Zhou Yu can be called the Three Kingdoms era of the "always victorious general", he fought many times in the fifteen years of military career, never failed, the most classic battle than the battle of Red Cliff, he was 30,000 people to meet more than 200,000 enemy troops, one for ten to achieve a complete victory, creating a rare classic of the ancient Chinese wars, and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" depicted Zhou Yu although as the commander-in-chief but the battle of Red Cliff is the reason why the victory is entirely because of the Kong Ming straw boat lending arrows, Kong Ming borrowed the east wind, Pang Tong offer a series of plans, then the fact is really so? Engaged in the history and culture of the Three Kingdoms for more than thirty years, Professor Fang Beichen of Sichuan University visited the Hundred Schools Lecture Theatre to tell you about the Three Kingdoms Wu Yu of the flower of the famous generals.
Zhou Yu only lived thirty-six years of age, his military career fifteen years of the most brilliant is in the last three years of his life won three consecutive battles is the battle of Jiangxia, the battle of Red Cliff and the battle of Jiangling, then the three battles is actually a whole can be referred to as a big Red Cliff battle trilogy, the battle of Jiangxia is a battle of Red Cliff preparation and padding, and the battle of Jiangling is the battle of Red Cliff behind the extension of extension, then talk about the battle of Red Cliff must be a whole, the war is not a war. Then speak of the Battle of Red Cliff must be the three great battles synthesized.
First of all, the first battle of Jiangxia, the first battle of the expansion of the territory of Sun Wu to the west of Jingzhou, the first battle of the object of choice in Jiangxia, the target of this place of the military small strong man Huang Zu, Huang Zu is the Jingzhou cutthroat Liu Biao under the generals, because he is in the easternmost part of Jingzhou and the westernmost part of the territory of Sun Wu adjacent to the past, so there is a long time to have a war.
In the fourth year of Jian'an, Zhou Yu accompanied Sun Ce to fight Huang Zu, but that battle was supported by Liu Biao from the west, so the war of annihilation became a war of defeat, Huang Zu successfully escaped, and this time the Jiangxia battle Zhou Yu is determined to fight a complete war of annihilation, and how do he fight? In two steps, the first step first attack Jiangxia Huang Zu's stronghold of a strategic location west of Shinkou, this place has two armed stragglers camps, called Matun and Paotun, then we tell the war must be combined with geography, otherwise it is difficult to hit the nail on the head, and now we will look at the map
At that time, Zhou Yu and their military base camp in Chaisang, the red line is the boundary of the territory between the Wu and Huang Zu, the red line is the Wu and the Huang Zu.
At that time, Zhou Yu's military base was in Chaisang, and the red line is the major demarcation line between Sun Wu and Huang Zu, and Huang Zu's stronghold was in Shinkou, which was later known as the Han Shui (沔水), or the mouth where the Shui River enters the Yangtze River, and is in the Hanyang District of present-day Wuhan.
So why did Zhou Yu take the first step of attacking this side of Matun and Baotun? Because this place we just said is the stronghold of the two major armed militias, and this place is a tributary of the Yangtze River south of the Lushui into the Yangtze River water mouth, this place was called the Lukou, so if this place down to cut off the retreat of the Huang Zu, but also to prevent Liu Biao from the upper reaches of the support of the Huang Zu, which is the battle of the military considerations, the Huang Zu's defense situation at that time is how it is? We still need to review the map, Huang Zu's stronghold on the west bank of the Shinshui River on a high ground, this position is roughly in the present-day Wuhan City, Turtle Mountain that area, so he was high, if your navy from the Yangtze River, you must first pass through the mouth of the Shinshui River, in order to enter the Shinshui River after the shore to launch an attack on him, so he set his defense gate to the mouth of the Shinshui River.
