The Four Beauties of China

The Four Beauties of Ancient China

1. Diaochan Worships the Moon

Diaochan was the songstress of Situ Wang Yun at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Seeing that the Eastern Han Dynasty was being manipulated by the traitor Dong Zhuo, she burned incense under the moon and prayed to heaven, wishing to worry about her master. Seeing that Dong Zhuo was going to usurp the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yun set up a chain plan. Wang Yun first promised Diaochan to Lu Bu secretly, and then offered Diaochan to Dong Zhuo openly. Lv Bu was a young hero, but Dong Zhuo was a cunning and cunning man. In order to attract Lv Bu, Dong Zhuo took Lv Bu as his son. Both of them were lustful men. From then on, Diao Chan circled between them, sending Lv Bu a fall wave, and rewarding Dong Zhuo with a flirtation. The two of them were so excited that they were turned on by it.

Lv Bu was upset when Dong Zhuo accepted Diaochan as his concubine. One day, Lu Bu took Dong Zhuo to the court, into Dong Zhuo House to visit Diaochan, and invited Feng Yi Pavilion meeting, Diaochan see Lu Bu, pretending to cry by Dong Zhuo domination of the pain, Lu Bu anger. At this time, Dong Zhuo returned to the house, and angrily snatched Lv Bu's square halberd directly stabbed Lv Bu, Lv Bu flew away, and from then on, the two were jealous of each other, and Wang Yun persuaded Lv Bu to get rid of Dong Zhuo.

The Beijing opera "Feng Yi Ting" is the narrative of this story.

2, Zhaojun out of the plug

When Emperor Xuan Di of the Han Dynasty, the Xiong Nu aristocrats competed for power, and their power was declining, and the five monarchs were separated, attacking each other endlessly. One of them, Hu Hanxie, was defeated by his brother, Zhi Zhi ("郅音zhi")单于. Hu Hanxie was determined to make peace with the Han Dynasty and met Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty in person.

Hu Hanxie was the first monarch to come to the center of China, and Emperor Xuanti went to the outskirts of Chang'an to meet him and held a grand banquet for him. Hu Hanxie stayed in Chang'an for more than a month. He asked Emperor Xuan of Han to help him go back. Emperor Xuan of Han agreed and sent two generals with 10,000 cavalry to escort him to the south of the desert. At this time, Xiongnu was short of grain, and the Han Dynasty also sent 34,000 ducats of grain.

Hu Hanxie Shan Yu was very grateful, and was determined to make peace with the Han Dynasty. When the countries in the western region heard that Xiong Nu had made peace with the Han Dynasty, they also scrambled to deal with the Han Dynasty. After the death of Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty, his son Liu (刘)(音shi) assumed the throne and became Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty. Xiong Nu's Shan Yu (""shi "单于) invaded the western countries and killed the envoys sent by the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty sent troops to Kangju and killed Zhi Zhi Shan Yu. With the death of Zhi Zhi Shan Yu, the position of Hu Han Xi Shan Yu was stabilized. In 33 B.C., Hohanxie Shan Yu once again went to Chang'an and asked for peace. Emperor Yuan granted it. When the Han Dynasty made peace with Xiong Nu, they had to pick a princess or a daughter of the royal family. This time, Emperor Yuan of Han decided to pick a courtesan for him, and he instructed his men to go to the harem and spread the word: "Whoever is willing to go to Xiongnu, the Emperor will treat her as a princess." The palace maids in the harem were all chosen from the people, and once they were in the palace, they were like birds in a cage, all of them looking forward to the day when they would be released from the palace. But when they heard that they would have to leave their country to go to Xiong Nu, they were not happy about it. There was a court lady named Wang Qiang (王嫱), Zhao Jun (昭君), who was beautiful and insightful. She volunteered to go to Xiong Nu to make peace. Emperor Yuan chose a date for Hohanxie Danyu and Wang Zhaojun to get married in Chang'an. When Hohanxie Danyu and Wang Zhaojun thanked the Emperor for their kindness, the Emperor saw that Zhaojun was beautiful and generous, which made the palace of the Han Dynasty colorful.

Legend has it that when Emperor Yuan returned to his inner palace, the more he thought about it, the more chagrined he was. He then asked someone to take out Zhaojun's image from the courtesan's portrait to see. The model is a bit like, but not as lovely as Zhaojun herself. It turns out that after the courtesan into the palace, generally are not to see the emperor, but by the painter painted like, sent to the emperor to wait for the selection. There is a painter named Mao Yanshou, to the courtesan portrait of the courtesan, the courtesans send some gifts to him, he will paint a little more beautiful. Wang Zhaojun didn't want to give gifts, so Mao Yanshou didn't paint Wang Zhaojun's beauty truthfully. Emperor Yuan of Han was furious and killed Mao Yanshou.

