The popular areas of Henan Opera are widely distributed, and there are performances of Henan Opera in the north and south of the Yangtze River, on both sides of the Yellow River and even in Xinjiang and Tibet.
Henan Opera belongs to Bangzi Opera in terms of timbre. According to Lvyuan Li's "Qi Lu Lantern" written in the 42nd year of Qianlong (1777) and "Seven Strings Records" written in the 53rd year of Qianlong (1788), local Bangzi opera was popular in Kaifeng and Qixian at that time, and it was combined with Luo opera and Zhu opera.
There are four music schools in Henan Opera: the singing method centered on Kaifeng is called "Xiang Fu Diao"; The singing method centered on Shangqiu is called "Yudong Tune", also known as Dongdong Tune; The singing method circulating in Luoyang is called "Western Henan Tune", also known as Xifu Tune and Back Spring Tune. Sha Hetiao, also known as the local bangzi, is a popular singing method in the Shahe River Basin in southeastern Henan.
According to the legend of artists, the earliest educators of Henan Opera were Jiangmen and Xumen. Jiangmen has classes in Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng, and Xumen in Ji Qinghe, east of Kaifeng. Later, in Kaifeng area, an auspicious tone was formed; Spread to Shangqiu area, forming the eastern Henan tune; A branch that flowed into Luoyang developed into the western Henan tune; A tributary of the Luohe River is called Sha Hetiao.
A famous actor in the history of Henan Opera, according to Mr. Zou Shaohe's recollection: "In Xuan Tong, Yun Jian, Li Xiaodan, was a native of Wu Yang. He was gifted with a good voice, crisp and mellow, and he was full of twists and turns. He tried his best to come up with a new tune. Since Li's appearance, the drama style has changed greatly, and actors have lamented that he is an unprecedented talent. " Famous beard students are Zhang Xiaogan, Zhang Tongqing and Xu. Famous students are Huang Ruxiu (Huang Wa, Gua) and Wang Jinyu (Xiao Huobian). Red-faced kings Tang Yucheng, Cao Wu Zhang Yan, etc.
After 1927, actors Wang Runzhi, Ma Shuangzhi, Chen Suzhen and Chang Xiangyu appeared in Henan Opera. They absorbed some vocals, plays, pendants, drums and Peking Opera performances from Kaifeng and other cities. Fan, Wang Zhennan created a number of new dramas for Chang Xiangyu, which greatly changed the stage art of Henan Opera. 1938 Chang Xiangyu absorbed part of the vocals of eastern Henan tune on the basis of western Henan tune, broke through the boundary and formed a new genre. Chen Suzhen, Cui Lantian, Ma Jinfeng and Yan Lipin. I also got married in my own unique style. Zhao Xiaosheng Yiting, Xu Sheng Tang Xicheng and black-faced Li Sizhong have also become famous actors with their own characteristics.
After 1949, the third group of Henan Henan Opera Theatre mainly performed modern plays, created many new plays and new tunes, and trained a group of actors who were good at performing modern plays, such as Gao Jie, Wei Yun, Liu Lanfang, Ma Lin and Wang Shanpu.
Nowadays, Henan Opera has spread to neighboring provinces in addition to the whole province, and many professional troupes have been established in various places.
Henan Opera has always been famous for its exquisite singing skills, fluent singing, distinctive rhythm and colloquialism. Generally speaking, the articulation is clear, the audience can easily hear it, the performance style is simple, and the local flavor is strong, which is very popular with the audience.
Henan Opera has rich and colorful music, smooth tunes, distinct rhythm, soft and comfortable literary field, vigorous martial arts field and heroic and exciting artistic style. The vocal structure is a plate variant. Lyrics are easy to understand, mostly seven sentences or cross-sentences. It has a unique plate structure and a relatively complete music program. It can be divided into four categories: flexible board, flow board, Barr board and flying board. The accompaniment instruments of Henan Opera are divided into civil and military scenes, including Erxian, Sanxian and Qin Yue, and they are called Sanxian or Sanxian performers. Later, it was replaced by Banhu because of the sharp noise of the two-string timbre. The instruments commonly used in martial arts are Bangu, Tanggu, Big Gong, Small Gong (also known as Ming Gong or Hand Gong), Clam cymbals, Bangzi, Handboard and so on.
