 2004), accounting for 48.9% of the total Hani population in the country. They mainly live in Honghe, Luchun, Yuanyang, Jinping and Jianshui counties on the south bank of the Red River. They call themselves and others. There are "Hani", "Nubi", "Nuomei", "Yiche", "Baihong", "Lamei", "Asuo", "Budu", "Qidi", "Gehe", " "Biyo", "Kado", "Haou", "Simolo", and more than ten kinds. Most of the self-proclaimed titles are derived from the names of ancestors, and some are derived from the names of places of residence, clothing, totems and other things. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, they were collectively called the Hani ethnic group according to the will of the ethnic group.
The Hani people have a long history and are related to the ancient Qiang tribes along with the Yi and Lahu people. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ancestors of the Hani and Yi people were collectively called the "Wuman" tribe. At that time, the "Wuman" tribes in southern and northeastern Yunnan were called "Nanzhong" and "Thirty-Seven Barbarians", among which "Yinyuan", "Situo", "Xichu", "Luofei", Most of the seven tribes including "Wangnong" are "Heman" ("Heni"), the ancestors of the Hani people. In 937 AD, Duan Siping, the military governor of Nanzhao Tonghai, united with the "Thirty-seven Ministries" to march to Dali, overthrew the "Dayi Ning Kingdom" who had usurped the power of Nanzhao, and established the Dali Kingdom. The social form of the Hani people had basically entered a feudal society before the founding of the People's Republic of China. Due to historical and other reasons, the Hani area on the south bank of the Red River is still in an area of ??transition from a feudal lord economy to a landlord economy.
The Hani language belongs to the Yi branch of the Burmese family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Internally, there are different dialects and several dialects. The language of the Hani people in Honghe Prefecture belongs to the Hani dialect. The Hani people have no writing. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and government helped create pinyin writing.
The traditional festivals of the Hani people mainly include October and June. It starts from the first Chenlong day in October and ends on Shenhou day, which lasts for 6 days. In the fifth month of the lunar calendar, we celebrate the "Kuzhaza" (June Festival), which lasts for 3-5 days. Generally, the first Monkey Day in the fifth lunar month is the first day of the festival (in some areas, it is during the "Torch Festival" or at the end of the fourth lunar month).
Miao Nationality
The Miao Nationality is a recent ethnic group that moved into the autonomous prefecture, with a population of 253,000 (statistics in 2004). They mainly live in Pingbian, Jinping, Hekou, Mengzi and other counties. . They call themselves "Meng", "Mengdou", "Mengxi", etc. The language belongs to the Miao-Yao language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Due to long-term interactions with the Han people, many Miao people are also proficient in Chinese and have many Chinese words in their language. The high mountains where the Miao people live generally have little water resources and barren land. They can only grow corn, buckwheat and other dryland crops. However, the vast territory and abundant pasture provide convenient conditions for the development of animal husbandry. Therefore, in addition to farming, the Miao people also engage in a large number of Raise oxen and draft horses. Clothing is not the same everywhere, and women's clothing is even more diverse. Women are good at textiles, embroidery, and batik, with exquisite craftsmanship and rich national characteristics. The Miao people have rich folk oral literature with a wide range of content. Major festivals include "Stepping on the Flower Mountain" held every year on the fifth day of the first lunar month.
Hani Zhaza Festival
Zhaza is also called "Kuq zaq", and the Hani language is Kuq zaq zaq. Festival name.
It is one of the "four major" traditional festivals of the Hani people (Qantongtong, Yizaza, Angmatu and Fusizha). It is mainly dedicated to "Ezui Abe". This festival is related to the terrace planting season. It is a village-wide religious sacrificial activity, so the festival time varies from place to place. According to traditional custom, the festival begins every year on the first day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar, which is the Rat day, and the festival lasts for three days. On the first day of the festival, the whole village kills a cow or pig, distributes the meat equally to each household, and each family worships their ancestors separately. During the festival, people visit each other's relatives, send offerings to each other, and pay homage to their ancestors. Young people put on their festive costumes and go to the autumn field near the village to welcome the autumn, play on the swings, dance and sing. On the second and third days of the festival, young people from each village form a team to welcome Moqiu. Everyone puts on their most beautiful festival costumes and goes from village to village to welcome Moqiu. Everywhere they go, they sing and dance, and perform autumn stunts until they return to the western mountains at sunset. They wish for good weather in the coming year, a bumper harvest, prosperity for people and animals, and a good life for every household with plenty of food and clothing.
The Torch Festival of the Yi Nationality
The Torch Festival of the Yi Nationality is a traditional festival in all Yi areas. The Torch Festival is usually held on the 24th or 25th day of the sixth lunar month and lasts for three days. The term "Torch Festival" is named by Chinese scholars based on the fact that "barbarians use torches" to celebrate the festival. The original form of the Torch Festival is simply the ancient fire worship. Fire is the symbol of the Yi people's pursuit of light. The Yi people divide each year into yin and yang into the ten-animal calendar of the four seasons. At the end of the yang year, the "Heaven and Earth Convergence Festival" is to kill cattle to worship the sky (the sun god), with souls summoned, singing and dancing; at the end of the yin year, the "Up and Down Festival" is held to worship ancestors. Mainly hunting. The two New Year's Days of Yin and Yang every year are determined by the time difference when the sun returns to the north or to the south, but the star handle does not point directly up or down. Each New Year's Day usually lasts 3-5 days. The ten-month calendar has 36 days in each month, divided into upper, middle and lower ten days, with each tenth day having 12 days. The Torch Festival is the beginning of autumn in the Yi calendar. Therefore, the festival of "June 24" comes from the 36-day monthly animal calendar of the Yi people in October, and has profound philosophical meaning. It uses the calendar to fix the festivals, and at the same time, it can calculate the calendar through the festivals. Among them, there are three numbers "six, two and four", six refers to the starting point of the yin year, two refers to the two parts of yin and yang, and four refers to the four seasons.
The dates of the Torch Festivals of the Yi people in various places in Honghe are relatively consistent, falling on the 23rd, 24th and 25th of June in the lunar calendar. The activities include killing cattle to offer sacrifices to the sun god, worshiping ancestors and mountain gods, summoning spirits and exorcising ghosts, etc. Today's activities mainly evolve into entertainment activities such as wrestling, bullfighting, and singing and dancing competitions.