How to defend? He built two big warships which were called aircraft carriers at that time, and this kind of ship had a special name called "Mengchong" at that time, "Meng" actually means that he installed a protective deck to cover it, "Chong" means that it is necessary for the time of the attack. "is that it is necessary when he can also charge forward, you put him helpless, this is the carrier, each ship equipped with five hundred people, five hundred people are strong bow and crossbow with a bow and arrow to shoot at long distances, equivalent to each hand has a handheld bazooka, then the two ships *** counting 1,000 elite archers, bows and arrows, that is as rain, Huang Zu thought this Huang Zu thought that the two carriers in this left and right with me to defend Shinkou, then I Shinkou camp rest easy, he Shinkou camp built into a half-moon, crescent-shaped, this half-moon type of moon at the time known as the supine moon, Zhou Yu's army to come to the Shinkou difficult to enter for a moment, he is very quick and nimble, and immediately instructed the two generals, the two Wu's famous generals, prima donna, and then go to clear the obstacles, the two generals, a name of the Dong Attack a name Ling Tong, each led a hundred soldiers, a hundred soldiers, and a hundred soldiers, and then the two generals, one named Dong Attack, one named Ling Tong, each led a thousand soldiers, one named Ling Tong. Ling Tong, each led a hundred death squad members, wearing double armor, hand-held sharp Wu knife, driving a small fast warships equivalent to our present-day motorboats, the two generals received the order to quickly pass through the gap between the two Shinkou Mengchong, through the target straight to the back of the ship's cables, a command of the one hundred under the death squad, a burst of chaotic knife Mengchong warships all the cables cut, this time Mengchong shook and broke. Cut off, this Mengchong swaying on the drift downstream in the Yangtze River to go, followed by Ling Tong, two carriers by others hit the soft underbelly, instantly disappeared from the mouth of the Shinkou, Zhou Yu's army to the mouth of the Shinkou at once surged in, surged to the Shinkou barracks under the immediate disembarkation, a succession of strong attack, do not give Huang Zu any chance to catch their breath, Huang Zu was completely unexpected, he saw that the situation is not good, immediately abandoned the city to run to the north, and the city of Huang Zu, the city of the Shinkou, the city of the Shinkou, the city of the Shinkou, the city of the Shinkou. He saw that the situation was not good, and immediately abandoned the city and ran to the north, and in the middle of the road, he was chased by Sun Wu's cavalry, and beheaded him on the spot, which is the reason why Huang Zu's power in Jiangxia was completely removed, and Zhou Yu achieved a completely expected victory in this battle.
So what are the characteristics of Zhou Yu's army in this battle? Summarized in four words: "a slow two fast", a slow is the time to prepare for the total attack slow, to wait until the conditions are fully ripe to launch the total attack, not hastily on the launch of the total attack; "two fast", a fast is the strain of the fast, a found Huang Zu's defense is very strong, immediately In response to the actual battle situation, to find out his weak points, a move to control the enemy, strain fast, the second is once launched a strong attack, the action is also fast, do not give the opponent any opportunity to fight back.
Jiangxia battle to Zhou Yu's complete victory and the end, after this battle Sun Wu's sailors, not only in the water, land combat, have been practical training, more important point Zhou Yu also for the Battle of Red Cliffs to choose the duel address, then Zhou Yu choose to meet Cao Cao in Red Cliffs of the mystery, in the end, what is it?
The Battle of Red Cliffs took place in October of the 13th year of Jian'an, half a year after the Battle of Jiangxia, when Zhou Yu led 30,000 men to meet Cao Cao's army, which was called 800,000, but was actually more than 200,000, and it was completely a case of fewer against more, and the opponent was powerful. This battle is very famous because it was the first battle that created the first situation of the Three Kingdoms, how did the two sides of the Battle of Red Cliffs fight? In fact, before Zhou Yu launched the official battle of Red Cliff, the two sides have an encounter, this encounter how the history books recorded?
