1, grapes are temperature-loving plants. Early spring temperatures of 10oC began to sprout, the higher the temperature, the faster the germination. Flowering period to 25-30oC is appropriate, in case of low temperature (below 15oC), rain, fog, dry wind, the pollination and fertilization is poor, resulting in a large number of flowers and fruits. 7-9 months for the berry ripening period, such as the temperature is not enough, then the berry coloring is poor, the sugar content is reduced, and even can not be fully ripe. Whether the local temperature can meet the full ripening of grape berries, usually with the cumulative temperature reference. For example, "Shifeng" maturity cumulative temperature (from flowering to ripening average daily temperature day by day sum) is 2564oC, its flowering to ripening period for 102 days.
2, grapes are light-loving. Under the condition of sufficient light, the leaves are thick and deep green, photosynthesis is strong, plant growth is strong, flower buds are born more, the berry sugar content is high and sweet, and the yield is high.
3, humidity is not easy to be too big. More rainfall before flowering, new growth is too strong, consuming plant storage nutrients; flowering rain, fertilization is poor, resulting in blossom; fruit hypertrophy to ripening rain, light, low sugar, poor coloring, poor quality, and easy to crack the fruit. High temperature, rain and humidity is also the main reason for the increase in grape diseases.
Two, grape planting method
1, seedling transplantation. Cuttings, pressing and grafting are commonly used seedling methods for grapes. Among them to cuttings method is the most simple, the most common use. Now some new methods of grape nursery in recent years are introduced as follows.
(1) small plastic bag cuttings in sunbeds bushy membrane covering method. Spring soil temperature 10 ~ 15oC cuttings, chicken manure, sawdust, river sand, vegetable garden soil mixed according to the ratio of culture soil, loaded into the bottom of the small plastic bag with small holes, so that the culture soil height of 15 cm or so, and then a section of the three buds of the grape soaked in water overnight, gently inserted into the culture soil, the upper end of the buds to stay in the outside of the plastic bag. Spirit and the plastic bag buried in the soil, lifting the world enough water, the top of the film, until the seedlings. Compared with open cuttings, this method has the following benefits: early seedling, nearly a month earlier than open cuttings; high survival rate of more than 95%, while open cuttings are generally only about 80%, saving the labor of watering; occupies less land.
(2) green cuttings. in June from the year's new shoots or deputy shoots, intercepted half-wooden 2-3 nodes long branches, green cuttings. In addition to the top of the cuttings to retain a green leaf (leaves can be cut in half), other sections of a petiole, cuttings and management are the same as hard cuttings.
(3) water rooting. June, cut the current year's vines (the lower end with a section or two sections of biennial vines); inserted into a grand half bottle of water in a canning jar, take the kraft paper or plastic film cut into the size of the mouth of the bottle in the round, and cut a knife to the center of the circle, and then the grapevine clamped in the middle of the cutting, and then tape and so on sticking good; will be inserted in the bottle of the grapevine into the warmer rooms or kitchens, 15 days or so out of the roots, can be moved to fertile laxity, can be used in the kitchen, and can be used in the kitchen. The roots will appear in about 15 days, and then they can be moved to fertile and loose soil. Generally, the roots can be stimulated 2-3 times a year, each time about 15 days, a canning jar can be inserted 8-10 seedlings, the use of layer racks, a room can be cultivated 2,000-3,000 bottles, can be 1.6-20,000 seedlings.
(4) the year cuttings seedlings, the year pressed to seedling breeding. This is a new technology to improve the reproduction coefficient of grapes. After the cuttings to strengthen the fertilizer management, so that the seedling fertilizer seedling strong. When the seedling grows to 50 cm, picking strong plant, promote the growth of the secondary tip, each plant to retain 3-5 secondary tip. mid-July, to be secondary tip of about 10 cm long, the pressure branch, the main tip of the pressure in the soil 5-10 cm, the secondary tip of the growth of the ground upright. "White Dew" to "Autumn Equinox" before, and then on the deputy tip of the plucking, concentrated nutrients seedling, so that a branch of the deputy tip will grow into a robust grape seedling. That is to say, a plug that year you can cultivate 3-5 developed root system, branches, bud eyes full of seedlings, and reproduction coefficient than the general nursery method to improve 4-5 times.
