[róng dòng]
Rock cave
Editor? Discussion 4
This entry is compiled and applied by the scientific encyclopedia entry of "Popular Science China"? Review.
Karst cave is an underground space formed by karst in soluble rock. The formation of karst caves is the result of long-term dissolution of groundwater in limestone areas. Insoluble calcium carbonate in limestone can be converted into soluble calcium bicarbonate under the action of water and carbon dioxide. Due to the different calcium content and different degrees of erosion in each part of limestone layer, it gradually dissolves and is divided into independent, changeable, steep and beautiful peaks and grotesque caves, and the resulting landform is generally called karst landform.
Chinese name
Rock cave
Foreign name
Rock cave
Another name
karst landform
raw material
CaCO3 calcium carbonate
catalogue
1? brief introduction
2? Formation principle
3? Geomorphological features
4? Main classification
5? Famous caves
6? Photography skills
brief introduction
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Karst caves are underground spaces formed by karst in soluble rocks, also known as karst landforms.
Formation principle
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Terrible cave
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Caves formed by karstification. ? [ 1]?
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate has the property that when it meets water with dissolved CO2, it will become soluble calcium bicarbonate [Ca (HCO3) 2] CaCO3+CO2+H2O = Ca (HCO3) 2. If the water in which calcium bicarbonate is dissolved is heated or the pressure is suddenly reduced, the calcium bicarbonate dissolved in water will decompose and become calcium carbonate again. While releasing carbon dioxide. Ca(HCO3)2 =CaCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O, and these reactions occur constantly in nature, thus forming various landscapes in caves.
For example, the world-famous Guilin Cave, the Shihua Cave in Beijing and the Dragon Palace in Meishan, Loudi are masterpieces created by the slow erosion of water and carbon dioxide. When water dissolved with calcium bicarbonate drips from the top to the bottom of the cave, the solubility of carbon dioxide will decrease and calcium carbonate will be precipitated due to the evaporation of water or the decrease of pressure and the change of temperature. After millions of years of accumulation, these sediments gradually formed stalactites, stalagmites and so on. If water with dissolved calcium bicarbonate drips from the top of the cave, with the evaporation of water and carbon dioxide, the precipitated calcium carbonate will accumulate into stalactites, stone curtains and stone flowers. When stalactites at the top of the cave are connected with stalagmites on the ground, strange stone pillars will be formed. ? [2]?
In nature, rainwater containing dissolved carbon dioxide will partially dissolve limestone strata and convert calcium carbonate into soluble calcium bicarbonate.
Yichun Zhushan Dong
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Calcium carbonate+carbon dioxide +H2O = calcium bicarbonate 2
When heating or pressure drops suddenly, the dissolved calcium bicarbonate will decompose and become calcium carbonate precipitation again.
Ca(HCO3)2=CaCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O
Nature has repeatedly repeated the above reactions for a long time. Thus, various strange and spectacular caves have been formed, such as Qixingyan in Guilin, Qixingyan in reed flute cave and Zhaoqing, Zhushan Cave in Yichun, etc. There are various stalactites and stalagmites in the cave, which are formed by calcium carbonate deposited after decomposition of calcium bicarbonate.
Natural river water or well water often contains impurities such as calcium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate. If the content is large, this kind of water is called hard water. Hard water is not suitable for industrial water, because it will form scale when heated and decomposed in the boiler, which will lead to poor heat conduction, waste of fuel and even accidents. Hard water is not suitable for drinking either. Long-term drinking will cause digestive system and urinary system diseases. Washing clothes with hard water has poor washing effect.
Karst refers to the landform where soluble rocks, especially carbonate rocks (such as limestone and gypsum) are dissolved and sometimes deposited by running water containing carbon dioxide. They are usually strange in shape, including caves, stone buds, stone gullies, stone forests, caves, underground rivers and cliffs. There are often many strange peaks in this landform area.
This landform is found in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places in China. This is how the grotesque grottoes presented by the famous Guilin landscape were formed.
Formerly known as karst, it originated from a place name in the former Yugoslavia.