The foot color of Henan opera is divided into four parts: four students; Four denier; Four faces. Commonly known as: "four students, four Dan, four painted faces, eight sights (that is, one drum, two gongs, two strings and eight bangzi) and two boxes." The four students are big red face (also called red net and drama students), two red faces (also called instant red face), primary school students and marginal students (also called two red faces); Sidan is Zheng Dan (Tsing Yi), Xiao Dan (Hua Dan, Guimendan), Lao Dan and Shuaidan; The four-flowered faces are blackheads (sub-nets), big flowered faces, two flowered faces and three flowered faces. Because it is a matter of eight men and four women, four students and four faces are called the outer octagon, and the drama dominated by male characters is called the "outer octagon drama".
According to the statistics of 1956, there are 647 traditional plays. The most representative ones are Chasing Huan, Three Feet, Ditangban, Ladder Mouth, Shan Mei Case, Twelve Widows' Sailing to the Western Ocean, etc. Since 1949, traditional plays have been adapted, such as The Matchmaker, Mulan, Mu Commanding, Breaking the Flood State, and the Imperial Decree of the Magistrate of the Tang Dynasty. Modern dramas created and adapted include Chaoyanggou, Liu Hulan, Li Shuangshuang, People Joking, and many plays such as Disciple Rules, Arhat Money, Sister Xianglin, Five Girls and Red women soldiers. Wait a minute. Among them are Mulan, Mu in Command, Imperial edict of Tang Magistrate (seven kinds of sesame officials), Qin Xianglian (Bao Qingtian), Chaoyanggou and People's Pleasure. Have been made into movies.
Cui Lantian's representative works include Three Upper Corners, Miaolang, Qin Xianglian and Taohua Temple. Yan Lipin's representative works include Qin Xuemei, Goldilocks, Hosta and Panfusov. Representative works include Flower Tide, Flower Strange Cavity, Mu Gua Rate and so on. Chen Suzhen's representative works include Peach Blossom Temple, Mulan in Chang Xiangyu, Matchmaker and Broken Bridge.
Henan Opera is also called "Henan Bangzi" and "Henan High-profile". Because the early actors sang with their own voices, they all turned up the tape at the end of the film with falsetto at the beginning and chorus, which is also called "Henan hoe". In the past, when Henan Bangzi performed in the mountainous area of western Henan, it was often built by the mountain, so people also called it "Shout at the back of the mountain". The name "Henan Opera" came into use only after the founding of New China. Henan Opera is popular in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Hubei, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang, and it is one of the most influential operas in China.
Henan Opera came into being in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. At first, it was mainly oratorio, which was deeply loved by the people, so it developed very rapidly. The origin of Henan opera has always been difficult to verify, and there are different opinions. After Shaanxi Opera and Zhou Pu Bangzi were introduced to Henan in the late Ming Dynasty, on the one hand, they were combined with local folk songs and minor tunes, on the other hand, they developed directly from the northern curve tune.
After the formation of Henan Opera, there are four schools: Xiangfu tune in Kaifeng area, Yudong tune in Shangqiu area (also known as East Road tune), Yuxi tune in Luoyang area (also known as Xifu tune or rejuvenation tune) and Shahe tune in Luohe area (also known as local bang). . Singing methods are mainly divided into adagio, Barr board, running board, flying board and other board roads. The main schools are divided into eastern Henan tune and western Henan tune. The male voice of Yudong Tune is loud and exciting, and the female voice is lively and jumping, which is good at expressing comedy style. The western Henan tune has a bleak and tragic male voice and a low and euphemistic female voice, and is good at expressing tragic style.
The main accompaniment instruments of Henan Opera are banhu, erhu, sanxian, pipa, flute, sheng and suona. Clap your hands with a bangzi, and the rhythm is bright and cheerful.