(5) green branch grafting combined with pressing. This method will get a large number of good seedling and plugs that year. This method is the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou Fruit Tree Research Institute research success. They will be grafted on the grape green shoots in the grape stubble old vine tiller, with the help of the old vine's strong roots, to promote the vigorous growth of the new shoots of the good seed scion, and then the fall will be the new shoots for the level of the pressure strip, the long root, you can start seedlings that year. In this way, an adult grape plant can provide a year of self-rooted seedlings and plugs, can be planted 68 acres. After starting seedlings, flat stubble on the old vines to retain a small section of the main tops of the good seeds can still be used the following year to pressure strip seedlings or hanging fruit on the shelves.
(6) green branch air pressure. This method is simple, easy to grasp, the new seedling transplantation does not need to slow down, greatly improving the survival rate. Careful management, the following year can be fruit.
Specific practice is: when the rapid growth of grape new growth period, from the base of the number of new tops of the 4th section of the stem up to half-woody, using 0.08 mm thick, 30 cm × 30 cm polyethylene film, wrapped in neutral wet soil (right other filler), the two ends and rubbing with a fine wire rope bundled tightly, the new tops of the front end of the new tops to keep upward (available in fine rope tied to the grapevine or mother plant), a new tops wrapped in a section, can be wrapped in 2 or more sections. A new tip can be wrapped in 1 section, or 2 or more sections. Then use a syringe to supplement water to the bag every 7-10 days. 1 month later, when through the film bag found the growth of new young roots, you can wrap the bag from the bottom end from the mother plant cut off, immediately called into the pot pots or planted directly in the vineyard.
2, grafted in pots and transplanted Selection of adaptable grape varieties of cuttings, cuttings in pots in March-April, sprouting into seedlings for rootstock, June will be good varieties of scion grafted in pots. After the grafting has survived, cultivate 1-2 new shoots as the main vine, grow to half a foot high when plucked. mid-August buckle pot for the ground planting grapes.
3, grapes directly into the garden grapes directly into the garden is a new way to build a garden directly into the ground with good seed grape cuttings. Beijing Tuanhe Farms in recent years to the strip instead of seedlings inserted more than 1,000 acres of practice has proved that this technology is to achieve a year of strong seedlings, two years of results, three years of production and solve the problem of grape seedling shortage of new ways. Compared with the insertion of strip seedlings transplantation, grape direct insertion gardening benefits. First, the establishment of fast, early results. The second year can enter the fruitful period, fear management, per mu yield can reach more than 1500 kilograms. Secondly, it does not hurt the roots, strong growth. Third, both the garden, and seedling. The excess grape seedlings in the row can be transplanted into the garden or out of the nursery to improve efficiency. Calculated according to 6,000 plants per mu, planting seedlings to cope with the cost of 180 yuan; and with the direct insertion of the garden method can also be sold seedlings about 1,000, an increase in income of 420 yuan. Specific cultivation techniques are as follows: (1) pre-plugging preparation. In the fall for deep tilling, winter irrigation to mature the soil on the basis of the following year at the end of March and early April, the whole garden tilling again, and then flatten the bed, according to the row spacing of 2.75 meters to open a width of 1.2 meters, depth of 0.2 meters planting ditch, planting ditch in the middle of the planting pit. The planting pit is 60 centimeters deep, 60 centimeters in diameter or 60 centimeters wide and 60 centimeters deep. Before planting per mu manure cow and sheep dung 800 kg and 120 kg of calcium superphosphate, mixed with several times the topsoil, evenly applied to the pit or ditch, filling the bottom water. Choose a shorter internode, pith small, bud eye full full, color normal, fertility healthy, no pests and diseases, thickness in the 0.7-1.0 cm of the annual main branch, cut 4-6 buds, cut the requirements of the top flat down oblique. Soak the rooting part with 50ppm naphthalene acetic acid for 24 hours before insertion. Sterilize the rooting site by dipping it in 5 ppm sulphuric acid for 1-2 minutes. There are two types of cuttings: hole cuttings and strip cuttings. For hole insertion, 5 cuttings per hole, plant spacing 15cm, 805 cuttings per mu; for strip insertion, plant spacing 18-20cm, 1300-1400 cuttings per mu. Requirements for cuttings on the ground to show a bud. (3) Management of cuttings. In addition to the development of comprehensive cultivation technology measures, the management to take to promote the survival, promote fertility, to ensure healthy maturity, to prevent grass, pests and diseases, drought and flood prevention, preventing man-made operations and other measures. Seedling management is the same as transplanting after inserting seedlings.