Surface water plays an important role in the erosion of sediments or rocks passing by during the movement, including the transportation of debris under the action of hydrodynamic force, the chemical dissolution of rocks or sediments by water, and the abrasion of debris during transportation. Karst landform is the result of groundwater erosion on carbonate rocks. Under the action of water flow, steep coast, curved gullies, suspended valleys with high ice erosion and magnificent grand canyons have been formed. "Drops of water pierce the stone" is also a portrayal of the chemical erosion of water.
Geomorphological features
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The width of the cave is like a square, the narrowness is like a corridor, and the height is 30 meters high. The whole cave twists and turns in the plane and can be divided into three layers vertically. During the rainy season, there is running water in the whole cave, which becomes an underground river and falls on the slope to form a waterfall; In dry season, there is water in some areas, forming underground lakes, and there may be pools with deep water, which can be called bottomless pools. The largest cave in the world is the Mammoth Cave in the Appalachian Mountains of North America. It is located in Kentucky, with a depth of 64 kilometers and a total length of 250 kilometers.
Main classification
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According to its development and evolution, karst can be divided into the following six types.
1) Surface water dissolves along the joint surface or fracture surface in limestone, forming a karst ditch (or karst trough), and the limestone originally distributed in layers is divided into stone pillars or stalagmites by the karst ditch.
2) Surface water permeates and dissolves downward along limestone cracks, and a sinkhole is formed when the depth exceeds100m. ..
3) The groundwater falling from the sinkhole flows laterally to the aquifer, forming a karst cave.
4) With the formation of underground caves, the surface collapses, and those with large collapse depth and small area are called collapse funnels, while those with small depth and large area are called collapse ponds.
5) Long-term joint action of groundwater dissolution and collapse forms slopes and valleys and natural bridges.
6) When the ground rises, the original caves and underground rivers are taken out of the ground and turned into dry valleys and stone forests, and the dissolution of groundwater continues under the old caves and underground rivers. The stone forest in Lunan, Yunnan Province is the product of the first stage (ditch-dissolving stage), and the natural scenery here is particularly charming because of the touching legend of Ashima girl. Elephant trunk mountain in Guilin was formed when the primitive underground river was exposed to the surface. In Guangxi, you can often see this kind of cave exposed to the surface, commonly known as "fairy mirror" or "fairy mirror".
Famous caves
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The longest known cave in China is Shuanghe Cave in Suiyang County, Guizhou Province, with a proven length of 159438+04km. The deepest is Wujiadao Cave in Shuicheng, Guizhou. It is 430 meters deep.
China is a country with many caves, especially those in Guangxi, such as Qixingyan in Guilin and reed flute cave. The Yunshui Cave near Zhoukoudian in the southwest suburb of Beijing is 6 12 meters deep and has seven "halls" connected by a narrow corridor. At the end of the cave is a huge stalagmite, which has the reputation of eighteen arhats. Behind stalagmites is an unfathomable sinkhole, which also has a certain scale. Although the keel cave in Zhoukoudian is small, it is the residence of our ancestors. The White Car Cave in Ji Ming, Zhenxiong County, Yunnan Province is like a bowl with a dissolving hammer, which is very beautiful.
Meishan palace
Meishan Dragon Palace is a national AAAA-level scenic spot, a national scenic spot in China, a national natural and cultural heritage, and a new Xiaoxiang scenic spot in Hunan Province, which is the preferred tourist destination for Hunan people.
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Meishan Dragon Palace (24 photos)
Located on the Zishui River in Xinhua County, Loudi City, Hunan Province, Meishan Dragon Palace is a large-scale karst cave group integrating karst geological landscapes such as caves, canyons, peak forests, cliffs, streams, funnels and underground rivers. It has nine caves, the proven length is over 2870 meters, and the developed tourist route is 1.896 meters, including a mysterious underground river with a length of 466 meters, which is rare in the world. The whole abode of fairies and immortals is divided into six scenic spots: Dragon Palace welcoming guests, Clear Water Lotus Palace, Jade Palace, Dragon Palace Wonderland, Dragon Palace amorous feelings and Dragon and Phoenix scenery.
The landscape in the Dragon Palace Cave in Meishan is dazzling, and there are countless peerless wonders. The waterway is mysterious, you can row boats, tread water to find immortals and look up at the Dragon Palace. The dry road is winding and secluded, you can walk and see, and the peaks turn, and you can taste stalagmites and stalactites. There is also the Canyon Sea of Clouds, the place where it was born, the Jade Emperor Tiangong, the Yuan Xian of Tiangong, the ancient riverbed, and the five caves in the world, which are so beautiful that it is dizzying.
