Russia's administrative system:
Name of the country The Russian Federation, or Russia (The Russian Federation, The Russia; Российская Федерация,Россия)
Russia
The country's land area 17,075. 400 square kilometers
Population: about 149 million
Consisting of 89 constituent entities of the Federation:
(1) 21 **** and States: Adyge **** and State (Adyge), Altai **** and State, Bashkortostan **** and State, Buryatia **** and State, Dagestan **** and State, Ingushetia **** and State, Kabardino-Balkaria -Balkar*** and State, Kalmykia*** and State-Halimgtangochi, Karachay-Cherkess*** and State, Karelia*** and State, Komi*** and State, Mariel*** and State, Moldavia*** and State, Sakha*** and State (Yakutia), North Ossetia*** and State (Yakutia), North Ossetia*** and State (Yakutia), North Ossetia*** and State (Yakutia) ), North Ossetia*** and State, Tatarstan*** and State (Tatarstan), Tuva*** and State, Udmurt*** and State, Khakass*** and State, Chechnya*** and State, Chuvash*** and State - Chavash*** and State;
(2) 6 krai: Altai Krai, Krasnodar Krai, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Stavropol Krai, and Khabarovsk Krai;
(3) 49 oblasts: Amur, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Kostroma Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Lipetsk Oblast, Magadan Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Orel Oblast, Penza Oblast, Perm Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Rostov, Ryazan, Samara, Saratov, Sakhalin, Sverdlovsk, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tomsk, Tula, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, and Yaroslavl oblasts;
(4) 2 federal municipalities: Moscow and St. Petersburg;
(5) 1 autonomous oblast: Moscow and St. Petersburg;
(6) 2 municipalities: Moscow and St. Petersburg;
(7) 2 municipalities: Moscow and St. Petersburg;
(8) 2 municipalities: Moscow and St. Petersburg (5) 1 autonomous oblast: the Jewish Autonomous Oblast;
(6) 10 national autonomous regions: the Agabryat Autonomous Okrug, the Komipilmyak Autonomous Okrug, the Kryak Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Temer (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug, the Ust-Ordynski Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Evenki Autonomous Okrug, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Russia is a federal state. So these **** and states are independent political systems under its jurisdiction! It's like Hong Kong, Macau in China! However, it just means that these political entities have their own political rights. For example: the right to appoint the prime minister, independent elections, the right to visit the prime minister, a certain amount of military power, the right to legislate (under the premise of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, that is, may not violate the Federal Constitution) and so on.
Of course the Russian government doesn't want them to become independent sovereign states in the future! You can see this in the Russian government's handling of the Chechen **** and state! However, there has been a lot of independence movement in the Chechen region of Russia in the last few years! Russia is a federal state, which is a collection of states, and regions, etc! So it's not just a matter of whether or not they could later become independent and sovereign! It depends on the future political direction of Russia, the degree of stability within Russia, and the political ties between Russia and the major powers of Europe and the United States, among other uncertainties! However, this seems very unlikely at the moment!
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Russian politics: December 12, 1993, the Russian Federation held a referendum to adopt the first constitution of Russia after independence. On December 25 of the same year, the new constitution went into effect. This constitution establishes a federal state system of presidential rule in Russia. The Constitution provides that the President of the Russian Federation is the head of state and the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen; the President determines the internal and external policy of the country in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; the President appoints the Prime Minister of the Federal Government, Deputy Prime Ministers and Ministers of all ministries, and presides over the meetings of the Federal Government; the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the country and heads the National Security Council; the President is empowered to dissolve the parliament, and Parliament may impeach the President only on charges of treason or other very serious crimes, which are confirmed by the Supreme Court. Under the Constitution, the Federal Assembly is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers, the Federation Council (the upper house) and the State Duma (the lower house). The Council of Federation consists of two deputies from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation: one from the representative and one from the executive power of the state, and its main functions are to approve federal laws, changes in the boundaries of the constituent entities of the Federation, presidential decrees on the state of war and state of emergency, decisions on the stationing of troops outside the borders of the Russian Federation, the election and impeachment of the President, and issues of relations between the center and the localities. The State Duma, Russia's legislative body, consists of 450 deputies elected every four years, half of whom are elected by one deputy from each of the country's 225 large electoral districts, and the other half of whom are elected by the parties that contested the election with more than 5 percent of the vote, distributed according to the number of votes they received. In accordance with the Russian Constitution, not only does a party that has not crossed the 5 per cent mark not participate in the allocation of party seats, but also deputies elected as independent candidates in local constituencies do not have the right to form a separate group of deputies in the State Duma. The main duties of the State Duma are to draft and enact national laws, to consider the President's appointment of the Prime Minister and to decide on the confidence to be placed in the President. The State Duma has more than 20 committees, including the Committee on International Affairs, the Committee on Security, the Committee on National Defense, the Committee on Legislation, the Committee on Economic Policy, and the Committee on Nationalities. (The State Duma was first established in 1906 as an elected legislature during the Tsarist era and was dissolved in March 1917.After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia elected its first State Duma in December 1993.) However, a decision of the State Duma to institute proceedings and a decision of the Federation Council to remove the President from office must be adopted by a two-thirds vote of all the members of both houses of parliament and must be recommended by not less than one-third of the members of the State Duma. The Constitution provides that the Government of the Russian Federation is the executive power of the Russian Federation. The Federal Government consists of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers and Federal Ministers of the Federal Government. The Constitution also provides for the equality of rights and status of the subjects of the Federation (*** and States, krais, oblasts, autonomous oblasts and autonomous regions). The status of the subjects of the Russian Federation may be changed only after mutual consultation between the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Constitution.
