China's archaeological community that 10,000 to 5,000 years ago is China's Neolithic early, middle, that is, the legendary Shennong era; 5,000 to 6,000 years ago is the late Neolithic to the bronze transition period, that is, the legendary Huangdi era. The two emperors, Yan and Huangdi, were both clan chiefs and titles of clans and tribes, representing two eras, the Yan Emperor Era and the Yellow Emperor Era, respectively. Previously, Hunan also had a history of hundreds of thousands of years of Paleolithic culture. Hunan has a temperate and humid climate, and the area around Jiangyong in its south is a primitive wild rice producer. The Yuchandong site in Dao County, adjacent to Jiangyong, found pottery over 10,000 years old and three complete grains of rice, of which the slightly earlier one is wild rice and the slightly later one is cultivated rice, and retains a combination of wild rice, indica rice and japonica rice, which is the earliest specimen of cultivated rice found in the world so far. This shows that the ancestors of Daoxian County, in front of the wild rice that nature can not meet people's edible needs, through cultivation, transforming the wild rice, taking the lead in opening up the hope of rice culture for mankind.
The middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the late Paleolithic period had become a link of cultural homology between the two sides of the river. Crossing the Jiangling area in Hubei, Hunan Dongting District is a soft soil Liyang alluvial plain, with the natural conditions for the development of large-scale rice culture, from the late Paleolithic period, the ancestors entered this plain one after another. Before the invention of writing, there were ideograms, ideographic paintings and totems in the Pengtoushan Mountain of Li County eight or nine thousand years ago. Concealed, and the middle of the Warring States period "corpse" said "Shennong's seventy world" and "continue the Three Emperors" in the emperor said emperor "five hundred and thirty years" of the time and roughly the same. It can be seen that the Shennong clan from Shaanxi and Gansu moved into Liyang, creating the advantages of increasing the formation of the basic economic form of sedentary agriculture, the development of rice culture to the stage of large-scale agriculture. Pottery is also quite skillful, with many forms of kettle and white pottery, colored pottery is the most characteristic, and its radiation spreads to Yuan, Hunan and western Hubei and other weekly neighbors. Huxiang culture has been more innovative since then. 6500 years ago, Li County, Chengtoushan ancient city and rice paddies were excavated, confirming the legend of Shen Nong's "City in the middle of the sun". Li County, eighty sites found a number of pedestal-style buildings, one of the main part of the foundation of the middle part of the ground about 40 centimeters above the four corners of the horns sticking outward in the shape of horns, the plane was starfish-shaped. This ceremonial center of the site suggests that people: Li County eighty was the center of the Shennong era. The first generation of Shennong when it is from here to set out on a tour of the south for the people to cure the disease, because of the wrong taste of the broken hearted grass and the collapse of the end of the Changsha Tea Township buried. Shennong's clan was embraced as the central clan because of the creation of farming civilization, and its descendants were also invited to multiply in all directions. The last generation of the Yandi tribe was defeated in the Battle of Hanquan, and returned to their ancestral home near the mausoleum of their ancestors. In this way, the entire Hunan culture of the Shennong era, which developed in the heart of the central Shennong clan, was imbued with the spirit of the Shennong clan culture.
Over time, the Huangdi clan emerged from the Yellow River basin and gradually merged and developed with the Yandi clan, forming the Yanhuang alliance, which became the most powerful tribal group in ancient China. Yandi Shennong was the founder of this alliance, and then the Yellow Emperor took his place, united the Central Plains, expanding the four directions, the Yanhuang Group has entered the eve of the emergence of the state of the chieftaincy era. The Yellow Emperor became the first chief and continued to hold high the banner of the Yanhuang Alliance, pushing the primitive civilization initiated by the Yan Emperor to a new stage in history, thus laying the solid foundation of an ancient civilization with the largest number of nationalities and populations in the world, and a stable and united civilization that has been in existence for thousands of years. The culture of Hunan and Hunan then merged and developed into the culture of Yan Huang.