Wang Zhaojun left Chang'an, escorted by Han and Xiong Nu officials. She rode a horse and braved the biting winds to travel a long way to Xiongnu, where she became the Xiongnu of Hohanxie Shan Yu. Appointed "Ning Hu Xiongnu" in the hope that she would bring tranquility and peace to Xiongnu, Zhaojun settled in Xiongnu for a long time, far away from her hometown. She advised Huanxie Shan Yu not to go to war, and also passed on the culture of the Central Plains to the Xiongnu. After this, the Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty lived in harmony, and there was no war for more than sixty years. What is remarkable is that after the death of Hohanxie Shan Yu, she remarried to the eldest son of Hohanxie Shan Yu's chief Xiongnu, which contradicted the ethical concepts of the Central Plains, but she cherished the friendship between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu in the light of the overall situation. Wang Zhaojun gave birth to one boy and two girls in Xiongnu. The year and place of Zhaojun's death are not recorded in the history books.

3, Drunkenness of the Princess

719 ~ 756 years, the Tang Dynasty Puzhou Yongle people (Shaanxi Huayin County people). She knew the music and rhythm, and could sing and dance well. Initially for the Tang Xuanzong's eighteenth son Shou Wang's consort, Tang Xuanzong see Yang Yuhuan's posture, want to be included in the palace, with a female Taoist priest, the number of Taizhen. Tianbao four years (745) into the palace, won the Tang Xuanzong favor, was appointed as a noble consort, (when Xuanzong years 61, noble consort years 27) father and brother were thus able to power over the world. Every time you take the horse, there is a big eunuch Gao Lishi personally whip, your concubine embroidery workers have seven hundred people, and even more competition for the offering of curiosities. Lingnan Secretary Zhang Jiuzhang, Guangling Secretary Wang Yi, because of the exquisite offerings, both were promoted. So, the hundred officials actually follow suit. Yang Guifei favorite Lingnan lychee, there are people trying to hurry to transport fresh lychee to Chang'an.

After the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled from Chang'an and arrived at Mawei Slope, where the six armies refused to move forward, saying that it was because Yang Guozhong (cousin of the Princess Yang) was in the hands of the Hu people, which led to the rebellion of An Lushan, and Emperor Xuanzong, in order to calm down the army, was to kill Yang Guozhong. The six armies refused to move forward, saying that Yang Guozhong was the cousin of Yang Guifei, and that if the cousin was guilty, the cousin could not be spared, and that Guifei was hanged at the Road Ancestral Shrine. The Anshi rebellion has nothing to do with Yang Guifei, she became the scapegoat of Tang Xuanzong.

4. Xi Shi Raccoon

Xi Shi, the name of Yiguang, was born in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period in the village of Zhuji Ramie, Zhejiang. She was born with a beautiful face. At that time, the state of Yue was subjected to the state of Wu, and the king of Yue, Goujian, tried his best to restore the state. In the midst of the national crisis, Xi Shi took the humiliation and sacrificed her life for her country. Together with Zheng Dan, Xi Shi was offered by King Goujian of Yue to King Fu-chai of Wu, and became the king's most favored concubine. The king of Wu was so bewildered that he was distracted from the affairs of the country, which served as a cover for Goujian's resurgence. She showed the noble ideology of a patriotic woman. Later, Wu was finally destroyed by Goujian. Legend has it that after Wu was destroyed, she and Fan Li went boating on the five lakes, not knowing where they ended up. They have been missed by the future generations. Xi Shi and Yang Guifei, Wang Zhaojun, Diaochan for the four great beauties of ancient China, of which Xi Shi is the first, is the embodiment of beauty and generation name.

The story of the Four Beauties and the Sinking Fish, Falling Wild Goose, Closed Moon, Shy Flower:

1. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, there was a woman named Xi Shi in Yue, a woman who was a cooner, with decent features and a peach blossom pink face, and she was too good-looking. When she coated yarn by the river, the clear river water reflected her handsome figure, making him look more beautiful, at this time, the fish saw her reflection, forgot to swim, and gradually sank to the bottom of the river. Since then, Xishi this "sinking fish" pronoun, in the neighborhood spread.

2. During the reign of Emperor Yuan of Han, the north and south were at war, and the border was not quiet. In order to appease the northern Xiongnu, Emperor Yuan of Han chose Zhaojun to form a marriage with Shan Yu to ensure that the two countries will always be at peace. In a high autumn day, Zhaojun said goodbye to her homeland, embarked on a journey to the north. Along the way, the horse neighs and the geese chirp, tearing her heart and liver; the feeling of sadness, making her mind difficult to calm. She was on top of her horse, plucking the strings of the zither, playing a sad parting song. The geese flying south heard the pleasant sound of the zither, and saw this beautiful woman on the horse, forgot to swing their wings and fell to the ground. From then on, Zhaojun will have to "falling geese" pronouns.