The history books say: "Quan then sent Yu and Cheng Pu, etc., with the preparation and force against Cao Gong, met in Red Cliff, when Cao Gong army, there have been diseases, the first battle, the army was defeated and retreated, led to the north of the river, Yu, etc. in the south bank." (Three Kingdoms Zhi - Zhou Yu Biography) The history books say that Cao Cao's fleet was defeated in the encounter, and then retreated to the north bank to station, it can be seen that before the encounter, he did not have the intention of staying on the north bank of the Red Cliff, but only after the encounter to the north bank, then why to the north bank to station? Because Zhou Yu first has occupied the south bank, he can only go to stay in the north bank, since Zhou Yu has long been in the south bank, see the choice of this battlefield, Zhou Yu is to do the initiative to choose.
Is there any mystery in choosing to meet Cao Cao at Red Cliff? The answer is Yes, not only yes, but also greatly yes, we now come to crack this mystery.
Zhou Yu chose the duel place in Red Cliff's mystery: one of the mystery is hidden in the ground, the duel place to choose in this place, at least there are three points in favor of: First point because after the elimination of Huang Zu, Lukou, Ma-tun, Bao-tun, this area has become the western end of the western most important military fortresses of the western part of the Wu, Zhou Yu captured the Ma-tun, Bao-tun, the two years after the armed camps of the local stragglers, carefully built, put this place to the west of the Wu, the most important military fortifications. Zhou Yu has carefully built this place into a stronghold, relying on this stronghold to launch a water attack without worrying about the back of the strong support.
The second point is that the south bank of Red Cliff, according to my repeated field trips, is a rolling hill, relatively steep, in which case Cao Cao's surface warships are difficult to launch an attack on the south bank of the place, because it is not easy to disembark relatively in this place.
The third point is that when Zhou Yu set up camp on the south bank, an encounter forced Cao Cao to gain a foothold on the opposite bank. The low-lying marshland, this area is the most famous ancient marshland belonging to the lake area, called Yunmengze, this Yunmengze is still a lot of lakes, "the water of the Honghu Lake ah, wave ah well wave wave ah", the Honghu Red Guard base here.
This kind of zone in the use of military above "Sun Tzu Art of War" inside called the frustration of the Ze, belonging to one of the several kinds of destroyed land, "Sun Tzu Art of War -? Nine land chapter" inside the teaching said: "圮地则行", once into the圮 land to hurry to leave, because this "圮", it means collapse, we now love to say collapse, Zhou Yu occupied the south bank, forcing you to Cao Cao only in the north bank stationed in the north bank, this north bank is the collapse, I push you to the collapse, I'll make you to the collapse, the north bank is the collapse, I'll make you to the collapse, the north bank is the collapse. The north bank is a collapsed ground. If I force you to a collapsed ground, to station and camp, won't it collapse? The first thing I'd like to say is that I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do that.
But the mystery is not only on the ground, but also hidden in the river when the middle, Chibi this place, I went many times to the field to study the current situation of the river in this place is relatively special, it is the width of the upper reaches of the river about 1,500 meters or so, after the Chibi river width rapidly expanding, expanding to nearly 3,000 meters, only the Chibi this section of the river narrowing, it is as if it were a dumbbell, the two big, small in the middle
This is the first time that I have ever seen a dumbbell in the middle of a river, but I have never seen it in my life.
As the river in this place steeply narrowed, the water flow rate steeply increased, the water is very turbulent, not only is turbulent, but also complex, how complex it? After he passed the Red Cliff, he made a steep right turn, right turn to the east, it formed a strong top of the north bank of the river, after the top of the top back, behind the current of a backwash, backwash will make this section of the water more complex, and turbulent, and complex, then in this place, to drive a traditional wooden boat, but also to fight, fast forward, sharp turns, but also to charge, a short period of time can not be practiced this skill, the Sun Wu's The army is not afraid, that is born on the boat, the boat long, the waves, to this place as smooth, but Cao Cao's strength is the cavalry, his infantry, cavalry in the northern steppe grew up, steeply to the Yangtze River, his naval forces to get on the boat, temporarily do dozens of days of training, equivalent to the current driving school will only be ignition, the start of the army put his troops into the water so turbulent and complex to maneuver on the river, but also not Tourism is not self-help tourism but combat, life and death battle, in this case, that is, Zhou Yu do not use fire attack, you Cao Cao are sure to win, how to win? The first thing you need to do is to get your hands dirty.
