Ancient Roman culture was developed under the strong influence of the Idalarians and Greeks, ancient Roman culture and art, mainly flourished in the *** and the end and the imperial period, the ancient indigenous culture of Italy, y influenced by the Idalarians culture. The Idalarians, as early as the 8th-3rd centuries B.C., created architrave architecture and decorative frescoes in an oriental style, as well as powerful and realistic carvings, which had a strong influence on ancient Roman art. Although the ancient Romans conquered ancient Greece, they were culturally conquered by the ancient Greeks. The ancient Romans were admirers and imitators of ancient Greek art. Ancient Greek art had a significant impact on ancient Rome, but due to different social environments and national characteristics, ancient Roman art also has its own unique features different from ancient Greek art. In contrast, the art of the Romans was more inclined to pragmatism, mostly hedonistic and secular in content, pursuing grandeur and magnificence in form, and emphasizing individuality in character expression. The outstanding achievements of ancient Roman culture and art are mainly reflected in the architecture, frescoes, portrait sculpture.
One, the Roman period of architectural style features
Ancient Roman architecture is the ancient Romans along the Apennine Peninsula Etruscan construction technology, inherited the achievements of the ancient Greek architecture, in the architectural form, technology and art of a wide range of innovations in an architectural style. Ancient Roman architecture in the 1st to 3rd century AD for the peak period, reached the peak of the Western ancient architecture.
There are many types of ancient Roman buildings. There are the Roman Pantheon, Venus and the Roman Temple, as well as the Balbec Temple of the Sun and other religious buildings, but also palaces, theaters, gladiator arenas, baths, and plazas and basilicas (rectangular synagogues) and other public **** building. Residential buildings have an inner courtyard type residence, inner courtyard type and the combination of enclosing columns courtyard residence, there are four, five-story apartment type residence.
Ancient Rome's architecture is the most brilliant, the most artistic value is for the economic services or for the human life (material, spiritual) services of the building, the ancient Roman secular architecture of the form is quite mature, and the function of the combination of good; such as plazas, roads, bridges, elevated aqueducts, tunnels, theaters, arenas, baths, homes and villas, and so on. Almost all of these buildings directly serve the material life or spiritual enjoyment of people. In terms of artistic style, they are also the pursuit of harmony, the pursuit of perfection, the pursuit of sublime, but no longer a "sacred" harmony, perfection, sublime, but the reality of life is a "suitable", economic prosperity, peace and stability, and the pursuit of realistic stimulation of the "sublime". "Sublime", some "sublime" is also directly linked to a "tragic" emotions, such as the famous ancient Roman Colosseum, its perfect, harmonious, sublime modeling, because of its functionality The tragic meaning of the connection, is bathed in the blood and tears of slaves of a sublime, so that this sublime, perfect, more secular, it can make people marvel, make people uplift, but difficult to produce like the Greek temples of the kind of "sacred" sense. This can be said to be the ancient Roman architectural style of harmony, perfection, sublime and ancient Greek architectural style of the biggest difference. As for other secular buildings, such as the Baths of Caracalla, its harmony, perfection and majestic style, but also mainly from the secular emotions, rather than from the idealism of the sacred consciousness.
In terms of the modeling style of specific buildings, the architecture of ancient Rome is also both inherited the modeling style of ancient Greek architecture, but also innovation, development of it. Such as the external fa?ade of the Colosseum in ancient Rome, especially the external fa?ade of the 4-storey high, is a replica of the ancient Greek columnar composition, the bottom of which is the Doric columnar, the second layer is the Ionic columnar, the third layer of the Corinthian columnar, in the top layer around the pilasters. However, this ancient Greek columns, this masterpiece in ancient Rome is no longer as in the ancient Greek building as a structural role, it has morphed into a purely decorative, really play a structural role of the components are hidden in the walls of the structure of the body. At the same time, in the roof modeling, the ancient Romans is a great innovation of the ancient Greek building modeling, the ancient Greek customary beam structure, replaced by a more effective method of support for the arch coupon, thus in the roof modeling, the emergence of the ancient Greek building is difficult to see the "dome arch" roof. It is this "dome" roof, became the ancient Roman architecture, especially the most obvious difference between the house class building and the ancient Greek house class building. This arch structure because of economic, practical, and aesthetic effect is also very good, it is not only used in temples, palaces and other special buildings, but also extended to all areas of daily life, such as roads, bridges, aqueducts, ports, theaters, homes, warehouses and sewers. Thus, many majestic buildings in the performance of harmony, perfection, sublime at the same time, with an obvious "round" flavor. But at the same time, the architecture of ancient Rome in the shape of conscious reference and inheritance of the general characteristics of the ancient Greek architectural shape, especially the use of colonnade, often clearly demonstrated the relationship between the ancient Roman architecture and the succession of ancient Greek architecture. For example, the Temple of Pantheon (also known as the Pantheon) in ancient Rome, the main part of which is a huge concrete drum with a dome, this "round" based style, is a typical ancient Roman architectural features, and at the entrance to the door, but also leaning against a typical ancient Greek colonnade, which consists of eight Corinthian columns, and above it is a triangular spire, which is the most important feature of the ancient Greek architecture. Above it is a triangular spire. The whole building vividly shows the image of the inheritance and innovation of ancient Roman architecture.