3, the Three Kingdoms, Han Xian emperor's minister minister Wang Yun's courtesan Diao Chan in the back garden to worship the moon, suddenly the wind blew, a piece of floating clouds will be the bright bright moon cover. It was just when Wang Yun saw it. Wang Yun for the proclamation of his daughter looks how beautiful, everyone said, my daughter and the moon than the beauty of the moon than, hurry to hide behind the clouds, therefore, Diao Chan is also known as the "closed moon".

4. In the Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Kaiyuan, there was a beautiful daughter named Yang Yuhuan, who was chosen to come to the palace. After Yang Yuhuan entered the palace, she missed her hometown. One day, she went to the garden to enjoy the flowers and take a break, and saw the blooming peonies and moonflowers ...... Thinking that she was locked up in the palace and wasted her youth, she sighed and said to the blooming flowers, "Flower, flower! You still have time to bloom year after year, but when will I have a chance to get ahead?" With tears in her voice, she touched the flower. The petals immediately shrank, and the green leaves curled up and lowered. What she touched was a mimosa. At that moment, a palace eunuch saw her. Palace e said everywhere, Yang Yuhuan and flowers than the beauty of the flowers, flowers are shy and lowered their heads. The title "Shy Flower" came to be.

Ancient "Four Beauties": Xi Shi, Diao Zen, Wang Zhaojun, Yang Guifei

Wang Zhaojun?

"Mountains and ravines to Jingmen, growing Mingfei still have a village. The first time I went to the purple platform even the desert, and left the green mound to the dusk. The painting of the province to recognize the face of the spring breeze, the ring? The moonlit night is empty. The pipa has been used for speaking in Chinese for thousands of years, and it is clear that there is a song of resentment in the song." (Du Fu's "Ancient Monuments of Winged Memories") Zhaojun and Fan is also a well-known story in the family. Over the past 2,000 years, after many opera singers, novelists, poets, this story has become a poignant and disorienting, with multiple facets and far-flung meanings.

The tragedy of Zhaojun was blamed on the painter Mao Yanshou, the originator of the novel Xijing Miscellany in Jin: ?

The Yuan Emperor's harem is more, not common, is to make the painter graphics, according to the map called. The palace people all bribe painters, as many as 100,000, the lesser is not less than 50,000, only Wang Qiang refused to, so not to see. Xiong Nu into the dynasty, seeking beauty for the Xiongnu, so on the case map to Zhaojun line. And go to summon, appearance for the first harem, good response, behavior leisurely elegant. Emperor regret, and the name has been determined, the emperor heavy faith in foreign countries, so no more people. Is poor according to the matter, the painters are abandoned, the registration of their family capital are huge. Painters have Duling Mao Yanshou, for the human form, ugly good old and young must get its true ...... The same day abandoned the city." ?

In a variety of legends, it is also said that before the marriage of Mao Yanshou bribery trap thing has been exposed, Mao fear of crime fled into the Xiong Nu, offering Zhaojun portrait, monarch leaning on the situation to Hanjun strong Zhaojun, the Yuan Emperor was forced to give up the pain, Zhaojun sent out of the plug. Zhaojun's end, some say that its grief and sorrow, depression and death, but also said that its in the death of Hohanxie Shan Yu do not want to remarry drink medicine to kill themselves. After the Song Dynasty, chastity was emphasized, and the Autumn in the Han Palace had her throw herself into the river at the Han-Fan border. Modern people have abandoned the narrow national consciousness, but from the perspective of promoting national unity to understand the story, Wang Zhaojun and Princess Wencheng, are the same as the history of the Chinese nation is a remarkable woman, Mr. Cao Yu's famous play "Wang Zhaojun", is from this perspective to the intention.

Ancient poets have also interpreted the tragedy of Zhaojun from different angles. The Dream of the Red Chamber, 64th Xue Baochai on poetry said: "No matter what the subject of the poem, as long as the good turn of the ancients of the meaning. ...... That is, the former people of Zhaojun's poem is very much, there are sad to save Zhaojun, there are resentful of Yan Shou's, but also ridiculed the Han Emperor can not make the painter look like a wise minister and painting beauty, have different. Later on, Wang Jinggong wrote, 'The painting was not possible, and Mao Yanshou was killed in vain', and Yongshu wrote, 'What I see with my eyes and ears is still like this, and I will not be able to control the barbarians for thousands of miles'. The two poems are each of their own views, not to attack the predecessor."

What is the real face of Wang Zhaojun?

Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han" has the following record: ?

