What were the causes of this fire in the ancient city of Shangri-La on January 11, 2014?

Here on the basis of the available information to answer, I hope to throw a brick to attract jade, we come together to pay attention to the ancient city and the historic district of disaster prevention. First, the ancient city of Dokuzong fire why burned so badly? Studied this ancient city, you will find that she is really too unfavorable for fire prevention. Mainly found the following three unfavorable: (1) the building form is not conducive to fire Shangri-La Dukezong ancient city building form, decided that there is an inherent weakness in the fire. Diqing region, "flash piece of room" is a Tibetan residential building form, used for more rain and snow in the alpine dam area, and the dry hot valley of the Tibetan style "bunker" the most obvious difference is that there is a large double-sloped roof. This sloping roof with cedar boards for the tile, called "flashings" or "sliding board". This flammable wooden roof structure is almost an Achilles' heel for firefighting in the Old Town. In addition, the traditional flashing houses generally raise livestock on the ground floor, the second floor above the people, a lot of use of wood structure and wood decoration, in the transformation into stores, restaurants and other functions, the ground floor of the wood use is greater, the risk of fire is also greater. Improper use of fire, aging wires and other causes of fire account for the vast majority of fires. Ancient city buildings with the kitchen, storage rooms and other houses are mostly built, the building itself is not standardized design and construction, there are many fire hazards. Electrical wiring is mostly set up after the line along the wooden beams and columns, near the combustible materials, electricity overload leads to line temperature, or in high-power lighting or heating appliances under the baking, it is very easy to cause a fire. Shangri-La belongs to the plateau cold region, and most of the residential high, insulation performance is not good, there is no centralized heating heat source, the residents of the winter more than the use of electric stoves, heaters, or burning wood close to the heating, increasing the possibility of overloaded electricity and fire with electricity careless fire caused by the possibility of a fire. 2) the pattern of the old city is not conducive to fire prevention of the old city is bound to be building dense, narrow streets, Duke Zong ancient city is also so (the road towards the sky that is certainly not) Ancient city, who made this protection experts with who anxious, narrow streets and lanes that pattern protection can be). Ancient city built according to the Great Turtle Mountain, showing the overall pattern of the "eight-petaled lotus". Roads to the Sifang Street Square as the core to the surrounding radiation, but these roads can not walk on the pedestrian street, and the lack of ring through the road network. Looking north from the top of the Great Turtle Hill, layers and layers of shimmering houses roof is a major feature of the landscape of the ancient city, but also the formation of the important reason for the extended burn. Dokuzong ancient city in addition to the general characteristics of the ancient city, or a mountain city. Built on the mountain in the ancient city of fire prevention is even more unfavorable, one is the road slope, there are steps and ditches, not conducive to fire trucks to enter, the second is the big difference in height is not conducive to the fire water supply, water pressure is insufficient in the high places, and the third is the foot of the mountain residential fire, the fire is easy to spread to the heights. 3) Timing and climate is not conducive to fire prevention compared to previous years, Shangri-La County, and even in Diqing Prefecture, there is a small amount of precipitation, and the climate is very dry (after the fire). Immediately after the fire, it snowed, which God wants to do God ah). The wind at night also fueled the fire to a certain extent, making it more difficult to control the fire after burning up. In addition, the cold climate of the plateau is quite unfavorable for the fire water supply, but also this fire is difficult to control an important reason. After the fire, the media mentioned three and a half years ago by the Diqing State Public Security Fire Brigade Fire Protection Division Engineer Kang Zhihong published "about Shangri-La Dukezong Ancient City of fire safety status quo and countermeasures," an article, the article put forward to the ancient city of fire prevention concerns, especially the possibility of prolonged combustion, he unfortunately hit the nail on the head. From all aspects of information, three years for the ancient city of fire departments have done a lot of things, but (we can only say but), compared with the unfavorable situation of the ancient city of fire prevention, do not enough. Second, the fire response to the existence of major problems and deficiencies? After the fire, about the fire response to the police and fire water supply facilities, all parties have a lot of questions. This question to me mainly from two aspects of the analysis. 1) about the fire power to put. Shangri-La County is the seat of the state capital of Diqing, so the firefighting force is the strongest local, according to reports at the time the state and county firefighting force to receive the alarm after the first time all out, and later mobilized Lijiang, Dali and even Kunming firefighting force to participate in the fire. From the layout of the fire station, Xiangxian County, the current built-up area of about 10 square kilometers, late at night, there is no traffic congestion, local firefighting forces can be rushed to the old city within 5 minutes, so this point is not too much of a problem. It is worth noting that, according to the report, the fire occurred at 1:17 (monitoring found open flames in the bedroom), the alarm was at about 1:37, the fire department arrived to start extinguishing the fire inferred that it should be at about 1:45, a delay of more than 30 minutes has made it difficult to control the fire. This failure on the one hand may be the residents alarm lag, but if you can strengthen the fire observation, alarm and can be more timely some, may be the fire damage will be smaller. It is worth mentioning that the history of the ancient city on top of the Great Turtle Hill Chaoyang Palace was originally the city's high point, as a fire lookout, day and night in the fall and winter season, in case of fire, sound the gong to call for help. Now the city's control of high do very well, in the big turtle on the mountain can still overlooking most of the city, in the era of more and more developed technical defense, is not possible to strengthen the "human defense", to restore the fire here to observe it? (2) on the most questionable water supply for the fire. According to the report, the ancient city of Dokuzong in addition to the city's water supply system *** with the hydrant, but also built a set of special fire water supply system, by the ancient city of the nearby mountains on the fire pool (capacity of 800 cubic meters) and special fire pipelines, a number of fire hydrants. This system may be in order to solve the higher ground in the ancient city of insufficient water pressure in the region of the fire problem set up in the ancient city is quite "luxury" configuration. However, due to the cold, the fire pool ice, water availability is reduced, resulting in more than 20 minutes after the fire hydrant water, there is a reduction in the amount of water, water pressure becomes smaller. According to reports, the location of the ancient city of lower areas of the municipal water supply system is also configured with more than ten fire hydrants, in order to prevent freezing, fire hydrants set up in manholes, but due to the lack of obvious signs, it is more difficult to find (TV saw a fire hydrant and even by a resident circle to the courtyard wall), the cover is thick and heavy, and it is difficult to open the manhole. And in the ancient city about 1 kilometer north of the Longtan Lake, but there may also be a lack of water in winter and ice and so on (this is not mentioned in the various reports). In fact, some cities in the Northeast face the same problem with firefighting water during the harsh winter months. In Harbin, fire hydrants also fail in winter, but the local firefighting water supply model of "fire tanker + fire water crane" has been developed, which combines the transportation of water by large-capacity fire tankers with the use of "fire water cranes" (a kind of fire hydrant shaped like a " crane"). Crane" hydrant, the outlet height of more than 3 meters, from the upper part of the fire truck to replenish water, set up valves, connected to the tundra under the water supply pipe, with the valve to open the valve to release water, do not need to turn off the valve, the water crane memory water empty to avoid freezing. Each water crane can serve about 1 square kilometer area. Water crane can also be made into a variety of sculpture modeling.) The water cranes can also be made into various sculpture shapes, which can solve the problem of water replenishment for firefighting in winter. Shangri-La such a cold winter "southern city", in fact, can refer to these experiences, to solve the problem of fire pools, pipelines, hydrants against freezing (especially the fire hose must be buried in the permafrost layer below!) The third issue is tourism development and over-commercialization. Third, tourism development and over-commercialization harmed the ancient city of Dokuzong? Xiang County is located in the plateau, ecological fragility, lack of resources (the county has a large copper mine, but is located in the Three Rivers Protection Zone, the development of restrictions, the Jinsha River hydropower resources development of the county's industrial development is not much good), the development of industry is limited, the county can do is to develop the economy around the tourism. Tourism is the lifeblood of Shangri-La, the two ancient cities (the ancient city of Dokkezong and Nywanzong, also known as Songtsam Forest Monastery) is vital to the tourism of Shangri-La County. Do not develop tourism, we can only raise yaks and barley. Objectively speaking, this decade Xiangxian tourism development is indeed relatively fast, but due to the plateau oxygen deficiency winter cold, Shangri-La's tourism season is only half a year, and Lijiang Dali than the starting point is low, small scale. And compared with the Napa Sea, Pudacuo, Songzanlin Temple, the ancient city of Dokuzong is not the hottest tourist hotspot, the commercialization of the atmosphere is thicker than in previous years, but it is still acceptable, there are many local residents in the ancient city, in addition to the northern part of the ancient city (that is, the fire-hit area) the commercialization of the atmosphere is relatively strong, and a large number of other areas of the residential houses. There are also a lot of local residents dancing in Sifang Street Square and the square in front of the Red Army Long March Memorial. The local government has not even begun to collect management fees for the old city, just to attract tourists. So excessive commercialization, for the ancient city of Dokuzong, seems to be a bit "excessive". Dukezong Ancient City Protection Plan was made in 2011, the local planning department and the cultural protection department of the ancient city protection is still very important, I have a deep impression of the local control of the height of the serious, in order to ensure that the two ancient cities between the line of sight corridors and urban style, the majority of the city's building height is controlled in four floors (including) the following. For the ancient city of construction control, on the one hand, to respect the rights and interests of housing owners, on the other hand, to do the pattern of the ancient city and the effective control of the style, is not easy, but the good thing is that most of the residents and merchants refurbishment renovation is still relatively abide by the height and style of the control requirements. My view is that the formation and development of this fire is not necessarily related to tourism development and excessive commercialization. As for the claim that the innkeeper who started the fire was an overseas merchant, I can only say that if it was a local merchant who started the fire what difference does it make? From another point of view, the period of the fire is the tourist off-season, few tourists, no one activities late at night, but may be the cause of the fire perception and rescue delay. Fourth, the "wisdom of ancestors" can solve the ancient city of Shangri-La fire problem? Most of China's ancient architecture for the wooden structure, this form of construction is destined to be associated with fire. Wooden mainly ancient buildings, historical residential building fire due to the material, building form reasons, fire load is much higher than the general building, many times paint, dry wood structure is very easy to burn, after the fire, the flame spreads along the wooden structure and a variety of hanging objects upward and horizontal expansion, in the roof cover the rapid warming, easy to form a "roaring combustion", indoor temperatures Reach more than a thousand degrees, the flame of high temperature smoke from the doors and windows out, and along the corridor, the courtyard quickly extended burn. Because of the combustible materials, the fire time may be longer than the general building. Ancient people facing fire indeed have a lot of wisdom to cope with the policy, from the building of wooden structures in the fire treatment, to the use of wind and fire walls in the form of buildings, to the layout of the building complex in the organization of the water system of streets and alleys, and then to the civil firefighting and disaster relief, there are a number of good experiences and practices to protect some of the ancient city in a certain period of time from the city-wide fire, but these "wisdom But these "wisdom" should not be deified, but also to analyze specific problems. Ancient cities, more open space, less population, the area is not as large as now, the building is not so dense, no electricity and gas problems, "ancestral wisdom" to adapt to the requirements of modern fire prevention, the use of modern firefighting technology, in order to prevent modern fire hazards. In fact, the ancient city, the ancient village, the ancient buildings destroyed in the case of fire, history is not uncommon, modern often happen, which is not much of our country's existing ancient cities and ancient buildings more and more cherish, the fire so painful reason it. Show all