The basic spirit of the Yanhuang culture is highly summarized in the Zhouyi-Series Dictionary as "continuous self-improvement" and "carrying things in the form of virtue", which is a metaphor for the character of both heaven and earth. This generalization is not only reflected in the philosophical concepts of the sages, but more importantly in the basic spirit of the Yanhuang cultural tradition that continues to play a role, which is the spirit of hard work and entrepreneurship in the brave conquest of the flood, the pioneering spirit of scientific and technological inventions, the sacrifice and dedication for the welfare of the people, and the spirit of tolerance and complementarity of the spirit of national unity. In the cultural tradition of Hunan forefathers, who were the first to invent cultivated rice, there is also a character trait of being accustomed to developing subjective initiative and daring to be the first in the world. These characters and spirits have been passed down from generation to generation, and have become the basis of the value orientation and way of thinking of Hunan culture, forming the collectivist value that the national interest is higher than the personal interest, the outstanding patriotism tradition, and the individual's strong sense of responsibility and sense of mission for the prosperity and decline of the country, and the rise and fall of the nation. This value orientation also creates the way of thinking of Hunan culture, that is, the open way of adopting internal and external schools of thought and optimizing the main body of thinking. The above three levels have forged the philosophical thinking from Zhou Dunyi, Hu Hong to Wang Fushan, and their philosophical directions of revering reality, taking initiative, emphasizing action, being open to change, seeking truth, and attaining application. The early 17th century Enlightenment thought represented by Wang Fenshan was not pushed to the forefront of history until the end of the Qing Dynasty, and became an important ideological resource for modern China's salvation movement.
Huxiang culture refers to a historical and cultural form with distinctive features, relative stability and inheritance relationship. The culture of Hunan during the pre-Qin and the two Han dynasties should be included in another historical and cultural form, the Chu culture. The poetry and art of Qu Yuan and the historical relics of Mawangdui have distinctive characteristics of Chu culture. Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the development of historical changes, especially after several large-scale migrations of Song, Yuan and Ming, the people of Hunan have undergone important changes in population, customs, manners and ideology, thus combining and constructing a new regional cultural form, which we call Hunan culture. Of course, it is certain that the Chu culture of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties had an important influence on the Hunan culture constructed after the Song Dynasty, and was one of the sources of Hunan culture. That is why some people want to connect these two cultural forms in Hunan and call them Chu-Xiang culture.
Art:
The Western Han silk paintings unearthed at Mawangdui are one of the sources of Chinese painting, and the Western Han colored lacquer paintings can be said to be the earliest oil paintings in the world. It gave birth to such masters of art as Yi Yuanji, Zhang Yizun and Qi Baishi.
Sports:
Olympic Xiangjun, 2000, Sydney Olympic Games 28 gold medals in Hunan delegation won 7 gold medals. Gold medals: Yang Xia: women's weightlifting 53 kg Jim Xugang: men's weightlifting 77 kg Gong Zhichao: badminton women's singles Liu Xuan: women's gymnastics balance beam Xiong Ni: diving men's three-meter board Xiong Ni/Xiao Hailiang: diving men's three-meter board double Li Xiaopeng: gymnastics men's double bar
Music:
Entertainment of the gods songs and dances, is the early form of song and dance of the folk of Hunan, Hunan continues a long time. . Through the customary folk songs, you can see the Chu people "heavy obscene sacrifices", "Long sacrifices", "welcome the gods to send the gods", "song and drumming" of some of the ancient and simple legacy. Such as in the province's widely circulated "funeral song", "dry dragon boat", "Nuo cavity", "hunting songs", have left some ancient rituals, entertainment traces of God.
Since 1993, in the province and the National Grand Prix, there are more than 500 awards, winning more than 300 works. Spring is full of Tujiazhai", "Cradle Song", "pulling the hand of the Chinese mother", "we are Zhuyi people", "Sunshine and Rain", dance music "Treading Water Ballad", "South Swallow Driving Spring Wind", "Toward Tomorrow's Brilliance", "Song of the Sino-French Group", "Mileage in the Mountains", "Missing Wulingyuan", and "Soul of the Nation" have won the gold medals of the national music awards.
In music theory research, in recent years, a large number of outstanding theoretical achievements and outstanding theoretical talents. More than 200 academic papers on music have been published in public journals above the provincial level, and more than 60 books on music theory have been published.
Song Zuying, Li Guyi, Chen Si Si, Tang Can
Theater:
Xiang Opera is one of the major local theatrical genres in Hunan. It is commonly known as "Dazhou Banzi", "Changsha Banzi" and "Xiangtan Banzi". The name "Xiang Opera" was first used in the preface of Xixing Sanren in the first collection of Hunan Opera Examination published in Changsha in 1920. It is also known as Changsha Xiang Opera because it is sung in "Zhongzhou rhyme and Changsha dialect". Hunan opera includes: Qi Opera, Chenhe Opera, Hengyang Xiang Opera, Wuling Opera, Jinghe Opera, Baling Opera, Xiangkun, Changsha Flower Drum Opera, Shaoyang Flower Drum Opera and so on.