Zhaojun's word is female court lady, a native of Nanxian County. In the beginning, when Emperor Yuan, a good family selected into the court. When Hohanzhi came to the court, the Emperor gave her five courtesans. Zhaojun had been in the palace for several years, but she was not allowed to see the emperor, so she accumulated grief and resentment, and then she asked the emperor to ask the court for permission to visit her. Hohanxie before resigning from the General Assembly, the emperor called the five women to show. Zhaojun beautiful decorations, bright Han Palace, Gu Jing Pei Hui, horrified around. The emperor saw great surprise, want to stay, but difficult to lose faith, so with the Xiongnu. ("South Xiongnu biography")?

? Zhaojun for the South County Zigui people, and the great poet Qu Yuan with the same neighborhood, she was born "good family", for the origin of the innocent civilians, not the governor or the royal historian and such a rich family. After the palace, she has not been called, not yet have the rank, just to be imperial court of the ordinary courtesan, she was confusedly given to the Hohanxie monarchs when the side of the Han Dynasty, but then the Han Emperor regretted it was too late, had to act as promised, the achievement of this beautiful and sad story of the ages, so that the messenger of national unity in the history of the world.

After Wei Qing, Huo Zaiwei's conquest, Xiong Nu's power declined greatly, Zhaojun and Fan, is Hohanxie monarch into the court of the Han Dynasty to take the initiative to request the results, there is no coercion. After Zhaojun entered Hu, she was named Ninghu Xiongnu and gave birth to a son named Itu Zhi Ya Shi. The second year after the marriage, hu Hanzhi that passed away, according to the hu people custom, the single big Xiongnu's son of the successor of the compound strain tired single to marry her, Zhaojun asked to return to the homeland, Han Emperor Chengcheng consider the overall situation of the Royal Decree that she learns from the hu custom, so she became the successor single to the Xiongnu. Later, she gave birth to two daughters, one was called Su Bu Ju Ji and the other was called Dang Yu Ju Ji. Ten years later, Zu Lei Shan Yu also died, Zhao Jun's son was killed in the struggle for the throne, and Bu Shu Ju Ji had gone to the Han Palace to wait for the empress dowager during Wang Mang's reign, and died after Wang Mang's defeat. Zhaojun died in what year, it is not known.

Diaochan

? As the story of the Three Kingdoms spread widely, Diaochan also became a household name, and the poem "Song of General Lu" by Li Changji of the Tang Dynasty, which reads, "The Pusaetha Silver Turtle swings a white horse, and the powdered girl is under a big banner", seems to have a shadow of Diaochan in it. In modern times, she is also fired as one of the "four great beauties of China", and her popularity does not seem to be much lower than the "three greats" in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, namely Cao Cao, Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang. However, history in the end there is no Diaochan its people?

According to the name of Diaochan is not seen in the history. After the Han Book - Lu Bu biography, there is a record: "Zhuo to cloth for the riding lieutenant, sworn as father and son, very love letter. Tasted a little disillusioned, Zhuo pulled the hand halberd thrown, cloth fist Jie was spared, cloth by the Yin grudges in Zhuo. Zhuo and make cloth guard in the cabinet, and privately with the servant girl fornication, more uncontrollable." From this record, you can see the shadow of Diaochan - a concubine of Dong Zhuo, and Dong Zhuo and Lu Bu's grievances, but also because of the woman and cause, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" "Dong Taishi fussed over the Phoenix Pavilion" story, which is thus born out. Here, the "servant girl" was just a person who was insulted and damaged, and could not talk about any character. Later, through the creation of the people and many artists, this "servant girl" has become a glorious image of the female sable cicada.

There are also scholars who believe that the sable cicada has its own person, Liang Zhangjui is a representative. In the "return to the field of Zuoji", he said: "Diaochan things, hidden according to the "Lu Bu biography", although its name is not seen in the history, and its affairs may not be full of false." And to "small Qixia said tares", he is sure that "is the cicada solid real person".

The story of the heroes of the Three Kingdoms began to enter the folk behind them, and the story of Diaochan is also relatively early. Yuan dynasty miscellaneous plays in the sable cicada play has formed a series, "Jin Yun Tang secretly set serials", "seize the halberd", "Guan Duke under the moon chopped sable cicada" and so on to perform the story of sable cicada. In the "Jin Yun Tang" play, Diaochan this Xinzhou Ren Ang's daughter, the small word Hongchang, Lingdi when elected to the palace, the palm of the Sable Cicada Crown, so the name "Sable Cicada". Later, the emperor gave her to Ding Jianyang, an assassin of the state of Bingzhou, who gave her to his son Lu Bu. During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Diaochan was lost to Lu Bu, and was acquired by Wang Yun. Diao Chan later burned incense in the garden and prayed for? Diaochan later burned incense in the garden and prayed to Lu Bu, which was discovered by Wang Yun, and thus a chain of stories was written in secret. In the Song and Yuan histories, Diaochan was also the wife of Lu Bu, and after being separated, she fell into Wang Yun's house.

