1. Metaphor, also called simile, is based on the similarities between things, comparing one thing to another, making abstract things concrete, and making profound truths simple.
2. Borrowing Instead of writing directly about the person or thing to be said, another thing that has a close relationship with it is used instead. For example, "thousands of warblers cry green and red, water village Guo wine flag wind" (Du Mu "Jiangnan Spring"), "red" refers to "flowers", "green" refers to "flowers", "green" refers to "flowers", "green" refers to "flowers". Red" refers to "flower" and "green" to "call". Another example is, "The hard work of being met with a scripture, the ten gorges fall around the stars" (Wen Tianxiang, "Passing through Zero Dingyang"). The "dry ge", a general reference to weapons, here refers to the war.
3. Hyperbole Through the language of visualization, the things being described to be artfully exaggerated or reduced to give a person a strong, unusual feeling, so as to enhance the vividness and infectiousness of the poem, such as "Yanshan snowflakes as big as a mat, pieces of blowing down the Xuan Yuan Terrace" (Li Bai, "North Wind Row").
4 Comparison of people as things to write or things as people to write. The former is called anthropomorphism. The latter is called anthropomorphism, such as "since the horse peeped into the river to go, the waste pool of trees, are still tired of talking about the military" (Jiang Kui "Yangzhou slow"), the use of anthropomorphism, even "waste pool of trees" are in the hatred of the war launched by the Jin people, not to mention the people!
5 Double entendre refers to a specific language environment, with the help of phonological and semantic links, so that the statement at the same time related to two things, to achieve the rhetorical effect of the words in this and the intention of the rhetorical effect, such as "east side of the sunrise and west side of the rain, the road is not sunny there is a sunny" (Liu Yuxi, "Bamboo Branch Lyrics"), "sunny" resonates with the sound "sunny", "sunny", "sunny", "sunny", "sunny", "sunny". The first is the "clear", and the second is the "clear", and the third is the "clear", and the third is the "clear".
6 The top of the real that is, using the last words of the previous sentence as the beginning of the sentence, the top passes down to the next, interlocking. The top of the real can make a close connection between the sentences, can express the same ring of thoughts and feelings, enhance the sense of rhythm. For example, "Returning to Xianyang, over the palace wall; over the official wall, around the same corridor; around the same corridor, near the pepper room; near the pepper room, the moon is dim yellow; the moon is dim yellow, the night is cool; the night is cool, sobbing cold supervisor; sobbing cold supervisor, the green gauze window; the green gauze window, do not think about it" (Ma Zhiyuan's "Discussion of the Palace in Autumn"), the first and the last are connected with each other in successive sentences, which expresses the sadness and bleakness of the departed person's feelings of sadness and desolation after the parting of a person. The first and last lines of the song are linked together.
7 Repetition Repetition of certain sentences in a poem can strengthen the momentum. Repetition can emphasize a certain meaning, highlight a certain feeling, render a certain atmosphere, so that the readers get a deep impression, such as "sad Qin and Han through the place, the Palace of Ten Thousand Questions are made of earth. Xing, the people suffer; death, the people suffer" (Zhang Yanghao, "Hill slope sheep - Tongguan Huaizhan"), "Xing, the people suffer; death, the people suffer" two sentences spaced out. The two sentences are repeated at intervals, is the eye of the song.
8 Pair of phrases or sentences with equal number of words, similar structure, and opposite meanings to express related or opposite meanings. For example, "The boundless fallen trees are falling under the rustling Xiao Xiao, and the Yangtze River is rolling down. I have been a guest for ten thousand miles in sorrowful autumn, and I have been alone on the stage for a hundred years in sickness" (Du Fu, "Ascending to a High Plateau"). These four lines are the third and fourth lines of the poem, and the couplet is very neat. The poet's sadness and loneliness, like the falling leaves and the river, can't be pushed out and driven away, and the emotion and the scenery have reached a perfect combination.
9. Proportion refers to three or more phrases or sentences with related or similar meanings, the same or similar structure and the same tone side by side. It can make the poem rhythm, enhance the momentum, more conducive to the expression of strong feelings. For example, "The lotus can be picked in Jiangnan. Fish play lotus leaves ask, fish play lotus leaves east, fish play lotus leaves west, fish play lotus leaves south, fish play lotus leaves north" (Han Lefu "Jiangnan"), the last four lines in the prose style, laying out the rendering, capturing the drawing of the fish swiftly come and go, lively and playful dynamics, set off the picking of the lotus maiden's vivacious and lovely and happy mood.
10 empathy refers to the use of specific and vivid language, by changing the angle of feeling to describe the nature and appearance of things. For example, "the green poplar burnt outside the dawn cold light, red apricot branches of spring" (Song Qi "Yu Lou Chun"), the beauty of this sentence, lies in the use of auditory "noise" to show the visual feelings, presenting the apricot blossoms in full bloom, the scene of spring is full of vigor. Another example is "Who dyed the frosty forest in the morning? It is always the tears of the departed" (Wang Shifu, "The West Wing"), the description of the frosty forest, the visual "autumn called red" and the feeling of "drunk" communication, the interest of meaningful water, intriguing.
11 layer by layer refers to the format of things from small to large, from short to long, from low to high, from light layer by layer. For example, "the young man listening to the rain song upstairs, red candles dim tent. In his prime, listening to the rain in the guest boat, the river is wide and the clouds are low and the geese are calling the west wind. Now listening to the rain under the monk's hut, sideburns have been stars. Sorrow and happiness are always ruthless, a drop in front of the steps to daybreak" (Jiang Jie "Yu Meiren - listening to the rain"), the lyrics in accordance with the "teenagers, the prime (middle-aged), old age" the order of the development of this life, the author of the feelings of listening to the rain at different stages of life; teenagers do not invite the ten world, so listening to the rain singers soft and honeyed feelings; Strength and sadness of the world, so listen to the rain Hakushu grief and indignation can not be suppressed; old age, so listen to the rain monks hut recluse not shocked. This can be said to be the words of their own life experience visualization of the generalization and summary. Now the rhetorical technique is more concise has been generalized.