Henan opera has always been a great singer, and the key points of the plot have big-board singing, which often sings heartily and shows unique artistic charm. First of all, the style of Henan opera is full of passionate masculinity, and it is good at expressing grand scenes with strong emotional power; Secondly, it is rich in local characteristics, simple and popular, and naturally close to the lives of ordinary people; Thirdly, the rhythm is clear and powerful, the contradictions and conflicts are sharp, the story begins and ends, and the characters are angular.
There were no actresses in Henan Bangzi before 1927. After the appearance of actresses, five famous performing schools, namely Chang Xiangyu, Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Yan Lipin and Cui Lantian, gradually formed. They are often passionate, lively and fresh, Ma School is vigorous and bright, Cui School is profound and subtle, and Yan School is subtle. At present, there are five schools of peaches and plums.
Henan Opera has more than 1000 traditional repertoires, most of which are based on historical novels and legends. Such as drama, Three Kingdoms, Wagang, Bao Gong, Yang Jiajiang, Yue Jia Jiang, and a large number of dramas describing marriage, love and ethics. After the founding of New China, many modern dramas and new historical dramas describing real life appeared, which further developed the cause of Henan Opera. For example, Chaoyanggou, the marriage of Xiaoerhei, horses cheered by people, bad uncle's marriage, husband who tried to marry, red fruit, red.
One of the local operas in Henan Province. It is mainly popular in Henan Province and parts of Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei and other provinces. Because its early actors sang with their own voices, they turned up the tape at the end of the film with falsetto at the beginning, which was also called "Henan". It was once called "Henan Bangzi", "Henan High-profile" and "Backing the Mountain". After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the name was changed.
The development of history
On the origin of henan opera. First, it was developed on the basis of Henan folk singing art, especially in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and on the basis of popular fashion in the Central Plains, and absorbed artistic achievements such as "string rope". During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty (1736- 1795), Bangzi Opera was popular in Henan Province. According to the content recorded in the inscription at that time, the Forbidden City in Ming Dynasty was "a place where all classes of operas prayed and feasted in those days, which has been forgotten by distant years and I don't know when it was established. During the Daoguang period (182 1- 1850), the river workers burst, the temple collapsed and there were no tiles left. It can be seen that Bangzi Opera existed long before Daoguang. These narratives are consistent with the legends among artists. According to some old artists' memories, when they were studying at around 19 12, they heard the master talk about ten places in Henan, namely, Xiangfu (now Kaifeng), Qixian, Chenliu (now Kaifeng), Weishi, Zhongmou, Tongxu, Yifeng, Fengqiu and Wu Yang. During its spread, Henan Bangzi has formed different styles, such as Xiangfu tune (Kaifeng area), Eastern Henan tune (Shangqiu area), Western Henan tune (Yang Yang area) and Shahe tune (Luohe area).
After the Revolution of 1911, Henan Bangzi entered more and more cities to perform. Famous tea houses in Kaifeng, such as Zhixiang Tea House, Puqing Tea House, Chenghuai Tea House, Qing Tea House, Donghuo Temple Tea House, Le Tong Tea House, etc., all rushed to invite Kanako Class Club, and at that time Yicheng, Tianxing and Gongxing classes became active. Since then, tea houses and theaters have appeared in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xinyang, Shangqiu and other cities to perform Henan Bangzi. In rural areas, every sports meeting to meet the gods will be performed in some areas, most of which belong to Henan Bangzi.
From the end of 1920s to 1930s, the development of Henan Bangzi entered a new stage. During this period, four Henan Bangzi theaters, Yong 'an, Yongle, Yongmin and Le Tong, were successively established in Kaifeng Suoguoji. Many famous artists, such as, Ma Shuangzhi, Si, Li Ruiyun, Chang Xiangyu and Peng Haibao, gathered here. At the beginning of 1935, Yusheng Drama Club headed by Fan was established, and Yongle Stage was changed to Yusheng Theatre. Chen Suzhen's Seven Sages Troupe and Zhao Yiting's Cao Xian Troupe both joined the club. Yusheng Drama Club got rid of some unreasonable systems of the old troupe, reformed the performance and stage art, and performed such plays as Gale, Hate in the Clouds and Bloody. Created by Fan. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, in 1938, the society was changed into the Lion Roar Troupe with the meaning of "awakening the lion's anger".