Changsha Flower Drum Opera, among which "playing the gong", "mending pots", "baking room fragrance", "double send grain", "Locke four dads to buy cows", "cattle more than happy sitting in the sedan chair", "eight officials", "laughter and tears of the cause of the play" and other plays are very popular by the majority of the audience. 1983, Hunan Provincial Flower Drum Opera Theatre rehearsal of the mythological drama "Liu Hai Chopping Woodcutter", at the invitation of the Chinese American Association to the United States, to New York, Washington, D.C. performances. Overseas Chinese Daily News, Chinese Express, New York Times and other articles in the review to congratulate the success of the show. Changsha City Flower Drum Theater Troupe performed "Liu Hai Chopping Woodcutter" was also invited to perform in Japan, the reputation of the East.
Dance:
As an important part of Hunan culture, Hunan dance art, has a long history of development and unique artistic style. According to incomplete statistics, Hunan has more than 400 dance styles and thousands of dance programs. Hunan dance art has a long history of development. Hunan national folk dance art flower, sprouting, growing in the Chu culture and Hunan original indigenous culture of the artistic soil. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, the famous court dances of the Tang Dynasty, such as the Green Waist Dance, the White Caracal Dance, and the Cudgel Dance, have also spread to Hunan. Li Qunyu, a Tang man, had seen the dances of the southern beauties in Changsha. He wrote the poem "Dancing at the East Building on the 9th Day of Changsha", describing the scene at that time. The fusion of these foreign songs and dances with local Chu dances and folk songs and dances has created the unique style of Hunan folk songs and dances which are colorful and unique in style. Since ancient times, many ethnic minorities, such as Miao, Tujia, Dong, Yao, Zhuang, Hui, and Wa, have been living in Hunan. Unique ethnic habits, lifestyles and cultural traditions constitute their different dance arts. Miao dance "jumping incense dance", "dragon dance", "shield dance", "pioneer dance", "tea plate dance", "Nuo wish to dance", "crossing dance" and drums, Lusheng dance. Tujia Dance has "Hand Dance", "Maogus", "Eight Treasures Copper Bells", "Battle Drum Dance", "Horse Dance", "Flag Dance", "Tuanjiao Dance", "Meishei Dance", "eight dresses", "Mourning" and so on. The dances of the Dong ethnic group mainly include "Lusheng Dance", "Doye" and "Dongdong Push". Yao dances mainly include Umbrella Dance, Knife Dance, Shield Dance, Short Drum with Sheep's Horns, Incense Dragon and many kinds of ritual dances.
Literature:
The emergence and development of literature in Hunan has roughly gone through four periods. The first period, from Southern Chu during the Warring States period more than 2,000 years ago to the Ming Dynasty, was the period of ancient Hunan and Chu literature. The literary representatives of this period are Qu Yuan, Yin Clang, Li Qunyu, Hu Zeng, Zhou Dunyi, Wang Yining, Le Leifa, Feng Zi Zhen, Ouyang Xuan, Li Dongyang, etc.; the second period, from the Qing Dynasty to the Sino-Japanese War, is the period of Hunan's literature, and the literary representatives of the period are Wang Fuzhi, ageing before the Weiyuan, Tseng Kuo-fan, He Shaoji, Guo Songyi, Deng Fulun, Wang Lunyun, etc. The third period, from the Sino-Japanese War to the time before and after the Xinhai Revolution, is the period of bourgeoisie literature, which is the first period of Hunan literature. The third period, from the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War to the period before and after the Xinhai Revolution, was the period of bourgeois literature. Its literary representatives include Tan Sitong, Chen Tianhua, Ning Tiaoyuan, Yi Shunding, etc. The fourth period, from the spread of Marxism in China before and after the May Fourth Movement to the new period of socialist construction, is the period of new democratic and socialist literature, and its literary representatives include Ouyang Yuqian, Tian Han, Ding Ling, Shen Congwen, Zhang Tianyi, Zhou Yang, Zhou Libo, and Zhang Lubo. Zhou Yang, Zhou Libo, Kang Maou, Mo Yingfeng, Gu Hua, Tan Tan, Sun Jianzhong and so on.
With deep feelings for his motherland and the people, Qu Yuan wrote many poems describing Hunan's landscapes, customs, folk rituals, myths, and legends, which expressed the lives and feelings of the ancient Hunan and Chu people, and laid the cornerstone of Hunan literature while creating a genre of southern Chu and Li Sao literature that was very different in style from that of the Classic of Poetry.
Li Bai, Meng Haoran, Wang Changling, Du Fu, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Li Shangyin and other famous poets of that time had been living in Hunan, and left many immortal works, the great poet Du Fu also died in a lonely boat on the Xiangjiang River. The great poet Du Fu also died on a lonely boat on the Xiangjiang River. Famous literary figures in Hunan during the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties include Zhou Dunyi, Wang Yining, Le Leifa, Feng Zizhen, Ouyang Xuan, Li Dongyang and so on.
