1, plants 2, animals 3, musical instruments 4, nature 5, places.
1. Plants (metaphor or symbol): fragrant grass, banana, phoenix tree, pine and cypress, bamboo, plum blossom, orchid, chrysanthemum, peony, peach blossom and flowering.
1, Cao Fang: (1) The endless and ubiquitous spring grass is far away from the horizon, which is a metaphor for the sadness of parting. Yuefu Poems: Grass by the Qingqing River and Philip Burkart Road.
(2) Expressed endless hope: Bai Juyi: The vast grass crosses the plain and comes and goes with the four seasons. Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it. 2. Lotus: Because "lotus" and "pity" are homonyms, there are many poems about lotus in ancient poetry to express love. For example, "Xizhou Qu" by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties: "Lotus is picked in autumn in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the lotus is over the head; Bow your head to get lotus seeds, which are as green as water. "
3. Plum blossom: totally, indomitable character. Wang Anshi's plum blossom "is far from snow, because it has a delicate fragrance." The poem not only describes the reasons why plum blossoms are scattered by the wind, but also implicitly shows the purity and whiteness of plum blossoms, which has received the artistic effect of good fragrance and lewdness. Lu you's "operator": scattered into mud, crushed into dust, only the fragrance remains. Plum blossom is used to describe a person's unfortunate experience of being destroyed and his noble sentiment of not wanting to go with the flow.
4. Pine and cypress: It symbolizes loneliness, tenacity and unyielding. "The Analects of Confucius": "Cold knows the decline of pines and cypresses."
5, bamboo: green and straight, thriving and indomitable. Zheng Banqiao: "I insist that the green hills are not relaxed, because the roots are breaking the rocks. A thousand blows are still strong, and the wind is east, west, north and south. " 6. "Liu" image
(1) The words "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic, which often means parting. "Where to wake up tonight? Yang Liuan and Xiao Feng's "Canyue" three sentences express Liu Yong's nostalgia for his lover.
(2) In front of the eaves and behind the houses, it is often used as a symbol of hometown. "A tall building in Wan Li is like Tingzhou." Expressed Xu Hun's infinite concern for his hometown.
(3) "Willow" catkins are erratic and often used as a way to send sorrow. "Excuse me, how much leisure, Yichuan tobacco, town wind. It rains when the plums are yellow. " A few words vividly illustrate the depth of Zhu He's sadness at this time.
7. Sorrow: There is a saying in the Book of Songs that the doctor of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty passed by the old capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty and saw that the old capital was covered with millet, thus lamenting the destruction of the imperial ancestral temple. Later, "plum tree" was often used to express regret and sadness about the past prosperity and decline of this country.
8, vegetation: compare the desolation and prosperity of vegetation to express ups and downs. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. (Du Fu's "Shu Xiang"), there are weeds and flowers beside Suzaku Bridge, and the sunset at Wuyi Lane is oblique. (Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane). Sang Yu's Huai Nan Zi: "When the sun sets, the scenery is at the end of the tree, which is called Sang Yu." "Sang Yu" refers to the place where the sun sets and the corner of the sun shines, which was later compared with the old times. For example, Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting: "The cold corner has gone, and the mulberry is not too late."
9. Chrysanthemum symbolizes nobility, seclusion and exquisiteness; Peach blossom symbolizes the beauty's face; Peony symbolizes nobility and wealth; Huayang symbolizes falling and scattering.
Animals: cuckoo, crow, swan goose, bluebird, partridge/Sha Ou, cricket, cicada, ape, swallow, fish.
1. Crow: According to superstition, it is an ominous bird. It often appears in graves and other desolate places. In ancient poetry, it is often associated with decadent and desolate things, and sometimes compared with villains or ordinary people. Qin Guan: Outside the sunset, 10,000 points are in the west of Western jackdaw, and the water flows around the lonely village. Ma Zhiyuan: The old vine is a faint crow, the small bridge is a flowing family, the ancient road is a thin horse, and the heartbroken people are in the end of the world.
2. Hongyan and Jade Bird: In ancient poetry, they are messengers of books, referring to audio information. Bluebird, it is said that the Queen Mother of the West has three bluebirds. One of them was sent as an emissary to inform Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the other two came with the Queen Mother of the West to serve her. Li Shangyin: There are not many roads from Pengshan to Bluebird. Listen! -Give me what she said! . Jing Li: The bluebird doesn't spread the news outside the cloud, and the lilacs are sad in the rain. Li Qingzhao: When the words return, the moon is full of the West Building.