On 1936, Chang Xiangyu went to Kaifeng House with Zhou Haishui Banshe and performed on the stage of Awakening Henan. 1937, Zhongzhou Opera Research Association was established to perform costume dramas such as The West Chamber and Crying for the Great Wall written by Wang Zhennan, as well as the drama Hit the Ground, which exposed the crime of Japanese imperialist aggression. Beating the Ground is the beginning of modern drama of Henan Opera. At the same time, Wang Runzhi, Ma Shuangzhi, Gu Xi and Yang Jinyu of Yong 'an Stage also performed many traditional plays. The gathering of celebrities promoted the confluence of eastern and western Henan tunes, and promoted the development and perfection of Henan Bangzi. 1938 After the Japanese invaders occupied Kaifeng, the Lion Roar Troupe, Zhou Haishui Taiyi, Chang Xiangyu and other groups and actors successively went to Xi 'an to perform in the northwest urban and rural areas centered on Xi 'an, which expanded the influence and popular area of Henan Opera.
When and where did the Henan Opera Class Club first begin? There is no exam today. According to the legend of old artists, most of the actors of Henan Opera in the past came from Jiangmen and Xumen classes during the Qianlong period, while Kaifeng's "third class", namely Yicheng class, Gongyi class and Gongxing class, is said to have experienced the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
According to Hesheng Daily on February 5, 2006 1965438+, "The Yicheng Office in this province was originally established by Jian Qing, the general staff of the Zhuang people in Kaifeng County. Over the years, ordinary children in Liyuan have sung everywhere and have a good reputation. " 1926, Yi Chengban established the Yong 'an Stage in the Fire Temple of Suoguo Temple in Kaifeng. The organization and management of the stage is divided into front, back and front, and it is mainly responsible for managing various chores in the theater, such as ticket sales, audience reception, tea supply, etc. Backstage, mainly responsible for performance affairs, such as determining plays, assigning roles, suitcases, props and so on.
Star class was originally a class run by Fengqiu, with a long history, and many famous actors of Henan Opera came from this class. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, he constantly performed in Kaifeng. Famous actors are Li (posthumous title Zhuang Chou, Gong Dan) and Yan (Gong Dan, died in 1982), and other main actors are sometimes,, Nie, Kong Xianyu, Zhang and Li Fakui.
The "Six Classes" and "Catch Classes" in Qixian County (county government office) and the "Six Classes" jointly organized by Ma, Wu, Zheng, Hao, Liu and Chang are all famous class clubs after the Revolution of 1911. Actors Shuicheng, Yi Hui, Tiangou, He Yun and Jincheng were all famous at that time.
In 1930s, in addition to Yong 'an stage composed of Yi Chengban, there were two important groups of Henan Opera: Yusheng Drama Club and Zhongzhou Drama Club. Yusheng Drama Club performs at Yusheng Theatre.
From War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to the founding of New China, Henan Opera groups such as Lion Roar Drama Club headed by Fan, Xiangyu Drama Club headed by Chang Xiangyu, Maolan Drama Club and Drama Club have appeared in An successively. There is also the Henan Disaster Children's Drama Club founded by Sun Laoqi (the predecessor of the former Tibet Henan Opera Troupe).
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Henan Henan Opera Theatre was established in 1956. There are a number of professional and amateur screenwriters in Henan Opera, among which Yang Lanchun has made outstanding achievements. Yang Lanchun (from Wu 'an, Hebei, 192 1) adapted and created (partly in cooperation with others) Marriage of Young Black, Man struggles upwards, Liu Hulan, Chaoyanggou, Winter Gone and Spring Came, Biography of Chaoyanggou, etc. At the same time, he also directed many modern and traditional plays. For example, Revenge of Blood and Tears, Red Leaf River, the fiancee of the Volunteers, Qin Xianglian, The Trial and Imperial Decree of the Tang Magistrate, etc., Henan and many other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China have generally established Henan Opera performance groups. 1962 held the symposium of famous and old artists of Henan Opera, and 1980 held the "Report Performance of Henan Opera Schools", which has become one of the most widely circulated operas in China.