The wooden structure technology of the ancient Roman building has a considerable level, can distinguish between the trusses of the tie rod and pressure rod. The Roman city of Tula Zen Basilica, the span of wooden trusses reached 25 meters. The Great Roman Colosseum, built in the first century A.D., had a capacity of 50,000 spectators and took only five to six years to complete. It was built on a filled-in lake, but the foundations didn't even sink.
Ancient Rome's high architectural achievement, the style of large buildings majestic and heavy, harmonious and unified composition, a variety of forms. The Romans opened up new areas of architectural art, rich in architectural art techniques.
The more important of these is: the new creation of the internal space under the cover of the arches, there is a solemn Pantheon of a single space, there are many levels, changes in the Royal Baths of the sequence of combined space, and Basilica's unidirectional depth of space. In some buildings the artistic treatment of internal space is more important than the external body shape.
The composition of ancient Greek columns was developed and made more adaptable. Most significant was the creation of combinations of columns with architraves, such as coupon columns and continuous coupons, which served as both structure and decoration. Most of the triumphal arches throughout the empire were composed of coupon columns. There were centralized buildings with various curved planes and arched structures. Hadrian's Leaving Palace, built on the outskirts of Rome in the first half of the 2nd century AD, is a mature example.
The second half of the fourth century A.D., the tide of ancient Roman architecture tends to decline. After the fifteenth century, through the Renaissance, Classicism. Classical revival and the early nineteenth century, France's "Empire style" advocate, ancient Roman architecture in Europe to become an example of learning again. This phenomenon continued until the twentieth century 20-30 years.
Second, ancient Rome's outstanding portrait sculpture and decorative arts
Romans in the portrait sculpture has made outstanding achievements. Romans from very early on the custom of ancestor worship, they made statues of the dead, collected in the home. In the holding of a new funeral, and then move all the ancestors portraits out to participate in the ceremony. So the Romans early portrait carving to naturalistic realism is characterized by the art of water quality is not high.
***At the end of the country, Rome conquered Greece, the Greek sculpture art of Rome had an irresistible influence. Roman portraits began to diversify the form, artistic generalization and vivid expression. The numerous statues of Augustus are typical examples of a style influenced by Greek idealization. The sculptor presents the short, lame, frail and sickly Augustus as a tall, athletic commander-in-chief, with the general physical and heroic appearance of an athlete. His face was also idealized on the basis of resemblance, approaching the perfection of Greek sculpture in general. Dozens of portraits are invariably embellished, some portray him as a god of war, some portray him as a hero or a beautiful boy.
Roman Empire period, portrait sculpture in the realistic style popular, appeared with a strong personality and complex depiction of the inner world of the portrait. The Portrait of Caracalla shows the face of a fierce, tense and ruthless tyrant, with a frown and vacant eyes that reveal a troubled mood, and a twisted head that emphasizes the tense and violent character. Marco Polo's Portrait of Aurelius on Horseback. Aurelius on Horseback" is a portrait of a monarch with Stoic philosophical ideas. His face is tinged with philosophical contemplation and has the colors of decadence, negativity, and stoicism. Because this distinctive feature is consistent with Christian doctrine, this bronze statue survived the Middle Ages. It had a major influence on later Italian Renaissance sculptors.
Late empire, in the extreme political and economic contradictions insecurity, portrait sculpture style towards a more realistic road, there are a large number of different faces: vicious, cunning, rude, frightened ...... reflects the typical character of the Romans at this time is: the appearance of the image of the rude, the inner spirit of a high degree of nervousness.
Roman reliefs have a chronicle, realistic features, its most prominent masterpiece is the Tulajin memorial column reliefs. It exhaustively recounts the whole process of Emperor Tulajin personally led the army to conquer the Dacians. These events and episodes are recorded as historical facts, and both the costumes of the figures and the process of conquering the city have historical authenticity. In this scroll-like relief of more than 2,000 figures, the artist adopted the technique of scattered perspective and brilliantly handled the composition with complicated plots, complex layers and numerous characters.
