He is one of the three great tragic writers in ancient Greece. Around 525 BC, he was born into a noble family in Eliou, west of Attica. His boyhood was a period of fierce struggle between the aristocrats and civilians in Athens, and a period of transition from aristocratic rule to democracy in Athens, which had an impact on the formation of his world outlook. The Persian War broke out in 492 BC, and Aeschylus actively participated in the war against Persia, including Marathon (490 BC) and Salamis (480 BC). In 472 BC, Aeschylus staged the tragedy "Persians", describing the downfall of the Persian navy in the Battle of Salamis, full of strong patriotism and praising the democratic system in Athens. Around 470 BC, Aeschylus was invited to Sicily to write the tragedy Etna Woman to commemorate the establishment of the city. In 468 BC, Aeschylus lost to the young Sophocles in the drama competition, which made him very angry and thought that Kemon, the leader of oligarchy, opposed him. In 476 BC, Aeschylus staged the trilogy of the tragedy Oedipus and won the first prize. In 458 BC, Aeschylus returned to Sicily and died two years later in the city of Kira in the south of the island. There are different opinions about the reasons why Iku Ross left Athens in his later years. It may be political, and it was the victory of democratic forces and the weakening of aristocratic power that made it difficult for him to accept. Aeschylus took part in the drama competition for the first time in 499 BC, and wrote about 70 plays in his life (about 90 in a word). He won the 13 award before his death, and seven plays were handed down from generation to generation. They are beggars (about 490 BC, about 463 BC), Persians (about 472 BC, the first prize), and. ?
At the beginning of the play, the gods of power and violence took Prometheus to the remote and desolate Caucasus, where craftsmen followed them with hammers and chains and nailed Prometheus to a cliff for punishment. The craftsman couldn't bear to do this, but he didn't dare to disobey Zeus' orders. At the same time, forced by powerful gods and violent gods, he barely completed his mission. After they left, Prometheus could not help sighing, because he loved human beings and attracted Zeus' cruel punishment. The daughters of Changhe God (who formed a choir in the play) heard the sound, saw this terrible scene, blamed Zeus for his violence, and questioned why Zeus punished Prometheus. Prometheus explained the reason to them. It turned out that Prometheus helped Zeus win when Zeus seized his father kronos's power to rule the world. However, after Zeus came to power, he committed the common fault of cruelty and despotism and distrust of his friends. Zeus wanted to destroy mankind, but Prometheus dared to go against Zeus' wishes and save mankind from death. He gave hope to mankind and made people stop worrying about death; He gave people fire so that they could learn all kinds of skills. He claimed that he did it voluntarily, and he accused Zeus of being overbearing. ?
At this time, the river god came to persuade Prometheus to follow his example and yield to Zeus. He was willing to plead with Zeus on behalf of Prometheus. Prometheus despised the weakness of Changhe God, refused his request, and Changhe God left sadly. Prometheus told the daughters of Changhe God that he gave human wisdom, gained ideas, invented characters and letters for human beings, taught human beings to domesticate livestock, sail, use drugs, know how to predict and use mineral resources, and made human beings live a comfortable life. At this time, Io, who was turned into a cow and went crazy, floated to them. At the request of the daughters of Changhe, IO told her own suffering experience. It turned out that Zeus fell in love with her and often appeared in her dreams. The father of the river god kicked her out of the house according to God's instructions. Her image has changed, she has horns on her head, she has been turned into a cow, and she has started a wandering career. Argos, the 100-eyed monster, closely guards her. After the death of the 100-eyed monster, another gadfly continued to sting her and carried her around to Gogasso Mountain. Prometheus told Io that she must continue to wander and endure countless hardships. She will walk through the vast wasteland, through the places where nomadic tribes and barbarians live, across the storm river, over the mountains, across the strait (the sea is called Oxford from now on), and finally reach the Nile, the end of suffering. IO will live there, Zeus will make her change of heart, touch her gently with his hand, and give birth to a son, who will return to Greece later. Prometheus himself can't get rid of suffering for a while, unless Zeus gets married, it will overthrow Zeus himself, because he will have a son stronger than himself. Prometheus also told Io that Heracles, her thirteenth descendant, would come to help him out of his misery. At this time, the gadfly came to sting Io again, causing her to fall into a frenzy. Io left in a hurry to continue his destiny. ?