The story of "White Gate Tower" and "Chopping Diaochan", on the other hand, clearly see the influence of feudal backward consciousness. The story of Lu Bu, who was captured at the White Gate Tower, was originally blamed on himself, but the play wanted to make Diaochan responsible for Lu Bu's failure, and actually let her be executed after being scolded. After Lu Bu's defeat, Cao Cao had the ulterior motive of giving Diao Cicada to Liu Bei, and in order not to make the same mistake as Dong Cao and Lu Bu, Guan Yu had her beheaded under the moon. Even Dong Zhuo, Lu Bu's downfall also want Diaochan responsible for, the mind of its winter baked Nai ears! Recent Zhou Jianyun compiled "on the beheading of the Diaochan" specifically to identify the matter: "

? "Diaochan is not to blame for the crime, Lu Bu is not to blame for Diaochan's people...... The three family slaves, character to Diaochan far more, Diaochan does not scold Lv Bu enough, cloth have what to scold Diaochan? If Guan Gong, familiar with the Spring and Autumn Annals also. Xizi by the hook trample life, ambition in the swamp Wu, and Diao Cicada by the Stuart life, ambition in the death of Zhuo, cloth father and son, the same rut also. Guan Gong does not blame Xishi, but is the moon to chop Diaochan? I dare to say that Guan Gong saint, will not kill the scenery for this thing!" ?

It can be said to be painful.

Since today's view of the "women's scourge" theory is certainly winter baked abominable, "women to save the country" theory is not enough training. Therefore, the end of the sable cicada in the artistic creation is also a difficult problem to deal with. Luo Guanzhong certainly write Diaochan glamorous, but after the death of dong Zhuo, he and lv bu "husband and wife", became mediocre, Xiapi fierce battle she and yan's with the rat's eye, dragging lv bu's leg, before and after, just like two people. After Dong Zhuo was executed, the TV series "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" let Diaochan quietly disappear - "Diaochan has gone with the wind", what is the fate of this strange woman? Leave it to the reader to imagine, this may be a smarter approach.

The first time I saw a woman, I was in the middle of the night, and I was in the middle of the night.

Xishi, China's famous earliest, most influential "four beauties" one. Her reputation, with the Wu-Yue Spring and Autumn, with Goujian lying down, ten years of life gathered, ten years of lessons, finally swamped the Wu vengeance linked together; Wu Zixu loyal to be slandered, Bo Sycophancy (pǐ) the death of the country, and the "women's color scourge" creed linked together; with the women's service to the country, with the red face of thin, and the raccoon Fan Lang's sad marriage linked together; with the "Xizi cup the heart", with the "Xizi cup the heart", with the "Xizi cup the heart". "Xizi heart", "Dong Shi effect knitting", and "want to compare the West Lake Xizi, light makeup and thick smear is always appropriate" and so on linked together ...... Than other "beauty", it is loaded with more historical and cultural load.

The historical authenticity of the story of Xizi in the end how?

The earliest mention of Xi Shi in the pre-Qin sons is "Guanzi": "Mao Qiang, Xi Shi, the beauty of the world." In Zhuangzi, Xi Shi is mentioned three times. "Xi Shi was sick at heart and knit her brows; when the ugly people in her neighborhood saw her beauty, she also held her heart and knit her brows. When the rich people in the neighborhood saw her, they closed their doors and stayed out; when the poor people saw her, they took their wives and went away." This is the origin of the idiom of "Dongshi effecting the knitting of the brows". In Mencius, there is also the saying "If Xizimeng is unclean, people will cover their noses and pass by". Han Fei Zi" also cloud: "good hair, Xi Shi's beauty, not beneficial to my face; with fat and powder, then times its first." It seems, Xi Shi is indeed a pre-Qin era of a very high visibility of the beauty, however, with the latter legend is different: she did not have a relationship with the political and military struggle for supremacy of Wu, Yue, and the tube Zhong than the Goujian Wu also more than two hundred years earlier it.

Zuozhuan and Guoyu, the pre-Qin historical biographies, all mentioned that Goujian offered a beautiful woman to the king of Wu, but did not mention Xishi's person. The same is true of the Historical Records of the Western Han Dynasty. In Jia Yi's New Book, Liu Xiang's Saying Yuan, Lu Jia's New Words and the Huainanzi, Xi Shi also appears only as a beautiful woman.

Only the Mozi - Kissing the Scholar article mentions that Xishi was sunk in the river because she was too beautiful, which shows that "too much beauty is hard to keep".

The earliest connection between Xi Shi and the rivalry between Wu and Yue was made in the Eastern Han Dynasty by the two wild histories Wu Yue Chun Qiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue) and Yue Jie Shu (The Book of Yue Jie).