Professor Lv Cunyue, consultant of China National Tourism Administration and China Academy of Social Sciences, called it "the most beautiful geological museum in Asia"; Professor Zhu, former director of the Institute of Karst Studies of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and president of the National Cave Research Association, also rated it as "the first in Hunan, the first in the country, the first in the world, and the first cave in the world".
According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor arrived in Woong San, he turned the dragon peak with lush forehead into nine green dragons, and swam into Kowloon Pool along nine clear springs, reaching all corners of the country. Jiulong swam into Zishui and was attracted by the beautiful scenery of Shizhu Bay in Youxi, Meishan. They are very happy, swimming in the water, flying in the clouds and dancing in caves. They didn't want to leave for a long time and lived for thousands of years. Xinhua was called Meishan in ancient times, and later generations called this cave Meishan Dragon Palace. ? [3]?
Baichedong
Baiche Cave is located in Baiche County, Yunnan Province, Ji Ming Province, diagonally opposite Eagle Cave, half a kilometer above Weihe River. It is about 12km from the slope head and 100km from the county seat. Walk for about 20 minutes after getting off the bus. Go along the white driveway and turn right at the place called "Little Ladder". The road is difficult to walk, and you need to climb a high stone ladder. Not far from the foot of the rock is the "White Car Cave". There is a double hole in this cave. You can clearly see the scene at the junction of the three provinces of Jiming at the entrance. There is a small crack in the rock wall above the cave, which is the double hole of the White Car Cave. The cave is so narrow that people who are not small can't get in. The road inside is dark and dull, so you can't get in without a light source. The road in the cave is rugged and hits the wall everywhere. Unless you climb, you can't get in, and there is a small checkpoint, which is a hurdle. Climb to the foot of the fence and go in first. After crawling for a minute or two, you can reach the beautiful and charming cave hall. The temperature in the hall is slightly higher than that outside, and it will make people sweat in winter. The cave is resplendent and magnificent, like a paradise on earth.
Knot hole
At the entrance of Yunshui Cave, there are three characters "Yunshui Cave" inscribed by Mr. Zhao Puchu. When you enter the cave, you will see stalactites and stalagmites in the cave. Yunshui Cave is more than 600 meters deep and naturally forms six halls. The first hall is more than 50 meters high and 30 meters wide. The scenery in the museum includes Crouching Tiger Rock, Black Dragon Pool, Erlong Mountain, Semi-Suspended Mountain and Flame Cave. In the second hall, there are South Buddha, Yanshan Mountain, Zaoer Lishan Mountain, Wang Lian the Lion, Stone Man, playing with Pearl Dragon, climbing big pillars and reclining Buddha. The climbing tower in the hall is the most striking. It is a stalagmite with a height of 37 meters, ten meters higher than the tallest stalagmite in Qixingyan, Guilin. It is not only the top stalagmite in China, but also one of the few stalagmites in the world. The scenery of the three halls, four halls, five halls and six halls is also very pleasing to the eye. The colorful and bizarre natural scenery is really strange. The "Eighteen Arhats Hall" is surrounded by a group of stone arhats, which are scattered and varied, like a solemn Dojo, which is incredible.
Huanglong Cave
Huanglong Cave is located in Zhang County, Hunan Province.
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Wulingyuan Scenic Spot, the core scenic spot in Zhangjiajie, is famous for its top honors such as "Wonder of Cave in the World", "All-around Champion of Cave in the World" and "The Most Beautiful Tourist Cave in China". It has been proved that the total area of the cave bottom is 6,543,800 square meters; The cave is divided into four layers, the cave is in it, the mountain is in it, the mountain has holes, and the river is in it. According to the investigation by Chinese and foreign geological experts, Huanglong Cave contains all the contents of cave science because of its large scale, complete contents and beautiful scenery. Huanglong Cave is unique in the world because of its huge three-dimensional structure cave space, rich cave landscape, land and water sightseeing routes and internal natural air conditioning.
