①The capital of the United Kingdom, the center of politics, economy, culture and transportation, the largest port in the country, and one of the ten largest cities in the world. It is located in the southeast of England, across the lower banks of the River Thames, 88 kilometers from the estuary, the sea can be reached directly. It consists of the "City of London" and 32 municipalities as "Greater London", with an area of 1,605 square kilometers and a population of 7.5 million (2005); the 12 municipalities around the City of London, which are equivalent to urban areas, are called "Inner London", with an area of 303 square kilometers and a population of 7.5 million. The 12 boroughs around the City of London, equivalent to urban areas, are called "Inner London", with an area of 303 square kilometers and a population of 2.145 million. The climate is warm in winter and cool in summer, with occasional rain that does not last long. Generally speaking, the climate gradually improves in June, with clear skies and mild sunshine; in July and August, it enters the real summer, with bright sunshine, but the temperature is around 20 degrees, and the daytime is particularly long; in September and October, the autumn is high and cool, and in late November it slowly enters the winter, with temperatures below 10 degrees in December and below 10 degrees in February and March of the following year, but there is not a lot of chance of snow; in April and May, it warms up, but it still remains below 15 degrees. The temperature in London is below 10 degrees Celsius, but there's not much chance of snow.
London has a 2,000-year history as the capital of many dynasties and is home to many attractions. It has many world-class museums, art galleries and famous buildings, and is a world-famous tourist attraction, attracting a large number of domestic and foreign tourists to visit here every year. She also has a rich and colorful cultural and educational life, many world-famous universities, colleges and other educational institutions, attracting scholars from all over the world to study here. London has developed transportation, subway, train, ground bus **** car connected to a network, travel is very convenient. London is also a place where you can taste foods from all over the world, and China Town (Chinatown) in the center of the city, with its many Chinese restaurants and Chinese shopping malls, is the center of Chinese activity. The River Thames is the lifeblood of London, stretching over 300 kilometers with beautiful scenery on both sides.
Built in 43 BC. In the sixteenth century, when the Tudor dynasty, maritime transportation is very prosperous. Eighteenth century for the world's largest port city. In the nineteenth century, it became the trade and financial center of Britain. The City of London is a concentration of banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, industry and trade management organizations. West London is the royal palace, parliament, the seat of government departments, but also large stores, theaters and high-class residential areas, many newspapers are also located in the editorial offices here. The East End of London is the docks, industrial areas and workers' housing estates. Britain's most important manufacturing city, Greater London employs one-sixth of the industrial workforce in the UK. Famous for general machinery and electrical machinery; there are also airplanes, precision instruments, automobiles, oil refining, chemicals, clothing, paper, printing, food, cigarettes and other industries. Britain's largest seaport, with an annual throughput of 62 million tons, is also the largest container port in Northwest Europe. The harbor area extends about 50 kilometers along the lower Thames. About 80% of imported goods are barged by barge to terminals and factories along the coast. One of the world's largest air terminals.
Inner London mainly exercises administrative, financial, trade and cultural functions. London was first built by the Romans, around the 1st century A.D., Britain under the domination of the Roman Empire set up the administrative headquarters of the London Nimes, and planned to use the river Tychos as an important transportation channel. However, a bridge was needed to link the two sides of the river, so a bridge was built from the Tower of London to the city, which then quickly developed into a major town of the time. London has maintained its longstanding traditions since the Roman Empire, with historical sites around every corner, and streets and alleyways that show the signs of years gone by. If you visit the Tower of London or Westminster Abbey, you'll feel as if you've stepped back in time for a few hundred years.