In the Wu-Yue Spring and Autumn Annals, Wenzui offered to the king of Vietnam to break the nine techniques of Wu, the fourth of which is to "bequeath beautiful women to confuse their hearts and mess up their plans", and Goujian "so that the phases of the country, Ramie Hill, sold the salary of the female said Xishi, Zheng Dan, decorated with Rougau (hú), taught to step, learning in the earth, in the capital of the lane, three years. Learning to dress and offer to Wu." The accounts in the Yue Jie Shu are more or less the same, but the end of Xi Shi was very different. According to the former, after the death of Wu, the Yue people thought that this beauty was a scourge that could not be retained, and sank her in the river as a tribute to Wu Zixu, the scops owl killed by the king of Wu, which was a cruel tragedy. The latter made her partner with Fan Li and went away on the Five Lakes, which ended in a comedy. The stories and legends about Xi Shi in the later generations are mostly derived from this.

After the Wei and Jin dynasties, in the literati pen, in the mouth of the people in the story of Xi Shi entered the brewing, fermentation, add decoration stage, which is in the Zhiqi, gleaned from the novels are reflected. Tang and Song poems appeared in a large number of Xi Shi as the object of chanting chapters. The theme of the poem, mostly lamenting the thin life of the red face or condemning the woman's scourge, the beauty of the country's demise, but not as much as the poem of Wang Zhaojun more new ideas. For example, Wang Wei's "Xi Shi Wing": "At that time, I was accompanied by a raccoon, but I could not return with her in the same car. Holding thanks to the neighbor's son, knitting the brows can be good!" Lin Daiyu in "Dream of the Red Chamber" in the "Five Beauties Chant" also turned this poem: "A generation of dumping the city by the waves of flowers, Wu Gong empty since the memory of children's home. Knit your brows and don't laugh at the East Village women, head white stream side is still raking yarn". In fact, there is not much deep meaning in both of them. Of course, there is no lack of insightful works. For example, in the late Tang Dynasty, Cui Daorong's "Xishi Beach" reads: "Zai 5, 7 hi 〖KG-*3No 5 died in Wu, Xishi is trapped in infamy. Raccoon spring water rush, seems to have an uneven sound." Luo Yin's "Xi Shi": "The rise and fall of the country comes from time to time, why do the people of Wu complain about Xi Shi. If Xishi is able to relieve Wu, who will be the victim of Yue's demise?" They are more prominent.

The re-creation of the story of Xi Shi, miscellaneous dramas and legends are the most adequate. In the Yuan Dynasty, Guan Hanqing has "Gusu Terrace Fan Li into Xi Shi", Zhao Mingyuan has "Tao Zhu Gong Fan Li return to the lake", but unfortunately today we can only see these two plays from the "Recorded Ghost Book", and its content, and we have to speculate on the basis of the repertoire and the relevant commentaries. The story of Xi Shi is a masterpiece of the Ming Dynasty's Liang Chenyu's "The Story of Raccoon Veil".

"Raccoon yarn story" fully possessed about the struggle between Wu and Yue and the story of all kinds of information, fine differentiation and integration, woven into a 45 out of the theater story to Fan Li and Xi Shi sad and happy through the history of the rise and fall of the two countries of the history of Wu and Yue because of the first meeting of Xi Shi and Fan Li with a strand of raccoon yarn as a love object, so the name of the play, "Raccoon yarn story". Unlike its predecessors, the saga combines the love story of Xi Shi and Fan Li with patriotism, in which love is subordinate to patriotism, starting with the sacrifice of love, and ending with the realization of patriotism in which personal love is also realized. In the third scene, "Welcoming Shi", Fan Li apologizes to Xi Shi, saying, "I am sorry for detaining a foreign country for the sake of my father and ruler's difficulties, and I have betrayed my deep alliance. Xi Shi comforted him by saying, "I am aware of your detention, but the matter of the country is very important, and the matter of in-laws is very small, so I am not going to let the smallness of a daughter go against the expectations of ten thousand people." Later, Fan Li asked Xi Shi to join Wu, Xi Shi expressed her hesitation, and Fan Li advised her again, "If you can go there, the country can be saved, and my body can be preserved, and there will be a time to meet again, which is not known. If you don't, your country will be destroyed, and my body will be destroyed. Even if you are married at that time, you and I will become ghosts in the ditch, and there is no time to seek for a hundred years of happiness." Therefore, "The Story of Raccoon Yarn" seems to be a love story, but in fact, patriotism as the main theme.

After "Raccoon Yarn Story", there was a book "Inverted Yarn Story", which ended with Fan Li wanting to sink Xishi into Taihu Lake, Xishi scolded him for deviating from the oath of the sea and the mountains, while Fan was sneering back at her, asking her to be responsible for the King of Wu's butchery of meritorious ministers, desolatry, and the country's destruction. Such a rehashed article is a bit boring since today's view.

Yang Guifei?