Three, grape shaping and pruning
Shaping and pruning, the purpose is to regulate the contradiction between growth and results, in the frame on a reasonable configuration of branches and vines, so that the management of convenient, robust, prolonged life, and for the successive years of high yield to create conditions. Grape shaping and pruning varies according to varieties. And "Jumbo" tree is very strong, pruning should be light cut long stay, before the flowering of the fruiting branches for centering and pinching off part of the spike tip, is conducive to easing the tree, reduce the fruit drop, improve the fruiting rate. The tree potential of medium strong "vineyard queen" is suitable for short tip pruning.
1, plastic way. One is a multi-master vine shaping, suitable for winter buried soil cold areas. The year of planting germination to 5-6 leaves for topping, selected to stay 3 -4 sturdy main vine. The second is the main stem shape plastic, planting the year after germination only leave a new tip, cultivate upright growth of the main stem.
2, winter pruning. Grape winter pruning, generally about 20 days before the next year's sprouting in the fall after about a month after the fall of leaves. Too early, too late pruning will cause serious damage to the tree, loss of nutrients, causing plant growth weakness. According to the strength and weakness of the tree and the length of the fruiting mother branch, the principle of grape winter pruning is: strong vines long stay, weak vines short stay; on the long stay, the lower part of the short stay. Can be roughly divided into three methods: (1) long vine pruning long vine pruning generally more than double vine renewal method. In the fruit of the mother vine under the selection of a vine as the renewal of the mother branch, the renewal of the mother branch to retain 2-3 healthy buds, the fruit of the mother vine to retain 6-12 buds, to promote the period of new shoots, the year can be blossomed and fruit, the renewal of the mother vine of the new shoots of the two (if three should be removed), such as the top bearing inflorescences to be removed to reduce the consumption of nutrients, to promote the organization of the fullness of the branch, to reduce the consumption of nutrients, to reduce the consumption of nutrients. Promote the branch organization is full. To the next winter pruning, the year's fruiting mother vine all cut off, renew the mother vine of the upper new shoots still retain 6-12 buds, as the fruiting mother vine, the lower new shoots retained 2-3 buds, as the renewal of the mother vine. When selecting and retaining the renewal mother vine, pay attention to try to select the distance from the main stem closer to control the fruiting part of the rate of increase year by year. (2) short trailing pruning First cultivate a one meter or so trailing, let the main trailing to draw out a number of fruiting main trailing, winter pruning, the fruiting mother trailing are left 2-3 buds. When pruning in winter, leave 2-3 buds on each fruiting mother vine. When the spring draws, select the upper branch as a fruiting branch and the lower branch as a renewal branch, and do not allow it to bear fruit. When pruning in winter, cut off all the fruiting branches and leave 2-3 buds on the renewal branches. (3) Medium trailing pruning Medium trailing pruning and renewal methods are basically the same as short trailing pruning, the difference is that the fruiting parent branch retains more buds, generally leave 4-5 buds. In addition, pruning to cut out dense branches, weak branches, pest branches and dry branches.
3, the management of the plant during the growth period. (1) wipe buds. In order to the most economical and effective use of nutrients, so that the new shoots are sparse and uniform, too many unnecessary shoots as early as possible to erase. (2) Tie the tips and remove tendrils. When the new growth to 25 ~ 30 cm, should be tied in a timely manner, using the word tied method can prevent the new tip is rubbing injury. Tie the tip at the same time to remove tendrils, in order to feed the nutrient consumption. (3) The new tips of the center and the treatment of the secondary tips. Picking new shoots can inhibit the growth of branches and vines. A large number of secondary tips occurring after centering should be suppressed. Fruit spikes can be removed from the base of the following subtip, fruit spikes above the subtip to stay 2 leaves picking, the main tip of the tip of the subtip to stay a few leaves, the fruiting branch picking, can limit the nutrient growth, promote the accumulation of inflorescence nutrients, improve the rate of fruit set. Generally can be a week before flowering, in the uppermost fruit spike to stay 5 ~ 9 leaves centering is appropriate. (4) Inflorescence, fruit spike grooming. A fruiting branch often has 1~3 inflorescences, to leave a well-developed inflorescence is appropriate. Then the inflorescence is properly trimmed. For low fruiting rate, fruit spike sparsity varieties such as rose, giant, etc. should be cut 2 ~ 3 days before flowering and pinch off part of the spike tip, in order to improve the fruiting rate; high fruiting rate of white Malaga, Italy, and other varieties, often fruit congestion, resulting in cracking and fruit maturity is not consistent. These varieties should be 10 to 20 days after flowering with small pointed shears to thin the grains, in order to increase the size of the grains, improve quality. In Japan, the Giant Peak grapes for thinning spikes thinning, each spike generally stay about 35 grains, the weight of the grains up to 15 ~ 18 grams.