In order to meet the powerful Cao Cao, Zhou Yu here in Red Cliff did a full two years of homework, it is clear that Zhou Yu's military is characterized by preparedness, do not fight unprepared for the war, however, the war is coming, well-prepared Zhou Yu also did not dare to take it lightly, he is still in the decisive battle before the opponent's power to explore how it is called Strategically contemptuous of the enemy, tactically valued the enemy, then the results of the test of Cao Cao's army! How? Do not test do not know, a test haha laugh, because Cao's shortcomings are completely exposed, due to the water conditions, driving the boat is too poor, more than 200,000 people's ships and too much, so the final encounter in the battle can be presented in the history of the picture, as Huang Gai said: "view Cao's army ships, the first and last, can be burned and go." ("Three Kingdoms Zhi - Zhou Yu biography") He means that Cao Cao's group of dry ducks from the north, driving so many ships in a mess, each of them are engaged in chasing the tail, head-to-tail, tail-to-tail, crowded together, a fire to burn them in a mess and fled.
This is the actual scene of the encounter test out, in the Yangtze River with fire, Zhou Yu and Huang Gai that is the old partner, as early as nine years ago, Jian'an four years, and in the winter of December, they accompanied Sun Ce, once in this area of the Shinkou, is the battle of Jiangxia just now the Shinkou, beat Huang Zu fled in a big defeat, the battle, Sun Ce to the court of the war report inside there are a few words. It is worth noting that he said: "fire put on the wind, the soldiers excited smoke down, whirlwind fire burned, before the lifeless kou" ("Three Kingdoms Zhi - Sun Ce biography" Pei Songzhi notes cited "Wu Records") this first sentence of the fire put on the wind, that one time on the use of the fire attack, burned Huang Zu fled in a mess, just now we looked at the direction of the Yangtze River flows from the southwest to the northeast, the shin kou is so, Red Cliff is so, winter in December, he was in the middle of the battle of Jiang Xia, the Shin Kou. This winter, December, he launched an attack on the river Shinkou is located in the northwest direction, but he is the fire put upwind, in the upwind head of the fire, this winter twelve days in the river to launch an attack to the Shinkou, but also put upwind of the fire, which shows that the rise of the southeasterly wind, if it is a northwesterly wind to set fire to the words, in turn burned themselves, burned the northwestern bank of the Huang Zu can not be this winter should be the north wind! The first time I saw this is when I was a kid, and I was a kid, and I was a kid.
If we use modern science and physics to analyze, the mystery will be cracked, we still use the Red Cliff this figure to do the explanation, because the Yangtze River, the river, is flowing from the southwest to the northeast, the winter is indeed the north wind, often the north wind, or the northwest wind, but assumed to be a positive north wind, so down, because it is almost 45 °,
Assuming that the south bank of the river is relatively high and steep, the south bank of the river, the south bank of the river is relatively high and steep. The south bank of the river is more steep, more steep, then, this wind is blown through the wall as if blowing to a building, in turn, to be reflected back, based on the principle of physics angle of incidence and reflection angle is equal to the principle of the north wind 45 ° river, so a reflection back down to the east, that is to say, to the south bank of the reflection back to the surface of the river is the positive east wind.
If it is the northwest wind, reflected back to the southeast wind, winter winds, but the river is often to start the east or southeast wind, this is where the mystery lies.