London is a bustling city of traffic and hustle and bustle, and many of its buildings are relics of the Victorian era. The tallest building in the city is the Post Office Telecommunications Tower at 189 meters. It houses the Royal Society, the University of London, the Britannic Museum, the Library of Britain (7 million volumes), etc. In 1864 the First International was founded here. The great proletarian revolutionary mentors Marx, Engels and Lenin led the International Workers' Movement here; there is Marx's tomb in Highgate Cemetery. There are many famous buildings, such as Towell Castle (built in 1087), St. Paul's Church (110 meters high), Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey and so on. The original site of Greenwich Observatory in the south-east of the city, which is the starting point of the earth's longitude (prime meridian). If the River Thames is likened to the Milky Way, then London's ministries are the stars around the Milky Way, with Trafalgar Square at its center. From there, it's less than a 45-minute walk to all the major attractions. The subway is centered around Charing Cross station, which is a 15-minute ride from the main attractions. Start at the National Gallery across the square and then decide which way to go. To the east, explore the City of London and the Tower of London. To the west, the West Country is the best place for entertainment and shopping. To the north to the British Museum you can visit the cultural heritage of mankind. To the south, listen to the roar of Big Ben and take a souvenir photo at Buckingham Palace. Since the Roman settlement, bridges have been built over the Thames. 28 bridges of different architectural styles connect the two sides of the Thames. Waterloo Bridge was named by the British in honor of General Wellington's defeat of Napoleon. The most beautiful bridge is the Tower Bridge of London, a tower bridge of unique and imposing style, with five-story towers built on two huge piers. The bridge deck is open and can be lifted separately whenever a ship higher than the bridge deck passes. Connecting the tops of the twin towers is a footbridge that rises 140 meters above the water's surface, and from the top of the towers you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the neighborhood. The City of London grew up around the City of London. From the top of the tower, you can see the beautiful scenery of the neighborhood.
London travel can be said to be very convenient, a Tube ticket can run all over the city, visit the city's scenic spots, during the day, you can visit the cultural atmosphere of the museums, Tower Bridge, monuments and royal palaces, tired of finding a park to take a break, or have a leisurely English afternoon tea, at night, whether it is a music and dance show, a variety of theater, concerts, pubs or nightclubs, can be your night into the climax. At night, music and dance shows, concerts, pubs and nightclubs will bring your evening to a climax. In addition, a must-see shopping experience is the weekend market, which is different from the luxury department stores and elaborate window-shopping, but has more folk local color and a lively and joyful atmosphere. Whether it's old Victorian antiques, rebellious punk clothes, fine handicrafts, or inexpensive clothing accessories, you can find them all in the various large and small markets in London. It is also known as the "center of British tourism". London stands out as one of the world's most famous cities with its long history, colorful and majestic style.
Intercity Transportation
Transportation Guidelines Intra-city Transportation London's Underground, buses and cabs are all convenient means of transportation, and will bring you great convenience when you roam around London. The most popular form of bus transportation for visitors is the red double-decker buses, and there is nothing more convenient and enjoyable than a bus ride in London. A ride on London's buses is something you'll never forget. How to get on a busThere are two types of buses that run through London at the moment. One is the old-fashioned type, where passengers get on and off by the rear of the bus, and there is no door on the bus itself, so passengers can get on and off even if there is no stop, such as when waiting for a green light or in a traffic jam. However, please be careful not to forcefully board or alight from the bus. There are two types of bus stops, one where the bus must stop at the stop (except for full buses) and one where the bus must raise its hand to indicate that it is stopping. There are two types of bus stops: those where the bus must stop on arrival (except for full buses) and those where you must raise your hand to signal the bus to stop. It is natural for Britons to queue when waiting for a bus. However, the person in front of the queue does not necessarily take the same bus, if you do not raise your hand in the queue to indicate, some buses will drive straight through. In addition, in the UK, it is customary to hold your hand straight out in front of you.