In the countryside sage Wang Fuzhi, "the body of the experience, the eyes of the see, is the iron gate limit," the theory of the remote advocacy, Hunan scribes get the wind of the first, by Tao Shu, He Changling, Wei Yuan to carry forward after the formation of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang as the representative of the Hunan school of literature group. They to merit self-approval, to the practical first, writing poetry and composition advocate intervention in life. It was also during this period that Hunan culture matured and tended to flourish. In the prose, appeared to Zeng Guofan as the leader of the Tongcheng ancient Xiangxiang school, emerged Wu Minshu, Deng Fulun and some other famous writers, they are Tongcheng but not adhere to the Tongcheng righteousness, clearly put forward the "economic science" into the scope of literature, that in addition to the articles must pay attention to the righteousness of the reasoning, the evidence, the words, but also should strive to rectify the empty and sparse, the use of the world. In poetry, there was the emergence of He He (何何), who was a poet. In terms of poetry, there appeared He Shaoji, Wang Lunyun and other famous artists. They are all disciples **** very many, literary style, flourished at a time, and reflected in the three Xiang Tianyu, resulting in a strange landscape of Chinese poetry at that time.
The bourgeois literature period, time for the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War to the Xinhai Revolution. Chen Tianhua, the "Great Literary Hero of the Revolutionary Party", skillfully utilized the popular form of rap and plain vernacular language to write works such as "Fierce Retrogression" and "Alarm Bell", which prepared public opinion for the Xinhai Revolutionary Uprising.
Cultural relics:
The Changsha kilns began in the Middle Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Late Tang Dynasty, and declined in the Five Dynasties. During the Late Tang Dynasty, the products of Changsha Kiln were exported to Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia and West Asia, and it was one of the most important ceramic products for China's foreign trade at that time.
Some of the more important ones are the Western Han stirrups, the Wei and Jin human-shaped chandeliers, the Ma Yin iron pots of the Five Dynasties, the Ma Xiguang and Ma Xifan bronze mirrors, the Song bronze rules, the Yuan dynasty blue and white vases with figures and stories, the double-fish plates and the iron cannons of the early Qing dynasty.
Hunan is one of the provinces and regions in the south where the largest number of bronze vessels from the late Shang Dynasty have been found, totaling about 300 pieces. Among them, the particularly important ones are the four-goat square zun of Yue Shan Pu Turning Ear Lun in Ningxiang County, the human-faced square tripod of Zhai Zi Shan in Huang Cai, the elephant zun of Lion-shaped Mountain in Liling, the ox zun of Baojiadaizi in Hengyang City, the ragdoll zun of Jiuhua Golden Basin Carp in Xiangtan County, and the ??head and animal-faced zuns of Huarong, Yueyang, and Changning, etc. These bronze vessels are characterized by high body size, high weight and high quality, which are the most popular in Hunan. These bronzes are known for their tall and heavy body shape, elegant and beautiful decoration, majestic modeling, and excellent casting, and occupy a high position in the treasury of Chinese bronze culture.
Mawangdui Western Han Tomb, Mawangdui Han Tomb is located in the eastern suburbs of Changsha City, Hunan Province, five miles of cards, for a saddle open mound of soil, sealing the mound is more than 10 meters high, about 30 meters in diameter. Originally thought to be five generations of Chu king Ma Yin's tomb, 1972-1974 successive excavations, has unearthed three Western Han Dynasty tombs. According to the evidence, this is the early Western Han dynasty vassal family cemetery. Its tomb structure is very grand and complex, of which the first and third tombs coffin and coffin burials are well preserved.
The excavation of the Mawangdui Han Tomb is of great value to China's history and scientific research, and its unearthed relics are exceptionally valuable. Such as from the third tomb unearthed in the silk book "fifty-two disease formula", after examination, than the "Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine" (written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period) may be even earlier, the book recorded 52 kinds of diseases, but also mentioned more than 100 kinds of disease names, *** loaded with more than 280 square, the use of drugs counted more than 240. This is the earliest prescription that can be seen in China now. The discovery of the "52 Disease Formulas" supplements the content of Lin Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region's medicine before the "Nei Jing" and is a very precious medical heritage.
The excavation of the Neolithic site of Chengtoushan in Li County, the excavation and unearthing of the royal tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, and the unearthing of the Sun-Wu chronicle of the Three Kingdoms in Changsha's Jomalou, were named one of the nation's top ten new archaeological discoveries of 1992, 1993, and 1996, respectively.
Chengnan College of Changsha University of Science and Technology, Foragers of Hunan Culture Tracing Association
Chengnan College of Changsha University of Science and Technology, Foragers of Hunan Culture Tracing Association