Roman offices and houses of the rich and powerful possessed hundreds of works of art and other decorative objects. The floors were often of variegated marble, the furniture was of exceptional design and craftsmanship skill, and the tables, chairs, and stools were made of durable substances and decorated with the utmost luxury. Wood, ivory, marble, silver, copper and gold were all very finely worked and milled, bronze fire-pits warmed the house, bronze chandeliers illuminated the rooms, and mirrors were of bronze, embossed or engraved with fancy or mythological motifs, and sometimes made concave or convex, horizontal or straight, to change the reflected figures into ridiculously long, thin or fat circles.
Silverware items were already commonplace in middle-class and upper-class homes, and in 1895 archaeologists found a sizable collection of silverware in the pool of a villa, where someone had apparently stored them while fleeing the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Of sixteen of these silver cups, one still shows a nearly perfect Simple foliage figure, two represent skeletons in high relief, and another shows Augustus crowned and enthroned between the god of war and the goddess of love, signifying that both are the enemy gods of mankind; and the most ludicrous of all is that of Zeno, the progenitor of the Stoic school of drinkers, sneeringly pointing to Epictetus, who is gorging himself on a piece of cake in a piece of cake, while a pig, standing up on its forefeet, courteously tried to claim a share.
In those days, it was necessary to wear at least 1 ring on one finger for socializing, and a few dandies wore rings on each finger instead of just one, which were carved from precious stones imported from Africa and from Arabia and India. The Romans used rings as personal seals, and they liked to make their seals with unique designs, so jade carving had reached an unparalleled level by that time.
At the same time, a wide variety of ceramic artwork filled Italian homes. At this time, the technology of making art glass also reached a high level, and the "blue glass vase" found at the Pompeii ruins depicts the God of Wine at a celebratory banquet for the ripening of grapes, which was a beautiful event. Tiberius reign, the art of glass blowing was also introduced to Rome, and soon produced a variety of small glass vials, cups, bowls and other fine products, and make them once art collectors and millionaires beloved "prey", Nero's reign, had to pay 6,000 silver coins to buy 2 small blown glass. Fluorite" vases imported from Asia and Africa are more expensive. Augustus melted down the gold plates of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, but he treasured her cup made of fluorite glass. Nero paid a million silver coins for a cup like that. In short, the Romans are still unrivaled in glassmaking.
Ancient Rome's decoration and sculpture of the aesthetic pursuit of true beauty, which is very different from the ancient Greek serenity, idealized perfection, this feature tends to the creation of individual will, showing the courage to participate in the world's winning temperament.
Three, the fresco art style characteristics of ancient Rome
Roman painting mainly includes mosaics and frescoes. Early paintings mostly recorded specific historical events, used to decorate public **** places and homes, this narrative painting preserved very little. In 79 A.D., due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, volcanic ash buried three Italian cities such as Pompeii, etc. In the 18th century, Pompeii was excavated, in which a large number of frescoes were preserved, and according to these frescoes, the Roman frescoes were categorized as the first, the second, the third, and the fourth Pompeii styles. The first style is to paint the architectural details with colors; the second style is to depict the architectural details directly on the wall, using perspective to create the illusion of a more spacious space, and interspersed with episodic paintings, "Secret Sacrifice" belongs to this style; the third style emphasizes the flatness of the wall and painted with delicate still life; the fourth style will be the effect of perspective.
Ancient visitors to Rome found paintings even more prevalent than sculpture in monasteries, homes, cloisters, and theaters. Of course, the art of painting at this time was limited to frescoes and the like. It is only due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that some 3,500 frescoes have been left for us in Pompeii. There is a fresco of Dionysius suddenly attacking the sleeping Ariadne; another of Hermes quietly watching Vulcan tied to the wheel of torture; and a series of humorous frescoes of a carefree Cupid, comically mimicking the industries of Pompeii. These human figures are painted in lifelike detail, and the colors of the human body are of the utmost beauty.
Art connoisseurs who want to understand the nature of the art of ancient Italian painting and to delineate its periods and styles go to the paintings of the Pompeii period.
There was a period when frescoes in Rome simulated a building, either by painting its front or its columns, which one saw as if they were looking out from the inside, and the open countryside was painted between the columns. With this method, the artist gives one the feeling of being in a windowless room, and outside are cool trees and flowers, fields and streams, and tame animals. Inhabitants just look at the wall in the house, you can imagine being in the middle of a garden, you can fishing, canoeing, hunting or birding, enjoy it, not limited by the seasons, which is another aspect of the level of the art of Roman painting.
For example, in ancient Rome: Pompeii frescoes style, the ancient Roman city of Pompeii's building walls, in various periods of time is the use of different materials. Most of the buildings were constructed in the period from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. At that time, before making frescoes on the walls, multiple layers of plaster had to be applied. The application of stucco was an important process, and in the case of the rich and powerful, there were as many as ten layers of stucco on the walls, which were mixed with crushed bricks.