Artistic feature
The stage installation of the early Henan Opera performance is very simple, only a reed mat and a foil are needed, and a table and two chairs on the stage can start the performance. Those who beat gongs and drums also serve as "inspection points" After entering the city, with a fixed theater, the stage equipment has been improved. Yusheng Theater has adopted some curtains and scenery, and Dan Jiao's costumes pay attention to "Old Danqing, Zheng Danjun, Hua Dan Romantic". Since then, influenced by Beijing opera costumes, it is basically the same as Beijing opera costumes.
The traditional craft of Henan Opera has strong local characteristics of Henan. Constantly innovating in the long-term artistic practice, the creation is from coarse to fine, and from coarse to fine. From vulgarity to elegance, the performing arts are becoming more and more perfect. At the same time, a large number of artistically successful actors have emerged from all walks of life.
The music of Henan Opera belongs to the Bangzi acoustic cavity system, which is a banqiang type. According to Lvyuan Li's Qiludeng (1777) and Qixian Annals (1788), in the forty-two years of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, local Bangzi opera was popular in Kaifeng and Qixian, also known as "Bangzi". According to the legend of artists, the earliest educators of Henan Opera were Jiangmen and Xumen. Jiangmen is in Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng, and Xumen is in Ji Qinghe, east of Kaifeng. They also have classes. In the process of its development, Henan Opera has formed regional art schools with different styles due to the influence of local voices and folk music. That is, the "auspicious tone" centered on Kaifeng; "Eastern Henan Tune" centered on Shangqiu; "Western Henan Tune" centered on Luoyang (also known as "Xifu Tune"); "Sha Hetiao" was formed in Shahe area in southern Henan. Among them, "Xiangfu Tune" and "Shahe Tune" are similar to "Yudong Tune" in plate structure, mode, melody, rhythm, syntactic composition and pronunciation, so they are collectively called "Yudong Tune". Therefore, today's Henan Opera aria is generally divided into "Eastern Henan Tune" and "Western Henan Tune". Therefore, today's Henan Opera aria music is generally divided into "Eastern Henan Tune" and "Western Henan Tune", each with its own characteristics. The sound guide of "Yudong Tune" is "5", which is based on the phonology of Zhongzhou and Shangqiu and Kaifeng. In traditional singing, falsetto (two tunes) is often used. The voice is high and thin, with more coloratura, which is characterized by excitement, boldness, clarity and fancy. The vocal cord of "Yuxi tune" is "1", which is in Zhongzhou tune. In the early stage of the development of Henan Opera, these two major operas were "each playing its own horn and each singing its own tune". There was communication in the 1930s. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, we should get rid of the "open door concept", communicate with each other, learn from each other, learn from each other's strengths, and achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. The above is the traditional classification of different regions according to distribution in the past, including eastern Henan tune, enjoying happiness tune, Shahe tune and western Henan tune; In addition, according to the differences of vocal music in singing range, the first three categories are unified into Yudong tune, commonly known as "Shangwuyin". Corresponding to these is the western Henan tune with a low range, commonly known as the "next five tones". The vocal music structure of Henan Opera belongs to plate variation, which can be divided into four types: Adagio, Erba, Liuban and Sanban:
Among the four boards of Henan Opera, Baer Board has the strongest expressive force and the richest variety. In addition to Baer's basic board, it can also be divided into slow 28 board, medium 28 board, 28 board, fast 28 board, tight 28 board, tight 28 board and slow singing. It got its name because it used to be composed of two eight boards (eight bars) that were reused. With the continuous enrichment of performance content, this fixed and rigid program has been broken through. Today's Er Ba Ban combines the singing methods of the two major schools, namely, Eastern Henan Tune and Western Henan Tune, and can form hundreds of large aria with two-quarter beats at a time, which are mainly used for narration. It can also change according to the needs of the plot and the emotional changes of the characters, which can not only show bright, lively and happy, but also show anxious, nervous, angry and sad scenes. In addition, Balban can also be derived from big mouth, biting dogs, littering, folding boards, moving benches and so on.