London UndergroundThe Underground is commonly known as the "Tube", meaning test tube, pipe. It is the fastest form of transportation in densely populated areas. Britain has the world's first underground railroad. London Underground *** has 11 lines, different lines with different colors. The Tube is so convenient and fast that the busiest Tube stations during peak commuting hours have a train passing through every 2 minutes. The London Underground operates 4O8 kilometers of Tube, with 273 Tube stations, and about 46O trains are in operation during peak transport times. Using the Tube is very simple; first, you must have a Tube map to find the name of the station you are going to, and then, determine which Tube station you are currently located at. Between these two points there will be many different colors of lines connected, you just follow the route, like a game of chess, in order to move forward, in the middle of the change of route, remember to look at the direction of the route, do not go in the opposite direction; and, although the subway station is like a labyrinth, but there are signs at every intersection, follow the instructions to find the platform. Cabs, like double-decker buses, are famous for London's black cabs, commonly known as "Black Cabs". Recently, many cabs have been allowed to be painted in a variety of colors, no longer just the monotonous black, and a ride in one of these classic-looking traditional cabs is a luxury, costing at least three pounds a ride, and the taxi drivers are highly trained and friendly. Taxi drivers are highly trained and friendly. Cab fares start at .00 and are based on mileage thereafter. The fare is indicated on the meter, and a tip of around 10% is usually added to the original fare when you arrive at the station.
Intercity rail is the choice of most people, and driving your own car is not necessary. Airplane flights are quick but expensive, and coach is cheap but takes too much time. Britain is the country that invented the railroad, and if you're interested, you can visit the museum in Darlington to see the first locomotive made by Stevenson. Britain's rail network has a long history and is well connected. There are high-speed trains running on the main trunk lines, and you can travel from London to Edinburgh in about four and a half hours. Britain's mainline trains generally have two types of carriages, First Class and Standard. Standard Open tickets allow you to travel at any time of the day, but are very expensive. If you plan ahead and buy your ticket in advance, you can find a cheaper ticket among the many types of tickets available. If you are a student, you can apply for a railcard and get discounted tickets. Train tickets can be purchased at train stations or booked online. CoachesThe UK has a well-developed and complete road network, and coaches cover considerably more than the rail system, and are relatively inexpensive. If you are going to a more remote place and do not want to take an expensive train, you can reach the coach. Coaches are a little less comfortable than trains, but not a big problem.
Shopping
London is a shopper's paradise, with a mix of old stores that serve the British royal family and small, open-air street stores, most of which are open from 10:00 to 18:00, with Thursdays being a late-night shopping day, when many are open until 19:00 or 20:00. Many of the small street stores are still open on the weekends, which attracts a lot of women. The City of London has two sales a year, the summer sale is about 30%-50% off, during the three weeks from the fourth week of June to the second week of July. The winter sale is 40-60% off and runs from Christmas to the end of January. Stores Regent St. Regent St. is a shopper's paradise for ladies and gentlemen, with the world's largest toy store Hamley's, china store Wedgwood, and knife and fork store Mappin & Webb all located on the street. The street twists and turns, linking Oxford Circus with Piccadilly Circus. It's more intimate than the upscale designer stores on Bond Street. Many of the stores, such as Liberty and Hamletts, have a British feel to them, and nearby Shawrelaw has a wide range of fine suit stores. The people who walk around this street are considered upper-middle-class Brits, and when those English gentlemen in English suits, with slightly pale faces and beige Panama hats, rub shoulders with you, it seems as if time has gone back to the turn of the century, to a distant and romantic era. It's probably a novelty for them to see Asian tourists, too, since this area was a shopping street for royalty and high society in the 19th century. Now the glow has faded but it's still an area of Old English activity and you can observe the elegance that belonged to a previous generation of Britons.
Oxford St. Oxford St. outshines Regent St. and Bond St. in terms of the number of stores and the amount of foot traffic. There are plenty of high street stores, but the casual, relaxed style of the stores geared toward young people is more striking, and it's here that you can get a sense of London's most universal fashion tendencies. The street is also home to Selfridges, London's favorite department store. Burlington Arcade Burlington Arcade consists of two parts: the old and the new. It is famous as a place for fashionable stores and is home to a wide range of high-class brand name stores from the UK and around the world. Turn in from Piccadilly St. and you'll find yourself in a different time and place. Jermyn Street Road (Jermyn St.) on the age of the store, at least more than a hundred years, even if there are three hundred years of history of the old store is not uncommon, so the buildings and store signs are quite quaint, wooden windows a little mottled, through the ancient color. Carling Street is London's most famous book street, from the UK's largest bookstore (Foyles) to a variety of small specialized bookstores.