Four, fertilizer management
Grapes are perennial plants, annual growth, fruiting, the need to absorb a lot of nutrients from the soil. In order to make the tree to maintain robust growth and constantly improve product yield, quality, must pay attention to reasonable fertilization. According to some of China's grape vineyard determination, every 100 pounds of berry production, about 0.25-0.75 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus 0.2-0.75 kg, potassium 0.13-0.63 kg. Each place can be adapted to local conditions, through production practice and scientific experiments to create the appropriate amount of fertilizer.
Based on the fertilization period can be divided into base fertilizer and follow-up fertilizer. Base fertilizer is suitable for the end of September and early October after the fruit harvest to the full maturity of the new shoots. Base fertilizer to late-effective fertilizers such as rotted human urine or stable manure, poultry manure, green manure and phosphate fertilizer (calcium superphosphate) mixed application. Fertilizer is generally more than ten days before the flowering of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer such as well-rotted human urine, cake fertilizer, etc., early July to potash-based fertilizers such as grass ash, chicken manure and so on. Fertilizer method can be about 1 m from the plant digging a ring-shaped ditch into the basal fertilizer depth of about 40 cm, fertilizer should be shallow, so as not to hurt the roots too much. Fertilizer need to be watered.
Grapes outside the root of fertilizer, to improve the yield and quality of a significant effect, and the method is simple. Pre-flowering, young fruit and berry ripening period spray 1-3% of calcium superphosphate solution, have increased yield and improve the quality of the effect; pre-flowering spray 0.05-0.1% boric acid solution, can improve the rate of fruiting; seating period and fruit growth period spray 0.02% potash solution, or 3% of the grass ash leachate (spraying one day before soaking), can improve the berry sugar content and yield. Extra-root spraying of fertilizers, such as drought, to appropriately reduce the concentration to avoid leaf burning; in areas where no application has been made, it is appropriate to try a small amount first, to gain experience and then gradually promote.
Grapes are more drought-resistant, but if you can irrigate at the right time, the yield can be significantly increased. Sap flow to flowering, pay attention to keep the soil moist, at this time, if you can combine irrigation with fertilizer, you can create good fertilizer conditions for flowering and fruiting. However, too much water during the flowering period will cause a lot of blossom and fruit drop, unless the soil is too dry, otherwise the flowering period should not be watered. After the fruit to the fruit coloring before the high temperature, the foliage transpiration, need a lot of water, according to the weather every 7-10 days watering. Fruit coloring, after the beginning of softening, in addition to special drought years too much, the fruit sugar content is reduced and intolerance of storage, easy to crack the fruit. During the dormant period, the soil is too dry and unfavorable to overwintering, too wet and easy to cause moldy buds, generally after harvest combined with fall fertilization irrigation of a thorough water, in the northern production areas but also in the cold before irrigation of a sealing east of the water, which is an important measure to prevent the cold of grapes.
Five, harvesting and storage
The table grapes must be harvested at the right time to ensure quality. Early harvest, low sugar, high acidity, poor coloring, light aroma, poor flavor, but fully ripe fruit, such as late harvest, there is a risk of cracked fruit threshing, and affects the tree recovery. The best time to harvest grapes in the morning after the dew dries up and the afternoon after sunset, when the temperature of the juice is reduced, not only the aroma beg thick, and more resistant to storage.