Flexboard includes Flexboard, Golden Hook, Anti-Golden Hook and Windward Board. Generally speaking, it is a three-eye board with 4/4 beats. The singing of the upper and lower sentences starts from the middle eye and falls on the board. The desensitization of the former sentence is free, and the desensitization of the latter sentence is different from that of western Henan. Adagio is one of the commonly used plates in Henan Opera singing. Its prelude has many forms, among which the most commonly used are "six rings", "four rings", "four rings" and "one ring against the wind". The cavity form of adagio can be divided into whole board and scattered board. The whole board is called "the first sentence cavity", and the scattered board is to sing the first sentence (the last sentence) as "planting the board" or "lifting the board" and enter the [soft board] from the second sentence (the next sentence). The basic structure of ordinary sentences in adagio is to divide an aria into two clauses with a small door in the middle; After the whole sentence is sung, there is a falling "eight tones" at the end of the sentence (it can also be reduced to four tones or completely omitted). In addition to the above-mentioned basic structural forms, the linear cavity of the flexible board also has a variety of flower cavities caused by local changes. The first sentence has "first sentence cavity" and "three sentence cavity", and the next sentence has "single board" and "double board". The cavity closing of {Adagio} is also called "lock board", and its basic structure is the same as that of the ordinary next sentence, except that the cavity closing speed gradually slows down, and there is a short door with the sound of closing the cavity. The speed of adagio is flexible. According to the different emotions of its content, it can be fast, medium and slow three.
Running board is also one of the boards commonly used in Henan opera, which is divided into running board, jogging board, running board and running board. Singing is generally in the form of attracting attention and attracting attention. You can change different speeds as needed. The melody is free and flexible, the melody is smooth, and the rhythm jumps, which is suitable for both cheerful and lively scenes and depressing sad emotions. It also derived cribbing, two gong drills and so on. Its main feature is that there are a lot of syncopation rhythms across bars in the melody. Whether it is the ups and downs of singing or the ups and downs of singing melody, most of them appear in the eye position. [Running board] The first sentence falls freely, and the next sentence falls "5" or "1". In the ordinary upper and lower sentence structure, with the fall of the last sentence of the aria, there is generally a voice that follows the cavity. Its introduction prelude is basically the same as [28 board], but the understanding of leaf spring head is different. There are many forms of opening and closing the cavity of the running water board. The key subsidiary boards of the running board mainly include the running board and the two gongs and two praises.
Flying board, also known as "non-board", has no board and no eyes, and its rhythm is free. It is an enduring singing method and belongs to the pine board category. In addition, there are white rolling, board planting and challenges. There are also three formats: cry rhyme, line rhyme and unique rhyme. "Cry Rhyme" expresses grief and sorrow; "Rhyme" is mostly used for vocalization and narration, while "Jueyun" is suitable for expressing decisive and passionate emotions. Generally speaking, the aria of flying board is relatively short, and four, six and eight sentences are transferred to other boards.
The lyrics of the above four genres are generally cross sentences of "334" or seven sentences of "223" meter. Sometimes some long and short sentences with different words are used. For example, clapping in Balban is based on five sentences, and rolling white in Feiban is a prose sentence with singing and white.
Henan opera has always been known for its singing skills, smooth singing and distinct rhythm. In recent years, most actors sing with real voices, so they can generally pronounce the words clearly and the audience can easily hear them clearly. Coupled with exquisite performance, true and touching, and easy-to-understand words, it has become the most attractive drama in Bangzi Opera. Today, Henan Opera is not only spread all over the province, but also spread to neighboring provinces and provinces, cities and autonomous regions such as Gansu, Qinghai, Tianjin, Jilin, Jiangsu, Xinjiang and Tibet, and many professional troupes have been established in various places.
There used to be a saying in the accompaniment band of Henan Opera called "one drum, two gongs, three plays and eight cymbals". In the early Henan Opera, four fans (cymbals and cymbals) and the top angle (the pipe length is about 1 m) were used to create a grand and warm atmosphere. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, martial arts venues were generally composed of percussion instruments such as drums (drums and handpieces), big gongs, cymbals (hand cymbals), second gongs, bangzi, small cymbals (copper plates), wind gongs, big yin drums, wooden fish and bells, among which money was the most commonly used. In the early days, there were three-stringed pipa, and later there were cucurbit silk (that is, banhu), erhu, pipa, flute, suona and sheng. Banhu became the main string of Henan Opera. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), some western musical instruments were added, such as the grand violin, brass instruments and woodwind instruments.