The story of Yang Guifei is the subject of recent years was fired hot, through the film and television media to accept the enlightenment of the young generation, full of head full of Yang Fei, Cixi and Wu Zetian's story. Yang, Li story of how the initial appearance, its evolution and how we should recognize today, there is still a lot of work to do in this regard .

Yang Guifei, small word Yuhuan, Tang Puzhou Yongji (now Shanxi Yongle) people. Father Yang Xuan Diem, did Shuzhou Secretary, died very early, according to his uncle Henan Province Shi Cao Yang Xuan Jie. Tang Xuanzong Kaiyuan 3 years, he was elected to the Prince Shou Wang Li Mao residence was registered as Shou Wang Consort. In the 4th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, his favorite concubine Wu Hui Fei died, "thousands in the harem, but no one to be desired", and those who pleaded with him revealed to him that his son's daughter-in-law was "the crown of beauty". In October, 8 years, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Xuanzong was lucky to visit the hot springs of Mount Li, so he let her become a Taoist priest and called her Taizhen. He remarried a daughter-in-law for Li Mao and secretly incorporated Yuhuan into his palace. The Old Book of Tang says: "Taizhen's qualifications are rich and colorful, she is good at singing and dancing, and she is good at music, and her intelligence is better than others. Every Qian hope to welcome, moving to move on the intention. The palace called 'mother', etiquette is actually the same as the Queen. Bai Xiangshan "Song of Long Hate" cloud: "natural beauty is difficult to abandon, once chosen in the side of the king. A smile back a hundred winks, the six palaces without color", "the spring night is short day high up, from now on the king does not early morning", "to serve the bed with no room for leisure, spring from the spring tour night night", "harem beauties Three thousand people, three thousand favorites in one". At this time, Yuhuan was 56 years old and Emperor Xuanzong was already 56 years old. Tianbao 4 years, Yuhuan registered as a concubine, until 14 years she hanged to death in Mawei, she is the name, so the later generations called it "Yang Guifei.

Yang Fei was favored, it is the late Xuanzong stride towards the corruption of the period. In the palace only "the House of the Consort of brocade embroidery workers, where seven hundred people, the carving of the Rongzuo, and hundreds of people. Her family, then "sisters and brothers are listed in the earth, poor colorful birth portal. So make the world parents heart, not born male born female." Brothers needless to say, Yang Fei's three sisters, were named Mrs. State, "sisters Kunzhong five families, the A Di hole open, unauthorized removal of the palace, horses and servants, shining the capital, and boasted of each other. Each building a hall, the cost of more than ten million, see the system of Hong Zhuang than their own, that is, thorough and re-creation, civil engineering, day and night. Xuanzong awarded and the four sides of the offerings, five such as one, in making endless. Since the beginning of the Yuan, the rich and powerful, no such as Yang's than also." A five family night tour, and Guangping Princess riding from the West City Gate in the dispute, Yang's slave waved the whip hit the Princess clothes, the Princess fell off the horse, extra horse harnessed by the side of a team Xue Changxu to help the Princess, was also whipped. Afterwards, the princess went to Emperor Xuanzong to sob, although Emperor Xuanzong killed Yang's slave, but also extra horse harnessed by the side of a team was removed from the official.

Got the beauty of the city and the country, Tang Xuanzong indulge in squandering and enjoyment, the political affairs of the whole to the treacherous prime minister Yang Guozhong. In the song and dance under the cover of corruption has also accumulated to the limit, finally, "fishing drums and drums to move the ground, breaking the neon dress and feather song". The An Shi rebels were like nobody's business. After the fall of the Tongguan Pass, Emperor Tang Xuanzong left his officials and people behind and fled Chang'an with the Yang siblings. Barely reached the Mawei stage, the Feilin army mutiny, killed Yang Guozhong, after that, the six armies are not scattered, Tang Xuanzong had no choice but to endure the pain, Yang Guifei hanged in the Buddha Hall.