History of Russia:
Modernly, it is generally believed that the history of Russia dates back to the foundation of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. However, human beings have inhabited the territory of Russia since time immemorial.
In the 6th century, the Eastern Slavs gradually migrated to the European part of Russia, etc. In 862, the Wallachians, led by Rurik, conquered the Eastern Slavs and established the Rurik dynasty, and in 882, Kievan Rus' was established; in the 12th century, it split into a number of independent principalities, and in 1237, when the Mongols invaded, they established the Khanate of Chincha.
Ivan IV Moscow was founded in 1147 by Grand Duke Yuri Dolgoruki of Vladimir. Dolgoruki was its founder. The statue of him wearing a battle helmet, clad in iron armor, holding a shield in his left hand and straddling a horse with both legs has been standing in the square in front of the Moscow City Hall in the middle section of Tver Street in the center of Moscow. 1547, Grand Duke Ivan IV of Moscow was crowned tsar and built the Kremlin, and the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into the political, economic, cultural and religious center of the northeastern Rus' and led the other duchies out of the rule of the Mongol Tartars, making Rus' an independent state. which made Rus an independent state.
In the more than 1,000 years of Russia's history, there were only two dynasties, apart from 240 years of Tatar rule. The first dynasty was the Rurik dynasty, founded in the 9th century AD. The period of Kievan Rus, mentioned above, was the beginning of the Rurik dynasty. after the death of Ivan IV (the Terrible)'s son, Fedor, in 1598, the Rurik dynasty became extinct, and the Rurik dynasty, which had ruled Russia for more than 700 years, died out.
Romanov Dynasty
The sudden death of Godunov in 1605 led to a period of chaos in Russia. This period of turmoil did not come to an end until the militias of Minin and Pozharsky of Nizhny Novgorod drove the Polish invasion forces out of Moscow, and in 1613 the nobles elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov, a relative of Ivan IV, as the new tsar. In 1613 the nobles elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov, a relative of Ivan IV, as the new tsar and established the Romanov dynasty. This dynasty lasted for 18 tsars before the last tsar, Nicholas II, was overthrown in the Russian February Revolution that took place in 1917.
Russian Empire
Peter the Great In the 17th century, many European countries were developing rapidly, while serfdom was still prevalent in Russia. In order to follow the example of the West, Peter I sent a mission to Western Europe in 1697, and he himself accompanied the mission under a pseudonym, and after returning home, he implemented a series of reforms, known as the Peter I Reforms, which improved Russia's strength in all aspects of politics, military, economy, science and culture.In 1721, Peter I proclaimed Russia as an empire.
The period of Ekaterina II, with its unprecedented territorial expansion, was called the "Golden Age of the Empire."
Russia's Provisional Government
After the bourgeois February Revolution, the Provisional Government of Russia (PGR) was formed under the control of Kerensky and a number of other Social Revolutionaries and Constitutional Democrats. This government was controlled by the royalist parties that had originally supported the Tsar and by those that supported Lenin and Leon? This government was attacked by both the Royalist Party, which supported the Tsar, and the ****proletarian Party, which supported Lenin and Leon Trotsky, and the government adopted a policy of severe repression against both opposing forces. The government ruled with administrative corruption, economic collapse, and still participated in the imperialist World War I. It was therefore unpopular, and was finally overthrown by the October Revolution in the Russian calendar month of 1917, when Kerensky left the country and some of its leaders were arrested or fled, and some of them became the leaders of the armed anti-Soviet insurgency. After the Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks came to power.
Rule during the Soviet period
After the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet ****productivist party gained power, practiced ****productivist policies, and absorbed other small countries to become constituent states, and named the country the Soviet Union. In the early years of the regime, there was a civil war between the Red Army and the White Army, in which the Red Army was victorious. After the death of Lenin, Stalin assumed leadership and practiced dictatorship. In addition, successive leaders of the Soviet Union included Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Chekanenko, and Gorbachev. The Soviet Union was engaged in a Cold War with the United States and other Western capitalist countries in the 1950s and 1970s. in the 1990s, the union **** and countries became independent, and the Soviet regime collapsed in 1991.
Modern Russia
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation, with the name "Russian Federation", practiced capitalism and a presidential system. Boris Yeltsin was the first president and Vladimir Putin was the second (and current) president. The Russian Federation has strengthened its cooperation with the West, but the Chechen issue remains unresolved.
Specific details can be found at:
References:
Physical geography: 17,070,540,000 square kilometers (76% of the former Soviet Union's territory), ranking the world's First place. Located in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, most of its European territory is the Eastern European Plain. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The longest east-west is 9,000 kilometers, and the widest north-south is 4,000 kilometers. Land neighbors are Norway and Finland to the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus to the west, Ukraine to the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan to the south, and China, Mongolia and North Korea to the southeast. To the east, it is separated from Japan and the United States by the sea. The coastline is 33,807 kilometers long. Most of the area is in the north temperate zone, with a varied and predominantly continental climate. Temperature differences are generally large, with average temperatures ranging from -1°C to -37°C in January and 11°C to 27°C in July. Annual precipitation averages 150-1000 millimeters.
Capital: Moscow, with a population of about 8.5 million (as of December 2002).
On May 16, 1995, it became a friendship city with Beijing.