The main musical instruments in the early stage of Henan Opera Band were Daxian (Octagonal Qin Yue, a performer and suona performer), Erxian (a bamboo or wooden piano barrel and a wooden tenor banhu) and Sanxian (a plucked instrument). After 1930s, the big and second strings were gradually abandoned, with tenor Banhu (commonly known as "Piao") as the main string. Since the 1950s, erhu, pipa, bamboo flute, sheng, stuffy son and cello have gradually joined the general literary field. Some also added pendants and guzheng. There are also violins, violas, western brass instruments and woodwinds to form a band that combines Chinese and western music. There are more than 300 kinds of traditional accompaniment cards in Henan Opera, including suona card 130, flute card-20 and string card 170.
Commonly used suona qupai are: [Spring has come], [Dongshan in Dahan], [Xiaohan Dongshan], [Taotao], [Momo], [Gate], [Xiaomen], [Big wind enters the pine], [Small wind enters the pine], [Wen], [Wu].
Commonly used flutes are: Chao, Wu, Cry for Heaven and Shout for the Earth, Pomegranate Flower, Flower Song, Birds Come to Phoenix, Chicken Climbs, and Small Door Opening.
Commonly used in Sixian Qupai are: [small garden], [nine-linked chain], [typo], [little red shoes], [pleasure in suffering], [naughty sand], [oil gourd], [awkward], [abacus] and [marriage].
The main instruments in the martial arts field of Henan Opera Band are Bangu, Tanggu, Gong, Clam, Xiao Gong and Bangzi. There are three types of gongs and drums in the martial arts field of Henan Opera: 1. The opening gongs and drums are mainly composed of "mixed officials", "raw edges" and "Bao Lao Cui". Second, cooperate with the performance movements to set off the gongs and drums of the stage atmosphere. Most of them are the same as Beijing opera, but some of them are called differently. Commonly used are 【 One Gong 】, 【 Two Gong 】, 【 Three Gong 】, 【 Closing Head 】, 【 Four Blowing Head 】, 【 Emergency Wind 】, 【 Battlefield 】 and other forms. Third, the characteristics of gongs and drums and drama in singing are more prominent. Commonly used are [], [], [windward], [take off your boots], [turn your head to nail] and so on. There are all kinds of "running heads" and "a drop of oil" on the running board. There are various kinds of loose boards, such as [non-board head] and [rolling white]. 28 bangongs and drums are the most abundant, which are divided into two categories: single drum and double drum. Except for [string hammer] and [Dragon Palace], single drum sticks are often used as [left inside] and [left outside], and double drum sticks are often used as [five nails hammer], [bangzi spike] and [wind stirring snow]. Plus all kinds of gongs and drums in other attached vocals, there are always more than 100 kinds of gongs and drums.
The main musical instruments in Henan Opera are as follows:
First, the banhu and the piano barrel are half coconut shells covered with paulownia boards. After the 1960s, the original leather strings (inner strings) and rough old silk strings (outer strings) were generally changed to metal strings. Wear bronze finger covers when playing.
Second, the small three-string, plucked musical instruments. Three metal strings, the speaker is masked with a paulownia board and played with a hard pick. Wear a finger cuff on your left hand. The timbre is bright, especially by kneading the strings and sliding them.
Third, Fang Sheng, generally 14 tube.
Four, stuffy, double-reed musical instruments, eight holes, deep and rich pronunciation, mostly used to accompany tragic arias or scenes.
In the aria of Henan opera, the eastern and western Henan tunes call for the same elevation, and some parts of the aria often turn the palace up five degrees, that is, the phenomenon of "taking the sign as the palace"; The tune of "1" is frequently out of tune in western Henan, and some parts of the aria often turn the palace down five degrees, that is, the phenomenon of "taking the clear corner as the palace". In the traditional singing method of Henan Opera, male and female voices are basically in the same tone. In eastern Henan, falsetto is often used in singing, while in western Henan, real voice is often used, and "exploding voice" is often used in clearing corners. In the past, there was a method of changing octave to falsetto in the tunes of eastern and western Henan, which was called falsetto or falsetto.