Zhou Yu two years ago in this place in the battle of Huang Zu, and then beat down in this area after the build military camp, the situation of the river in this area, the wind situation, not only geography, astronomy, especially the wind on the river, that is certainly like a finger in the eye, because the use of military on the astronomical, the next to know the geography, that is for sure, and the Zhou Yu under the leadership of the Sun Wu's navy, the navy in the river combat, the biggest power is from the wind, but also from the wind, and the wind is not the only power. The biggest power is from the wind, manpower is auxiliary, so how to watch the wind, that is his basic kung fu, if I first in the south bank of the Red Cliffs to establish a foothold, solidly guarded in this place, an encounter to force Cao Cao to stay in the north, and then I'll wait for the wind to rise from the north, there is a north wind will be the east wind, there is a northwesterly wind there is a southeasterly wind, then the wind direction of the fire, not only the wind just to the enemy's camp burning, but also this wind can make us attack, and the wind is the right way to make us attack, and the wind is the best way to make us attack. And this wind can make us attack the sails of the sailboat, blowing is full, is accelerated to the third and fourth gears, the highest gears, the reason why Zhou Yu first set up shop in this place, he did a careful selection of the site to prepare, so the east wind which the east wind, where Zhuge Liang borrowed the wind, what pretends to be a Taoist priest, (worship) the stars and dukes borrowed, that's the Zhou Yu Zhou students, many years of fighting in this place to do their homework to do it out, which is the right solution!
This is the right solution.
So Zhou Yu to the side of the old partner Huang Gai issued instructions, plus surrender, and then wait for the opportunity to wait for the southeast wind, on the launch of the fire attack, this old partner then led the orders and go, the following results are very familiar, I'll simply say, Huang Gai fake surrender, Cao Cao really hit, is a fire Cao Cao fled in a mess, Cao Cao from the marshes of the Yunmengze, through the Huarong this road to escape back to the north in a mess!
The Battle of Red Cliff is a battle between Cao Cao and Zhou Yu, who won the Battle of Red Cliff, and Yunmengze has been Cao Cao's lingering nightmare ever since.
Zhou Yu's military skills in this battle, we can summarize it this way, it is a classic example of ancient times to win more than less, Zhou Yu's reason for victory, first of all, he took the initiative to choose the location of the favorable duel, for the actual test out of the enemy's Achilles' heel, but also the use of special meteorological conditions, and also to take a powerful fire tactics, but also chose to correctly implement the fire attack, so the brilliant success. Zhou Yu's success was due to the fact that he was able to achieve a brilliant success. These points, when distilled down, are the three "knowings": knowledge of the sky, knowledge of the land, and knowledge of the people, and Zhou Yu achieved the three knowings. A question three do not know, three know to three do not know, the result can be imagined, so 54-year-old old man Cao Cao, was defeated in the 34-year-old Zhou Yu under the hands of the ginger or the old hot this sentence is not correct, should be since the ancient heroes out of the young man, the battle of Red Cliff Zhou Yu won all the battles, Cao Cao retreated back to the north, leaving Cao Ren to hold on to the west of the stronghold of the river mausoleum, Zhou Yu to take advantage of the victory and push forward to the west to start the war of the Jiangling, the battle of Jiangling, the essence is the expansion of the battle of Red Cliff, the battle of the Jiangling, the battle of the Jiangling, the battle of the Jiangling. The Battle of Jiangling was in essence an extension of the Battle of Red Cliff, which ultimately led to the historical pattern of the Three Kingdoms, so what kind of talent did Zhou Yu perform in the last battle of his life? As soon as Zhou Yu arrived at Jiangling, he once again brought into play his one-slow-two-quick military maneuver, so how slow was it? That is, he first stationed in the south bank of the city of Jiangling, and then prepared to test the land combat skills of Cao's troops
Land combat is Cao's strengths, in the end, how, you still have to do the test, this time another member of the primus general of the Sun Wu called Gan Ning came to offer that the test place can be selected in the yiling, we still have to look at the map, the jiangling in the northern bank of the Yangtze River, the present Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, yiling is a place to test, we still need to look at the map, jiangling in the north bank, Jingzhou District, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, the yiling is a place to test. Jingzhou district, Yiling is now the city of Yichang in Hubei Province, the relative distance between the two places is about 300 miles