Cecil Court, a second-hand bookstore close to Leicester Square tube station, is a fun and quirky place to store. Famous gentleman's store (Gentlemen's Perfumer) to be a gentleman is not so simple, you can see a gentleman here to wash his face to repair the line of beard, guaranteed to make you dumbfounded. Those large and small utensils from gargling, spitting, washing face, shaving, sprinkling perfume in a row, you will sincerely admire the British gentleman's meticulous work. T.M.LEWIN British shirt store this store was founded in 1898, the quality and color of the shirt are very stylish, a shirt price of 45 ~ 55 pounds, shirts are placed in a grid of green cabinets, looks quite pleasing to the eye. Paxton & Whitheld has been selling English cheese for three hundred years, and sells all kinds of cheese. Among them, there is a kind of English pie called Pork Pie, which has a flour-battered crust and pork jelly inside, which has a unique taste and costs about 3.45 pounds a piece. The staff are cute, their cheeks are a bit flushed and they look like typical Brits.Foris.89 is a perfume boutique that sells perfume products that are all homemade in the UK. Of course, all kinds of floral fragrance is the mainstream, in addition to the perfume on the body, the most important product is put in the bathroom aromatherapy, you can try the British scent, compared to the Parisian scent of the difference. Berry Bros. & Rudo. LTD. This is a wine specialty interlocking store, celebrating its three hundredth birthday this year, the interior decoration is to maintain the original wood material, so it looks very old nostalgic. The interior is made of the original wood, making it look very old and nostalgic. Employees are all well suited, speak softly, you can also see the old-fashioned corkscrew, wine thermometer ...... price of wine in 6.70 ~ 13.45 pounds. Harrods department store is the largest and most high-style department store in Europe, covering 63,000 square meters,*** seven floors, with a mouth-watering food department on the ground floor.Fortnum & Mason has three hundred years of history of fine food stores. ***Eight floors, basement level with china cups and cooking supplies to accompany food.
Flea Markets: Camden Markets Sat & Sun 08:00-18:00 A wide range of antiques, crafts, clothing and shoe stores. Petticoat Lane Sun 09:00-14:00 A mix of all sorts of people, with a focus on clothing and homeware. Portobello Road Sat 07:00-17:00. once a mecca for London's hippies, with lots of ancient clothing, jewelry, coins and curios.Brixton Market Mon-Sat 08:00-17:30. lots of African and Indian fruits, handicrafts and cassettes. It is also the birthplace of the ultra-short skirt, from which the latest fashions often make their way to the rest of the world.
Leisure and Entertainment
Literary PerformancesLondon offers a wide range of arts and entertainment. Opera, musicals, classical music, rock and roll, jazz, royal ballet, tap dance, everything is available, and tickets are incredibly cheap. There are at least 1,000 theaters in London, mostly staging the works of Shakespeare and George Bernard Shaw. London's theaters can be broadly divided into two types, commercial theaters featuring the works of famous authors performed by famous actors. The most famous are the National Theater and the Royal Shakespeare Theater. In the smaller theaters, you can watch the creations of some fledgling writers, and the atmosphere in the theater is relaxing and enjoyable. Classical concerts in London are very relaxing, the acoustics of the concert halls are very good, and the concert tickets are very cheap. Every year from July to September, London holds the "Classical Music Summer Festival", inviting world-famous conductors and orchestras to perform at the Royal Albert Hall. London's famous concert halls include the Queen Elizabeth Hall, the Albert Hall, the Royal Academy of Music, etc., of which the Royal Festival Hall can be called the top concert hall in London. Ticket prices depend on the quality of the seats and the performers, and are roughly as follows: theater - 20, musical - 30, opera or ballet - 60, classical concert - 30, and rock or jazz concert - 25. Rock or jazz concert tickets in London are not too expensive, and you can also go to a disco and dance.