Prometheus continued to condemn Zeus, hoping that Zeus would be overthrown by a new god stronger than himself because of that marriage. The daughters of Changhe God told Prometheus to be careful what he said, and suggested that Prometheus beg mercy from the god of punishment. Prometheus thought Zeus was insignificant. At this time, God sent Hermes to ask Prometheus what kind of marriage would make Zeus lose power. The arrogant Hermes was laughed at by Prometheus. Prometheus claimed that he hated all gods. They owe him, but they are unfair to him. He also claimed that no matter what torture or tricks Zeus used, he could not be forced to reveal the secret unless Zeus first released him from the shackles. Hermes thought Prometheus was too stubborn and stupid, and asked him to think about what was good for him. He told Prometheus that if he didn't listen to persuasion and gave in to Zeus and told the secret, Zeus would split the cliff with lightning and electric fire and put him under the cliff, and it would be a long time before he could see the sun again. At this time, the bloodthirsty goshawk will peck his liver and torture him every day. Prometheus said he knew it a long time ago. Let thunder and fire strike and let the inevitable fate befall him. Hermes thought that Prometheus' brain was crazy and advised the daughters of Changhe God to leave so as not to suffer with Prometheus. The daughters of Changhe God were dissatisfied with Hermes's accusation against Prometheus. They didn't want to leave Prometheus and abandon their friends, because that was the most disgusting bad habit. ?
As soon as Hermes left, the earth began to tremble, thunder burst, lightning flashed, dust rolled, air surged, and the earth was flawless. Prometheus knew it all came from Zeus. He came up to him and shouted:
Ah, my mother? Ah, the bright atmosphere that shines on everything in the world.
Please look at what unfair abuse I have suffered! ?
The cliff collapsed and the ground cracked, and Prometheus and the choir sank into the underground abyss together in lightning. ?
Prometheus or translated Prometheus binding. It is generally considered to be the first part of Prometheus Trilogy, and the second part is Prometheus Released, in which Zeus reconciled with Prometheus and Hercules released Prometheus. The third part is Prometheus with Fire. The Athenians worship Prometheus and hold a torch parade. ?
Prometheus has a simple plot and uncomplicated structure, but it has always been valued by people and regarded as a classic, mainly because it has created a glorious image of Prometheus who loves human beings and does not succumb to violence. Prometheus, as one of the Titan gods, originally stood on the opposite side of Zeus in a new power struggle in heaven. However, seeing that the Titan gods could not change their violent nature, stood on their own feet, and refused to listen to Prometheus' advice, it was inevitable to fail, so they turned to Zeus' side and helped Zeus defeat the gods of the older generation headed by his father kronos and win the power to rule the world. After Zeus seized power, he soon became bossy and cruel. He doesn't want to repay kindness. Seeing that Prometheus violated his will and protected mankind from extinction, he severely punished Prometheus. Prometheus is strong and unyielding in the face of painful torture. He holds the secret of Zeus' fate. Only Zeus gave in to him first, and he would never ask Zeus for mercy. His glorious and lofty spirit of enduring suffering for mankind is admired and admired by people. Marx praised Prometheus as "the highest saint and martyr in the philosophical calendar". Zeus did not appear in the play, but he was everywhere, because the whole tragedy was the result of Zeus' indiscriminate violence. Aeschylus actually described Zeus as a tyrant, which reflected the poet's democratic spirit. The fate of Io in the play further embodies the cruelty of Zeus and makes Prometheus hate Zeus even more. Other gods are also described in the play, such as the ferocity of the powerful god, the cowardice of the long river god, the vulgarity of the god, and the obedience of the craftsman god. They are like beings around tyrants.
There are not many dramatic actions in this play, but there are many dramatic conflicts in the play because of fierce conceptual contradictions. The script is magnificent and unique, and it is still one of the performances on the stage of classical drama. The story of Prometheus and the play were introduced to readers in China long ago, and there are many versions of the play so far.