Gan Ning came to offer the idea that you can start a test battle in this place, Gan Ning he is the Yangtze River Three Gorges this area of the people, the Baxian Linjiang County people, the Three Gorges around the geography is very familiar with, so he felt that this place is the best place to test a point, and Zhou Yu is a knowledgable person, who puts forward the best proposal, who is the best implementer, and who is the best person to implement the proposal, and who is the best person to implement the proposal. Zhou Yu, who is the best implementer, like Huang Gai, before launching the fire attack, so he asked Gan Ning to lead a few hundred people to Yiling to launch a test battle, Gan Ning is not a simple role, one to take Yiling City, the main general of Cao's army Cao Ren, the main general of the town of Jiangling City, a look at the city of Yiling City fell, and they are in the situation of two-sided attack, and then deployed the army to go to the city of Yiling to carry out the counter-encirclement, at this time! What to do at this time? Zhou Yu took Lu Meng's strategy, half of the main force to stay in the south bank of Jiangling by Ling Tong to guard, he personally led half of the main force, straight upstream, in the Cao army's counter-envelopment and then a siege, the results of this battle in Yiling Zhou Yu achieved a complete victory.
This test, Zhou Yu has the bottom of the heart, said Cao's army is good at land battles, a test of competence, but so, the troops back to take advantage of the victory of the situation on the concentration of tens of thousands of men and horses across the river to hit the north side of the river, the city of Gangneung to launch a fierce attack, he personally went to the front line of the supervisor of the war, the characteristics of Zhou Yu is that said that must be done, and called others to do it, he will certainly be the first to do it, and must be the first to do it himself as a role model, he took the lead! He led the charge and was hit by a stray arrow in his right chest, which was a serious injury, but he continued to motivate his men and then boosted their morale. Under the continuous onslaught, the defending general Cao Ren could not support him, but of course there was also Guan Yu's pocket at the rear of the battle in the direction of Xiangyang, ready to attack Cao Ren from two sides, which also had a supporting role, and so Cao Ren withdrew his troops back with Cao Cao's approval. In the last big battle of his life, he won another complete victory. The next year Zhou Yu went downstream to see Sun Quan, suggesting to enter Yizhou from the Three Gorges and capture it, Sun Quan approved his plan and let him go back to prepare for the battle, and on his way back from Jianye downstream, he passed through the local Bachu Mountain in Yueyang of the present Hunan province, and during the period of the Three Kingdoms, there were two Bachus, one in the downstream, and the other one in the middle reaches. Bachu Mountain
Unfortunately, he died of illness there, and this death of illness must have something to do with his right chest injury, because of the damage to his health, so Zhou Yu died in peace at the age of thirty-six years old, Zhou Yu's life is over, how to evaluate his military talent? Two points, first, his military career from the age of twenty-one into the military world, to the age of thirty-six, fifteen years, the size of the war countless, never fought a battle, is the Three Kingdoms period of the rare generals, especially the battle of Red Cliffs with 30,000 against Cao Cao's more than 200,000 strong army, but also achieved a complete victory, can be regarded as the classic of the ancient wars of China, that is, the war achievements are brilliant; second, in the last three years of his life, he achieved a successive Secondly, in the last three years of his life, he won the three battles of Jiangxia, Chibi and Jiangling, which extended the western border of Sun-Wu from the middle reaches to the eastern mouth of the Three Gorges, contributing to the historical pattern of a three-pronged situation, with his brilliant achievements and great influence, he can be said to be the best among the famous generals of the Three Kingdoms period. If you add his perfect character and his role as the backbone of the country together, he should be rated as the first perfect general among the famous generals of the Three Kingdoms period, that's my opinion.
Now I summarize with 1+2 reviews, 1 is a big white sentence: "The Battle of the Great Red Cliff is a classic of ancient warfare."
2 is a seven-sentence poem: " The majestic Zhou Gongjin , the flower of famous generals first place"