Sports Catch up with the season in mid-August - early May, visitors can also watch the English Football League and the FA Cup. In the UK, people generally refer to soccer as football rather than soccer, or "soccer football" to distinguish it from "rugby football". Nowadays, soccer has become a very popular sport all over the world, and its birthplace is England. It was played in England as early as the 14th century. It is said to have started as a competition between young people from two villages to kick the ball into the gate of the other village, and then developed into a regular sport. In England alone, there are more than 90 professional soccer teams competing in four divisions, ranging from Division I to Division D. Scotland also has its own soccer league. Scotland also has its own soccer league. Both leagues run from mid-August to early May, with matches every Saturday at 3pm during the season. Fixtures can be found in newspapers and magazines. In addition to the leagues, there is the FA Cup. This is a knockout competition for all professional teams affiliated with the English Football Association and is extremely popular. The final is played on the second Saturday in May. Tickets for league matches are sold at all stadiums. Fans often line up in the morning. If there is a big game on, the tickets are often sold out in advance. Standing room tickets are around the same price, although they are cheap, but there are a lot of fanatical fans here, so if you want to avoid them, you can buy 2-tier seats for around the same price. Tickets for international matches and the FA Cup are hard to come by. You can buy them in advance through organizations such as "Match Info".
MuseumsLondon is home to some of the world's greatest treasures. At the British Museum, you can see the cultural heritage of Egypt and Mesopotamia, as well as India, China and Japan. In the National Gallery, you can enjoy the wonderful works of the masters. The museums and galleries here are spacious and grand, yet cozy and elegant, with a wide range of exhibits. While some of the museums and galleries are being run commercially, places such as the British Museum remain free of charge (sometimes with optional fundraisers). During your stay in London, you can go around every day and enjoy this artistic luxury. In addition, museums and galleries are open most days except Christmas Eve (Dec. 24), Christmas Day (Dec. 25), New Year's Day (Jan. 1) and the first Sunday after Christmas.
The main festivals in London are Christmas, New Year's Day, Easter (sometime in March-April, the first Sunday after the equinox), Thanksgiving Day (the fourth Thursday in November), and others include BANK HOLIDAY (four Mondays of indeterminate date in April, May, August, and one **** after Christmas, associated with other festivals), as well as ROYAL DECLARATION DAY (usually the Queen's birthday, etc.), the above said is a vacation holiday, there are many other holidays shared with the international community, such as Valentine's Day, Halloween, Father's Day, Mother's Day, are not vacation.
British food can be described in one word - "Simple". There are only two ways to prepare it: bake it in the oven or boil it in a pot, cook it without any seasoning, and eat it with salt, pepper, mustard, or hot sauce, depending on your personal preference. Moreover, if you go to London, you will find that basically every meal in London is without potatoes (sweet potatoes)! It's all about respecting people's preferences, but it's also about cutting corners. However, now that you're in the UK, let's experience the charm of British food. Grilled steak, which is widely recognized as a masterpiece of British cuisine, consists of large chunks of raw, greasy beef roasted in the oven, and, as with pan-fried steak, the waiter will ask you whether you prefer it rare or well-done when you order this dish. The beef can be served with a mustard sauce, and the Yorkshire pudding, which is served as a side dish, is also famous. Fish and chips are the "McDonald's" of the UK, and are a cheap and convenient way to eat. Fish and French fries, mostly plaice or cod, are served with salt or vinegar (many Britons use both) and are popular with the general public. Cucumbers and buttery sausages (sausages coated in a batter and deep-fried) are also popular and will whet your appetite. In addition to the English, there are often Spanish and Italian waiters. Their English is heavily accented and not easy to understand. All you have to do is point your finger at the dish you want to order and say "This one, please". Beef patties are made of beef or kidney and have a special flavor that is very tasty when you get used to it, which is a typical lunch in a bistro, so be sure to try it! Dover sole is a delicious fish dish in the UK, and there are several restaurant chains in London that specialize in fish dishes. The plaice caught in the Straits of Dover in particular is light and fresh, and very tasty. An English breakfast begins with orange juice and cornflakes, topped with milk and sugar. Then comes the main course, which is usually salted meat, sausage and fried eggs with sautéed mushrooms or tomatoes (sautéed tomatoes are quite tasty). And, of course, toast. Finally, there is coffee or black tea, or the traditional English milk tea. This is the English breakfast.
