Densely planted jujube orchards should be selected in the plains with shelter from the wind and sunny, flat terrain, abundant sunshine, below 900 meters above sea level, deep soil layer, loose texture and fertile farmland. Jujube seedlings are not alkali-tolerant, so people who cultivate jujube trees newly should not be eager for success. The first choice should be to introduce fresh water to wash alkali, deepen the maturation of soil, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and continuously increase the organic matter content of soil through deep ploughing. Heavy clay and gravel soil should be excavated for soil replacement.
2. Soil preparation and base fertilizer application
Dwarfing and close planting are the basis of early high yield of jujube trees. It is to select short-growing (short-branch) varieties and take comprehensive measures to obtain high yield within 3 ~ 5 years after planting, and continuously improve the quality and yield on the premise of ensuring the healthy growth of trees. Therefore, soil preparation and fertilization are the primary conditions for jujube trees to be short, dense, early and high yield.
Sow in spring, fully prepare the soil in the late autumn of the previous year, plow 30 cm, and sow in the early autumn. On the basis of comprehensive soil preparation, according to the designed plant row spacing, carry out 1m square hole soil preparation at the planting point, pile the topsoil and raw soil separately, spread 15-25kg of broken crop straw at the bottom of the pit, and fill the pit with 20-30kg of farm manure and topsoil in each pit. Finally, water raw soil 1 time. Adjust the relationship between water, fertilizer, gas and heat, and maintain a stable environment conducive to the growth of jujube roots.
3. Planting method
3. 1 The selection of seedlings must choose the first-and second-grade seedlings with pure varieties, strong growth, complete roots, no diseases and pests of jujube trees, and firm healing between the rootstock and scion of grafted seedlings. First-class seedlings: height 1.2m or more, ground diameter 1.5cm or more, lateral roots of 2mm or more, and length of 20cm or more; second-class seedlings: height1.2m or more, ground diameter 1.5cm or more, and more than 2 lateral roots.
3.2 The planting time should be later in spring, the best period is April 5-20, and it should be earlier in autumn, from 65438+1October 20 to165438+1October 5 after defoliation.
3.3 Preservation of seedlings After the seedlings in China are dug, they must be transported to the garden on the same day and transplanted in time. Be sure not to be exposed to the sun and the sun. Before shipment, foreign seedlings must be soaked in cow dung (50 kg water and 13 kg cow dung are mixed) and phosphate fertilizer solution (50 kg water and 1.5 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 10 kg clay are used to soak the roots). Soak in (150 ~ 200) × 10-6abt rooting powder (1 No.2 and No.2) solution for 20 ~ 30 minutes before sowing or spray the roots before sowing.
3.4 Choose different varieties and planting densities where planting densities are different. General density can be 1 10 plant /667m2 (2m× 3m), 134 plant /667m2 (2.5m× 2.5m), 167 plant /667m2.
3.5 Planting method Dig a planting pit with a length, a width and a depth of 50 cm square in the center of the dug pit. According to the procedure of "one burying, two stepping, three raising seedlings and four stabilizing", the seedling end should be straight. The planting depth should be 3 ~ 5 cm deeper than the soil mark of seedling diameter. After planting jujube seedlings, the whole stem can be cut off by more than 0.8 ~ 1 m, and the cross section can be tied tightly with plastic strips, greased and sealed with wax.
4. Soil, fertilizer and water management
4. 1 Irrigation jujube seedlings must be irrigated on the day after planting. After 7 ~ 10 days, water is watered for the second time, and then it is watered according to the soil structure, temperature and air temperature.
4.2 scarifying and weeding In order to reduce water evaporation and nutrient consumption, scarifying, supporting seedlings and weeding should be done in time after each irrigation in the growing season. After 3 ~ 4 years, chemical herbicides can also be used to weed, such as prometryn and diuron (mixed with 200 grams of cutting agent and 40 kilograms of water respectively), and sprayed on the surface before the weeds germinate in spring, which has a high weeding effect.
4.3 In the autumn of the year of fertilization and field planting or the spring of the following year, an annular ditch with a width of 30 cm and a depth of 30 cm is opened at the distance from the trunk according to the amount of 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+05 kg of organic fertilizer and 65,438+000 ~ 200 kg of chemical fertilizer per plant, and the fertilizer is evenly applied. In the future, the annual fertilization rate will increase by 30% compared with the previous year. After jujube leaves, the concentration is: urea 0.4%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3%, potassium sulfate 0.5% aqueous solution. Spray it on jujube leaves in sunny morning 10 or after 4 pm, and spray it evenly every 10 day/time.
Step 5: plastic trimming
The purpose of shaping and pruning is to adjust the operation and distribution of nutrients and water, so that young trees can bear fruit early and produce more lignified dates. When planting (grafting) is realized, the yield gradually increases from the second year, and basically forms stable and high yield in the fourth year. The trunk is layered, the height of the tree is less than 2.5 meters, and there are 6 main branches, 3 at the base, 2 at the middle and 1 at the upper part. 5. 1 cultivate three main branches and lateral branches in the first year, cultivate the second lateral branch at the base in the second year, and cultivate two main branches and lateral branches at the same time in the second layer. In the third year, all the lateral branches of the three main branches at the base are matched to cultivate the third main branch, and in the fourth year, the third main branch and lateral branch are formed.
5.2 The 1 th main branch of the three main branches at the base is 20 ~ 25cm from the ground, and the main branch spacing is15 ~ 20 cm; The spacing between the second layer and the first layer is 30 cm, and the spacing between the main branches is 20 ~ 30 cm.
5.3 The main branch at the base is equipped with three lateral branches, 1 the lateral branch is 20 ~ 25cm away from the main branch, and the other lateral branches are kept at a distance of about 30cm. Each main branch above the second floor is equipped with two side branches. Give priority to with winter scissors, summer scissors as a vice. There are also happy, round hammer and horizontal fan-shaped shaping and pruning.