3. cricket: also known as promoting weaving, meaning melancholy. The Book of Songs: "July is in the wild, August is in the house, September is in the house, and October crickets come under my bed." Describe the rules of cricket in detail. At that time, the ancients thought that the sound of cricket was similar to that of a loom, and the season was late autumn, so it was associated with the promotion of people's textile, the preparation of winter clothes and even the lack of recruitment.
Nineteen ancient poems: the bright moon
Open and aboveboard, promoting and singing the East Wall.
4, cicada: living in high branches, sleeping in the wind, not eating fireworks, metaphor for noble character. Poetry "Three Musts" Luo "Political Prisoners Listen to Cicada" His flight went through the fog heavily, and his pure voice was drowned in the world of wind. Who knows if he is still singing? Who is the heart of the table?
Yu Shinan's "Cicada" drinks clear dew, and the sound is sparse. Cicada is far away from cicada because cicada is on a tall tree, not relying on autumn wind. Li Shangyin's cicada made his pure heart hungry, and you sang in vain all night. Oh, this last broken breath, in the green indifferent trees! . 5. Swallow (1) Swallows become a symbol of love because they fly together.
(2) The habit of swallows clinging to their nests has become the sustenance of expressing current events and personnel metabolism in classical poetry. "In the old society, Wang Xietang flew into the homes of ordinary people." It not only implied the prosperity of Wuyi Lane in the past, but also revealed the poet's infinite feelings in the face of changes in the past and the present. (3) The symbol of spring means happiness. Bai Juyi: A few early warblers compete to warm the trees, and the new swallow pecks at the spring mud. 6. partridge: the song of partridge, such as "You can't walk like a brother", is often used to set off the difficulty of the situation or the melancholy of the mood. Such as Xin Qiji's "Bodhisattva Man"; "The river is worried at night, and the mountains are deeply heard."
Li Bai's Visit to Yue Gu: Gou Jian, the king of Yue, broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home. Maid-in-waiting is like a flower in Man Chun Hall, but only partridges are flying today. What images are mainly selected in this poem? What kind of emotion permeates the poet? How do these images express emotions? The selected images are: soldiers with gorgeous clothes, ladies as beautiful as flowers and pure as jade, palaces, partridges and so on. Expressed deep feelings about the ups and downs of the past. (or "express ups and downs") The first three sentences are extremely powerful, victorious and glorious, and the last sentence is only broken and desolate. The strong contrast before and after expresses the ups and downs of the past to the fullest.
Third, instrumental music: Qiang flute (Qiang tube, flute), Hu Jia, pipa, defensive horn.
1, Qiangdi, Hu Jia: an ancient western musical instrument, making a mournful sound. It is often mentioned in frontier fortress poems in Tang Dynasty, which often refers to homesickness frontier fortress. Wang Zhihuan: Why should a strong brother complain about Liu? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass. Li Bai: The sound of the flute flying darkly scattered into the east wind of Los Angeles. Li Yi's On Listening to the Flute at Night on the Wall of the Countryside is like snow before Yuefeng, and the moon outside the city is like frost. I don't know where the bleak reed flute blows and I look at my hometown all night. 2. About music tunes
In ancient poetry, some music names often appear in sentences, and these music often have specific meanings, emotions or implications, which have a direct effect on the overall image or emotional expression of the whole poem.
(1) Guan Shanyue-Yuefu tune, writing more about defense and parting. For example, "the new sound of pipa dance is always the old love." (Wang Changling's "Seven Military Services" (2))
② Plum Blossom-the name of the tune. For example, "The Jade Emperor blows the Yellow Crane Tower, and plum blossoms fall in Jiangcheng in May." (Li Bai's "Listening to the Flute on the Yellow Crane Tower with Shilang Zhong Qin") Imagine the plum blossom falling all over the sky from the flute sound of "plum blossom falling", and then the plum blossom falling produces a cold feeling, showing yearning.
(3) yushu backyard flower, the backyard flower, is said to have been composed by a late master in the Southern Dynasties with a beautiful voice. For example, "a strong business woman doesn't know how to hate her country, but she still sings backyard flowers across the river." (Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai)
(4) Colorful Feather-a dance music adapted from Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which mainly shows the scene of crowing and dancing. Such as: "until the sound of drums from Yuyang shook the earth and broke the tune of rainbow skirts and feather clothes." (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)
(5) Yang Liuqiu: Yang Liuzhi, a Yuefu song, sometimes called Zheliu, mainly describes military life. From Liang and Chen to the Tang Dynasty, most of them are sad words, and most of them miss recruiting people. For example, "why should a strong brother complain about Liu?" The spring breeze is just Yumen Pass. " (Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci") "I heard the willow in the flute, but I didn't see the spring scenery." (Li Bai's Six Poems of Xia Sai is one of them).