The Anshi Rebellion, life and death. It was largely quelled until seven years later, in the first year of Emperor Xuanzong's grandson, Emperor Daizong Guangde, when Du Fu wrote "Hearing the Officials Collect Henan and Hebei". The Tang empire was in ruins, and it made people who had experienced past glories recall this period of history with emotion and sorrow, resulting in bitter tears. Du Gongbu's stanza "Meeting Li Guinian in Jiangnan" is moving because it conveys this feeling so well. Young people who have not experienced the vicissitudes of life will be indifferent to this poem. Moreover, after Xuanzong's happiness in Shu, he became the emperor and the outcast of history, and after returning to Chang'an, he became a "redundant person", not to mention that this flirtatious son of heaven was the creator of the flourishing world of the Kaiyuan era, so the tragedy of her and Yang Guifei will arouse people's sympathy again after the passage of time, at least, when people discuss and recall, they will have more feelings and less criticism. At least, when people talk about and remember, there is more emotion and less criticism. Therefore, in the lifetime of Emperor Xuanzong and after him, the story of him and Yang Guifei began to circulate, and the closest and most influential ones are the well-known Chen Hong's "Long Hate Biography" and Bai Juyi's "Song of Long Hate". They have both criticized and sympathized with Emperor Xuanzong's "dumping of the city and the country". "The water of the Shu River is blue and the mountains of Shu are green, and the Holy Lord is in love all the time. The moon is a sad color in the palace, and the bell breaks the bowels in the night rain", and "All the pools and gardens are still the same, and the hibiscus is like a face and the willow is like an eyebrow". The hibiscus is like a face and willow is like an eyebrow, how can I not shed tears? Mournful and entwined, a song of three sighs, reading is moving. Lin Qiong Fang Tu "to feel the king turn to think" "on the poor blue drop yellow spring" to search for, finally led to the "July 7 Everlasting Palace" of the secret oath, "in the In heaven, we wish to be birds with two wings; on earth, we wish to be branches with two trees. "The sky is long and the earth is long, and this hatred has no end". The story of "everlasting hatred" has become a general chant on the theme of love. Tang Minghuang and Yang Guifei also began their role in the transition.

Since the Middle Tang Dynasty, the story of Li and Yang has been a popular subject. The story was constantly dramatized in the Tang notes Minghuang Miscellany, Kaiyuan Tianbao Remains, and Youyang Miscellaneous Chopsticks, and in the Song's Yang Taizhen Gaidian (杨太真外传). By the Song and Jin dynasties at the latest, this accident began to be brought to the stage. Famous writers of Yuan miscellaneous dramas have written the story of Ming Huang Taizhen. Some of the more famous ones are: Guan Hanqing's Tang Minghuang Cries for a Fragrance Sachet, Bai Park's Tang Minghuang's Wutong Rain on an Autumn Night, Tang Minghuang's Visit to the Moon Palace, Yue Bochuan's Luo Guangyuan's Broken Dreams of Yang Guifei, and Yu Tianxie's Yang Taizhen's Complaints of Neishang, and Yang Taizhen's Palace of Huaqing. In the Ming Dynasty, there was no lack of writers who wrote stories about Li and Yang, and the most successful and influential of them all was the Palace of Eternal Youth by Hong Qi in the early Qing Dynasty. In the "Palace of Eternal Youth", Li, Yang completed their role in the conversion, the author in singing this charming and moving love story at the same time, but also sent their own pain of the death of the nation.

It is also worth mentioning that the story of Concubine Yang is no less influential in Japan than in China. There is a legend that Yang Fei did not die that year, she was stolen from the sky to protect, and then east to Japan, get to end its days. "Suddenly heard that there are immortal mountains on the sea" - since Xu Fu, people are not the Penglai, abbot, Yingzhou, Fusang sunrise place, as the paradise of the immortals? In Japan, there are Yangfei statues, Yangfei tomb, Yangfei temple tower in many places. In the minds of Japanese nationals who have been nurtured by the culture of Tang Dynasty, Yang Fei body radiates the sacred aura of that culture, and the story of Yang Fei is essentially a beautiful rainbow of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges.

The "Four Beauties" of ancient times: Xi Shi, Diao Zen, Wang Zhao Jun, and Yang Guifei

Wang Zhao Jun?

"Mountains and ravines to Jingmen, growing Mingfei still have a village. The first time I went to the purple platform even the desert, and left the green mound to the dusk. The painting of the province to recognize the face of the spring breeze, the ring? The moon and the night are empty. The pipa has been used for speaking in Chinese for thousands of years, and it is clear that there is a song of resentment in the song." (Du Fu's "Ancient Monuments of Winged Memories") Zhaojun and Fan is also a well-known story in the family. Over the past 2,000 years, after many opera singers, novelists, poets, this story has become a poignant and disorienting, with multiple faces and far-flung meanings.

The tragedy of Zhaojun was blamed on the painter Mao Yanshou, the originator of the novel Xijing Miscellany in Jin: ?

The Yuan Emperor's harem is more, not common, is to make the painter graphics, according to the map called. The palace people all bribe painters, as many as 100,000, the lesser is not less than 50,000, only Wang Qiang refused to, so not to see. Xiong Nu into the dynasty, seeking beauty for the Xiongnu, so on the case map to Zhaojun line. And go to summon, appearance for the first harem, good response, behavior leisurely elegant. Emperor regretted, and the name of the book has been finalized, the emperor heavy faith in foreign countries, so no more people. Is poor according to the matter, the painters are abandoned, the registration of their family capital are huge. Painters have Duling Mao Yanshou, for the human form, ugly good old and young must get its true ...... The same day abandoned the city." ?