The characteristics of Henan Bangzi Opera mainly focus on lyrics and dynamics, which is purely in line with the customs and habits of Henan. When it comes to being loved by the audience, it shows the vulgar relationship between people and things in customs and habits, and is integrated with the audience's life actions. Although a bit tacky, but vulgar style, vulgar taste. The lyrics of Henan opera should not be based on classical Chinese, but on the tone and rhythm of the drama. Its narrative is romantic, bittersweet, euphemistic and tortuous, reasonable and influential, mixed with dialects, which everyone can understand. Henan Opera has the advantages of enduring and being loved by the masses: (1) strong entertainment, the sound of gongs and drums, the pitch of stringed instruments, more people singing, less colloquial voices, male characters jumping around on the stage, and female characters twisting around on the stage. After working for many days, the working people will meet each other every year, and many people will huddle together and feel infinitely relaxed and happy. (2) Close to the masses, simple performance, real stage image closer to the real life of farmers, in line with the spleen taste of working people. (3) Easy to understand and learn. Simple tone, popular words, easy to understand and eager to learn. (4) It is a local opera that shows the people of Henan Province, with its loud and straightforward local accent and straightforward expression.
Cosplay
Generally speaking, the roles of Henan Opera are four students, four Dan and four Hua. The troupe is also organized according to "four students, four Dan, four faces, four soldiers, four generals and four maids;" Eight scenes, two boxes of officers and four handymen. "The' four students' are old students, big red faces (red students), two red faces (wusheng) and primary school students." "Four Dan" means big net (black head), big face painting, two face painting and three face painting (ugly). There is also the saying that there are five lives, five Dan and five sides. Actors generally have their own specialties. Some actors are versatile and play other professions.
It is said that the early Henan opera was dominated by "outer octagon" (four students and four sides), and life action plays played an important role. The boundary between big red face and two red faces is very clear, and big red face refers to Guan Yu; Er Hongmian is good at playing Zhao Kuangyin, Qin Qiong, Kang Maocai and other roles, mainly martial arts dramas. Xiaoshengchu is generally divided into civil and military, some actors are both civil and military, and martial arts dramas are better. Danxing (see Figure 7, Henan Opera) only played a secondary role in the era of "Outer Octagon", but with the appearance and gradual increase of actresses, it gained a dominant position in Henan Opera. Dajing won mainly by singing. In addition to performing humor, Sanhua's martial arts drama has many unique skills, such as winding rope, hanging bucket, restoring in the air, exploring the sea, wing top and turning over. All walks of life have their own performance skills. For example, the key to gestures is "the face is too long, the red face is Qi Mei, the niche is lip to lip, and Xiao Dan is chest to chest". The key to bunting in martial arts dramas is "the body is like a snake eye, the fist is like a meteor, and the legs are like a drill; Steady as a boat, anxious as an arrow, fierce, brave, anxious, fast, sitting and standing like a mountain. There are "walking silk", "nine shots", "thirteen shots", "nine noses", "eight shots" and "single drop" on the gun path. The key to the performance of Qing Yi's boudoir door Dan is to "stretch your hands like geese when you go on stage, and put your sleeves around your neck;" Bow your head like a hug and kneel down without showing your neck. " "Talk without looking at people, walk without kicking skirts, men and women don't hold hands, sit down and look at skirts. "The key to Cai Dan's performance is" squint at people and bite your lips when you talk; " "I wriggled all over, and I broke the sweat towel when I walked. Xiao Dan's appearance is "pressing his sideburns when he goes out, tucking his collar with his hands, bending down to lift embroidered shoes, and then tidying up his skirts". The key to Xiao Sheng's performance is "clarity, cleanliness and directness". "Qing" is delicate, with clear lyrics and delicate expression; "Clean" means that the action is clean and neat, just right; "Chong" is a brave and progressive martial art.