We can see from some of the Pompeii frescoes on this building craftsmen in the wall of the stucco scene: the craftsmen first in the stucco outline (unearthed a few frescoes, some only hit the outline, did not have time to paint on the draft), and then color. Most of the pigments used are native Italian minerals, such as vermilion, ochre, Siena turquoise, crushed chondrites, etc., with quicklime as a binder (quicklime is soluble in water and absorbs carbonic acid gas from the air, turning it into insoluble calcium carbonate, which allows the pigment components to adhere). Scholars also found that muralists often use organic matter as pigments, such as egg yolk, egg white, milky pulp, etc. (milky pulp can be used for bonding Pompeii blue or called glass blue, deep black and other colors).
Here's a "Perseus and Andromeda", the colors used are very bright, it was excavated in Pompeii, according to evidence, found from the 4th century BC Nikki frescoes copied down, so it belongs to the 1st century AD. It is now in the collection of the National Museum of Naples, Italy.
"Perseus and Andromeda" this subject is also from Greek mythology: the Ethiopian king's daughter, Andromeda, was held hostage by a cannibalistic sea monster, and said that this is to carry out the instructions of the gods. The hero Perseus passed over a huge rock on his way home and found Andromeda locked up on the rock, so he went down, killed the sea monster, rescued the beauty and married Andromeda. The fresco depicts the very moment when the hero rescues the beauty. Perseus is holding the head of the sea monster in one hand and picking up the beauty to leave the giant rock in the other.
Then and Pompeii at the same time the destruction of another ancient city of Herculaneum, the excavation also hides a lot of superb frescoes. These frescoes are based on Greek mythology. Although there is still a certain degree of imitation of Greek painting features, but from the figure of the shape and clothing folds performance, the painter has a skillful painting skills, light and dark and color changes in Pompeii's fresco remains belong to a high level of mastery. Some scholars say that it is a facsimile of Greek frescoes, probably referring to the character of the image. We feel that such a smooth artistic expression, it should be said that the copyist at least in the artistic training than the ancient Greek fresco painter is not worse, on the contrary, but more than the former know some of the theory of painting.
European Renaissance movement, such as da Vinci's `Mona Lisa`, Michelangelo's sculpture `Moses`, Raphael's `Madonna`, this is the history of immortal painting and sculpture, these three warriors are also known as the three masters of the Italian Renaissance.
Their brilliant achievements had a profound influence not only on Europe but also on the later development of art around the world.
So during the Renaissance, in order to distinguish the art styles of the medieval period (5th-15th century), gotic appeared.
In the middle of the 15th century, Italians had the idea of revitalizing the Roman culture and thus set off the splendid Renaissance movement, because Italians have always been hard to forget the historical revenge of the destruction of the Roman Empire by the gotics.
To distinguish themselves from this period, they called the art style of the Middle Ages gothic
which to them meant barbaric. Although the word "gothic" is pejorative, it was during the Middle Ages (Gothic) that many of the greatest works of art were produced
Something that the Italians of the 15th century could not deny. The most famous of these is the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France.
Of course, the Gothic style didn't stop at architecture, as sculpture, glasswork, ornamentation, and colorful fabric drawings were all heavily influenced,
and this type of artistry continued from the mid-12th century to the early 16th century. Religion also played an important role in Gothic art,
and both painters and sculptors favored religious themes in their work, and were less interested in realistic subjects.
There are basically three meanings of Gothic in the literal sense,
One of them refers to the Gothic style of architecture, such as cathedrals, whose most important feature is the tall beams and pointed arched ceilings and structures;
The second is that in literature Gothic is used to describe those strange, godlike adventure stories set in dark and lonely places, such as deserted castles;
Gothic is also used in literature to describe strange, magical adventures set in dark, lonely places (such as deserted castles).
Gothic culture began as a modern cultural movement in the late 1970s with the musical wave of punk rock,
and as the latter receded, gothic culture survived as a marginal subculture.
Gothic culture is the cultural category of music, art and literature as a distinctive medieval retro style
Musically, it inherited the musical style of the seventies European and American punk rock
Artistically, it is characterized by a strong tendency to revive the gothic architectural style of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries of Western Europe
Literarily, it evolved into a kind of cryptic and grotesque culture, which is characterized by a strong tendency to revive the gothic architecture of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries
Literature. in literature as a dark and mysterious literature of the occult and the grotesque
Gothic culture actually favored a non-violent, pacifist, passive, and tolerant attitude toward life.
But in many media outlets it has been misconstrued as an ultra-violent, minority-hating and white-supremacist fringe culture.
Gothic culture has always been characterized by an insular, detached, somber spirituality that explores thought-provoking social issues, racism, war, and hate.
The spiritual fascination with death has driven Gothic culture to try to find alternative ways of thinking about life, suffering and death.