Types of BeerBitter Bitter beer has a strong color and a bitter taste. The most representative beer in Britain. mild A dark brown draft beer with a lower bitterness and alcohol content than bitter beer, and a darker color than bitter beer. Pale Ale Pale beer bottled bitter beer, high alcohol content, carbonation, color is very light. A few British foodsSalted meat and eggs are a must for an English breakfast. Eggs are mostly fried. Bath Sweet Bread Sweet bread with raisins or lemon was first made by the people of Bath, hence the name Bath Sweet Bread. Black pudding is sausage containing pig's blood. Cornish pasties are pies filled with meat and vegetables. Devonshire cream is rich in flavor and nutrients. It is often spread on cakes or fruit as a decoration at afternoon tea and is also very tasty. Edinburgh Stones are hard candies in stick form. Gaelic coffee is coffee with cream, sugar, and whiskey. Guinness (trade name) is one of the most popular brands of dark beer. Twilight Tea is a tea served earlier than the main evening meal, featuring sandwiches and other small treats. Irish coffee is made by mixing whiskey with coffee, sugar, and milk. Fruit mince pies are mince pies made by mixing various dried fruits and seasonings together, and are a must-have dish for Christmas dinner. Farmer's Lunch is, as the name suggests, a very simple meal. It consists of cheese, bread, salad, and western-style pickles and can be found in pubs. Lil' Beer is a traditional alias for a variety of draft beers. Scotch eggs are hard-boiled eggs wrapped in ham meat and covered with fried bread. They come in round or square shapes. Shortbreads are slightly hard, crisp cookies. There is a lot of butter. Strong beer is a dark, strong beer made from roasted malt.
Dining customs and tastingsThe British do not drink their beer in one go, but savor the less-foamed, less-gassed draft beer a little at a time. Bitter beer is said to be best served at 13-15 degrees Celsius. Those who are used to drinking light beer at around 7 degrees Celsius are advised to order a Lager.Drinking seats are often available, so you can find a place to stand and drink. If the weather is warm, you can also sit on the benches outside the pub for a nice atmosphere. When you're done, don't forget to return your glass to the counter and say "Thank you! In the nineteenth century, the British high society gentlemen and ladies began to have afternoon tea, which was held in the warmth of the fire in winter and in the blooming gardens in summer. The most important function was for the high society people to contact each other and exchange information. The most important function was to allow high society people to socialize and exchange information, for example, which recent painter's work, or which play they had seen. It was a relaxing and elegant activity, and they did not provide pastries in a self-service manner, but usually in a set, including a pot of tea and a snack, which consisted of sandwiches, cream muffins (Scorn) or cupcakes, and the combination of the snacks varied a bit from one restaurant to the next. The better restaurants will also change the pastries according to the season. Teas include Earl Grey, Darjeeling and Ceylon, with Earl Grey being the most popular.
Traditional English pubs for afternoon tea are aristocratic, while going to a British pub for a couple of cups is definitely a popular culture. In the warm, dimly lit bar, holding a bubbling stout, with three or two friends to drink, is a great pleasure in life. The normally uptight Brits seem to open up at this point, and when you're in London you have to have a seat in a pub to make the trip worthwhile. Another fascinating thing about British pubs is that the beer is delicious and varied, so if you don't have a particular favorite, you might want to try a British beer. British beer to light beer Lager, bitter beer Bitter, black beer Guinness is the main, light beer a little sweet soda flavor, bitter beer after drinking, the root of the tongue a little bit bitter; black beer is a famous product of Ireland, I heard that, when the Irish children have a bad appetite, their parents will give them a little bit of black beer to open the stomach. As for small dishes to go with the drink, traditional foods include charcoal grilled salmon, French fries, and wheat porridge, but most pubs are open from morning until late at night and serve lunch and dinner. As times have changed, so have pubs, with the most popular pub in London now being the 'sports bar', where a large TV screen is installed and people can sit and watch sports broadcasts.