Shihuadong
A scene of Shihua Cave-Penglai Fairy Island? [4]
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Shihuadong is located in Nancheying Village, Fangshan District, Beijing, 50 kilometers away from Beijing downtown and 0/5 kilometers away from Fangshan/KLOC. Shihua Cave is called Qianzhen Cave because of its mysterious shape. It is also called the Stone Flower Cave, because there are all kinds of colorful and wonderful flowers in it.
Through the investigation of cave experts at home and abroad, it is considered that the karst deposition of Shihua Cave is the highest in China, and its aesthetic value and scientific research value can also rank among the top caves in the world. Reed flute cave in Guilin, Yuhua Cave in Fujian and Yaolin Cave in Hangzhou are also called the four caves in China. It is a national-level scenic spot, Fangshan World Geopark Cave Group Tourist Area, National Geopark, national AAAA-level tourist scenic spot and geoscience knowledge popular science education base.
On September 8, 2005, it won the title of "Best Cave Wonder in China".
Zhijin cave
Zhijin Cave is located in Guanzhai Township, 23km northeast of zhijin county, and 20km away from Guiyang, the provincial capital. 1980 In April, the tourist resources investigation team organized by zhijin county Municipal People's Government discovered this cave. It is a multi-level and multi-type karst cave, with a length of 6.6 kilometers, the widest point 175 meters, and the relative height difference exceeding 150 meters. The whole cave has a volume of 5 million cubic meters and a wide space, with three floors in total. There are more than 40 kinds of karst deposits in the cave, showing some main morphological categories of karst caves. Zhijin Cave is the essence of this scenic spot, and it is a treasure house of large-scale and peculiar cave resources discovered in China. The depth of the cave is 10 kilometers, the widest part of the two walls is 173 meters, and the highest part is 50 meters.
On September 8, 2005, it won the title of "Best Cave Wonder in China".
Attachment: Ten Most Beautiful Grottoes in China.
0 1 Zhijin Cave 02 Huanglong Cave 03 Tenglong Cave 04 Dragon Palace 05 Benxi Water Cave 06 Furong Cave 07 Lushan Baiyun Cave 08 Shihua Cave 09 Yuhua Cave 10 Meishan Dragon Palace
Hunan Anhua Qinglong cave
The longest cave in China is Qinglong Cave in Anhua, Hunan. During the period of 1998, seven farmers in this town brought their own dry food and flashlights to explore. After successful exploration, they were developed. This cave is 35 kilometers long, which is the longest in China. It was said that there was a dragon locked inside, but there were stalactites on the cave wall, which looked like a big dragon.
Pingtang natural karst cave group
In August, 20 14, an investigation team discovered a large-scale natural karst cave group in Pingtang, which is located on the mountainside of Longjing Formation in Haji Village, named "Green Wave", about17km away from the county seat. ? [5]?
The cave is about 50 meters wide and 30 meters high, which can accommodate hundreds of people and has a stove. The big hole in the cave is covered with small holes, and stone curtains, stone flowers and cloud basins abound. There are gorgeous stalactites and stalagmites in the cave. This natural cave consists of seven caves, including Niudong, Gelinbo, Tiansheng bridge opening, Liang Dong and Yinpan. The holes are connected, and it takes three to five hours to walk. ? [5]?
In 1950s, in order to avoid bandits, villagers drove all the cows to hide inside and built a protective wall at the entrance of the cave, which is the origin of the cow hole. In order to avoid bandits, the Laoyang family moved from Mapo to Longjing Formation in Haji Village on 1948. Because there was no house, they lived in the cave. ? [5]?
Photography skills
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Cave photography needs preparation in advance.
Baichedong in Yunnan, Guangxi and Ji Ming Provinces
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It is best to choose a SLR camera with built-in metering. The bigger the aperture, the better. It is best to use a wide-angle zoom lens. A flashlight should be prepared to provide illumination for the operation.
Generally, there are decorative lights in the cave. When taking pictures, you should pay attention to avoid direct light to the lens and use a hood.
Cave photography should use flash. If conditions permit, you can prepare several more, equipped with synchronous sensors. Generally, the humidity in the cave is high, and the temperature difference between inside and outside the cave is obvious, so the camera often casts a layer of water vapor on the lens after entering the cave. The prevention method is to seal the camera with a plastic bag before entering the hole, and then take it out for use 30 minutes after entering the hole.
Getting Started Atlas More Atlas
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Participating pictures (7)
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