After the harvest, if you can store part of the New Year's Day or the Spring Festival on the market, you can get a higher selling price. Generally the higher the maturity of the grapes the more resistant to storage, therefore, the tree can leave a small part of the fruit clusters delayed harvest. Harvested fruit clusters in the spike axis of the cut on the sealing wax, to reduce water evaporation, picking off broken grains, small fruits and diseased grains and then placed in the shade for 1-2 days for pre-cooling heat dissipation, in order to prepare for storage. Wash and dry the cylinder, inside the paper three layers, put the grapes, on the top put tic-tac-toe, and then put a layer of grapes, and then put a tic-tac-toe, a layer of grapes, until full, the mouth of the cylinder covered with paper. The cylinder will be called to the cool house, the weather is getting cold, the mouth of the cylinder with a cover, cover the grass, the cylinder surrounded by grass, so that the temperature inside the house to maintain 0 ~ 2oC. storage to the following year 2-3 months, the fruit is still fresh as ever.
Six, the main pests and diseases and their prevention and control
1, the main diseases of grapes and control. (1) grape black pox disease. Mainly harmful to the young green part of the grape, shoot tips, petioles, tendrils victimized with dark oblong spots, serious spots connected and dry. Fruit coloring is no longer damaged. This disease often occurs in high temperature and high humidity environment, the southern rainy place is prone to this disease. Prevention and control methods: timely cutting of diseased branches, diseased leaves, diseased fruit buried, winter pruning cut diseased branches burned or buried to reduce the source of the disease; budding before bud expansion when sprayed with 5 degrees of thiosulfuric acid; during the growth period (before and after flowering once) spray Bordeaux solution, according to 1 kg of copper sulfate, 0.5 kg of quicklime, 80-100 kg of water proportional to the preparation. (2) grape mildew. To harm the leaves mainly, the surface of the diseased part of the uniform growth of gray-white and frost like mold layer as the main feature. Rainy, foggy, open air is most suitable for the onset of the disease. Prevention and control methods: rainy season prevention and control, from July to spray 200 times Bordeaux liquid 2-3 times. (3) Grape anthracnose. Harming the fruit mainly, generally in mid-July, the fruit sugar content rises to fruit maturity is the disease occurs and prevalence. Prevention and control methods: cut off the diseased branches in time to eliminate the source of disease; after the middle of June every half-month spray 600-800 times the solution of the fungicide. (4) Grape powdery mildew. Harming all the green parts of grapes, such as fruit, leaves, new shoots, etc., the onset of parts of the surface to form a gray-white powder layer. High temperature and hot weather is easy to develop, sloppy management, rack surface depression can also promote the development of the virus. Prevention and control methods: strengthen the management, keep the shelf surface ventilation and light; watering destroyed cut off the diseased branches and diseased leaves; budding before spraying 5 degrees of rock sulfur, sprayed once in mid-May 0.2-0.3 degrees of rock sulfur. (5) Grape water pot disease. Also known as grape water red grain, is a physiological disease, by the results of too much, nutrient deficiency. This disease often occurs at the tip of the fruit cluster, when the disease is light, the fruit sugar content is low, acidity is high, and the pulp tissue becomes soft; when the fruit color becomes light, sweet, fragrance is all gone, and the pulp becomes watery, then as wrinkled. Prevention and control methods: through appropriate retention of branches, thinning spikes or pinch the tip of the spikes to regulate the amount of results; strengthen the fertilization, increase tree nutrition, appropriate application of potash fertilizer, can reduce the occurrence of this disease.
2, the main insect pests of grapes and control. (1) grape two-star leafhopper, also known as the grape two-point floating duster, two obvious round black spots on the head, adult body length of 3.5 millimeters, the whole body yellowish-white, larvae body length of about 2 millimeters. The entire grape growing period can be harmful, the damaged leaves appear many small white spots, serious leaf color pale, resulting in early fall of leaves. Spray 50% dichlorvos or 90% trichlorfon or 40% Rogaine 800-1000 times liquid effective. (2) Grape red spider. Prevention and control methods: peel off the old skin on the branch spray burned in winter to eliminate overwintering adults; spray stone sulfur, 3 degrees when budding, 0.2-0.3 degrees can be sprayed during the growing season. (3) firm mealybugs, also known as firm shellfish, can be sprayed with 50% dichlorvos 1000 times liquid control.
Bordeaux liquid, rock sulfur is grape control pests and diseases commonly used drugs, the two can not be mixed, after spraying rock sulfur must be an interval of 10-15 days before spraying Bordeaux liquid, while spraying Bordeaux liquid and then spraying rock sulfur, which must be an interval of 30 days.