History
London was first a Celtic town, founded by Roman invaders around 50 A.D. as a port on the River Thames and named Londinium. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 7th century A.D., the town was abandoned and the Saxons founded the town of Lundenwic, a mile west of present-day Aldwych. The town of Lundenwic was founded by the Saxons one mile west of present-day Aldwych. It was not until the 9th and 10th centuries A.D. that the old Roman city of London was once again populated. Gradually London grew and expanded, absorbing nearby villages and settlements and spreading in all directions. By the 17th century London was the largest city in the British Empire and Europe, but immediately after the Great Fire of London in 1666, which destroyed most of the city's buildings (miraculously, only about 20 people died in the fire), a decade of rebuilding began, with the construction of landmarks including St. Paul's Cathedral starting during this period. During the Victorian era, London experienced massive growth. The opening of the world's first Underground, the operation of buses, and the railroad line connecting the four corners of the city gave London a new appearance and transportation. In the second half of the 19th century, the population of the city fell dramatically (1851: 128,000; 1871: 75,000; 1901: 27,000), and a large number of new buildings have transformed London from a Georgian city to a city of Victorian character.
The great changes in London in the last 100 years can be said to have begun after the Second World War. During the war, London was heavily bombed by the Nazi Luftwaffe, killing over 30,000 Londoners and destroying most of its buildings, and the unplanned redevelopment of the city between the 1950s and 1970s resulted in the architectural diversity that characterizes today's London, where coal was used by the majority of Londoners in the early 1900s as a fuel for their homes, generating large amounts of smog. This smoke, combined with London's climate, resulted in the city's famous smog, known in English as London Fog. As a result, the English language sometimes refers to London as "The Smoke", which gives London the name "The Fog City". 4,000 people died between December 5 and 9, 1952, and the government introduced the Air Cleansing Act of 1956 to clean up the city's air. As a result, the government introduced the Clean Air Act in 1956, banning the use of smog-producing fuels in some parts of London. Today, London's air quality has improved significantly. The climate is temperate and oceanic, influenced by the North Atlantic Current and the westerly winds. The city of London is often filled with humid fog, hence the nickname "Fog City".
Administrative planning
London's administrative divisionsThe River Thames runs through London, dividing the city into two parts, north and south. The whole of Greater London, including the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben, is divided into the City of London and 32 Boroughs. The City of London is divided into the City of London and 32 Boroughs. The City of London has independent executive and legislative powers and is of a higher order, while the City of Westminster, although called a City, is still one of the London Boroughs. The City of London and the Boroughs are part of the Unitary Authority Region (UAR), a standard class of boroughs. Of these 33 boroughs, the 12 near the center are collectively known as Inner London, and the 20 on the periphery are known as Inner London, using the definition of the Inner London Education Authority. In the definition of the Inner London Education Authority, 12 districts close to the center are collectively called "Inner London" and 20 districts on the periphery are collectively called "Outer London", making a total of 33 districts***. London is the third largest city in Europe. According to the 2001 census, the London borough and its boroughs (approximately 610 square miles) had a population of 7,172,036. About 71% of them are white, 10% are of Indian, Bangladeshi or Pakistani descent, 5% are of black African descent, 5% are of black Caribbean descent, 3% are of mixed race, and about 1% are of Chinese origin. 58.2% of the population are Christian, while 15.8% have no religious affiliation. Around 21.8% of Londoners were born outside the EU. Although London's population is not as large as that of Moscow or Paris, if the population living within the London Metropolitan Borough (6,267 square miles) (approximately 13,945,000 people) is included, it surpasses Paris as the largest metropolitan borough in Europe, with a population larger than that of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland combined. Many people still believe that Britain is an Anglo-Saxon country with an overwhelming white majority. This is not the case, and first-time visitors to London will probably be surprised at how many black, oriental people there are. As the capital of the past British Empire, London has not only hosted the legacy of the old colonies, but also a large number of immigrants, which has given rise to a variety of profound social problems. But on the other hand, this is one of the conditions to become a cosmopolitan city.