(6) Difficult to walk: The name of an ancient song is full of human hardships and sadness of parting. Such as: "After the snow in Tianshan Mountain, the sea is cold, and the flute plays" Difficult to Walk "(Li Yi's" Joining the Army in the North "). Fourth, natural categories: white clouds, bright moon, water, ice and snow.
1, floating clouds: often associated with wandering travelers. Li Bai's Farewell to Friends: I will think of you in the clouds, so think of me in the sunset.
Sometimes it is also a metaphor for all forces and villains who hinder the progress of history. For example, Wang Anshi's "Climbing the Peak": I am not afraid of floating clouds covering my eyes, I am only at the top. A cloud rose between the light in the sky and me in Li Bai's "Nanjing on the Phoenix Terrace", hiding his city from my melancholy heart.
2, ice and snow: loyalty and noble character. Wang Changling's "Farewell to Furong Inn and Xin Qiji": "If Luoyang's relatives and friends ask each other, there is an ice heart in the jade pot." 5. Place category: Nanpu, Baling, Changting and West Building (borrowed)
1, West Building: The West Building is only a symbolic concept, or refers to boudoir, or refers to a place where people once met, or refers to a lonely residence, or refers to climbing the moon and thinking about one side. Poetry generally refers to the West Building, and often refers to sadness. It is a place to bid farewell to sadness or look at the old country, lover and friends. Li Yu's Night Cry: There is nothing to say when going to the West Building alone, and the moon is like a hook. Li Qingzhao's Dried Plums: Who gave Yun Jin a book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Xin Qiji's "Expressing Feelings for New Words": Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow, fall in love with the building and express their feelings for new words.
2. Leaning on the railing: it means "standing on the railing", but the words "leaning on the railing", "leaning on the railing" and "leaning on the railing" in poetry have different meanings.
One is leaning against the other, which is two small moves, but the strength, modality and mentality are very different, which is worth tasting. Touch the railing with both hands, stand upright and overlook, there is a kind of generous and sad state, while leaning against the railing makes the body's center of gravity completely depend on it, and there is a delicate and powerless posture. It was by remembering these two verbs that the poet wrote "leaning against the bar" and "leaning against the building" in almost various ways. Expressing longing for the future, mourning, depression, or impassioned. Li Yu: Don't lean against the fence alone. It is infinite, and it is easier to see when you are away. Yue Fei: Angry and rushing to the crown, leaning against the bar.
"Water Dragon Hidden": After seeing Wu Gou, I photographed the railing all over, and no one would attend. Du Fu: There is a war outside the Great Wall, there are mountains outside the Great Wall, and there are tears at the railing. .
Fan Zhongyan's Su Curtain: Building Alone. Wine turns into homesickness and tears. 6. Seasonal festivals 1. Mid-Autumn Festival
August 15 is a festival for the whole family to enjoy the moon, so most people miss their loved ones on this day. For example, Tang's "Looking at the Bright Moon at Fifteen Nights": Tonight, people in white look forward to the bright moon. I wonder whose home Qiu Si will be.
2. Chongyang
On the ninth day of September, the ancients took Nine shuyun as Yang. On the Double Ninth Festival, the ancients had the custom of climbing and drinking. As Du Fu wrote in "Nine Days": Chongyang drank a glass of wine alone, and went to the riverside stage when he was ill. 3. Cold food
The day before in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the Cold Food Festival banned fire for three days, and every household banned smoking, which was related to cold, unhappiness and depression. If the rain forbids fire and eats cold, the warbler sits alone on the river and listens. (Tang Wei Wu Ying's Cold Food for Shi Jing Brothers) 4. Qingming Festival
The name of the March solar term is also the day to worship ancestors and sweep graves. For example, Du Mu's "Qingming Festival": There are many rains during the Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls.
Throw a pen: abandon the text and follow the martial arts. Abandoning the disease "Shuidiao Song Tou": "If you don't learn from Ban Chao's pen, you will win the title of Wan Li and languish in the old frontier state." The Great Wall: a general guarding the border. Lu you's book of wrath "boasts on the Great Wall, and the temples in the mirror have faded."
Loulan: the enemy of the border, breaking Loulan: making contributions. Wang Changling's "Joining the Army" "The yellow sand wears a hundred battles, and the loulan is not returned." Liu Ying: Military camp, a well-disciplined military camp. Volunteer: Kill the enemy and serve the country.
Yue Fei's "Feeling of Red Climbing the Yellow Crane Tower": When to seek a sharp line and whip across the Qinghe River? 56: the pronoun of hermit
Dongli: Pastoral life or leisure? Li Qingzhao: After dusk, Dongli wine is full of dark fragrance.
Mitsui: the place where hermits live. Tao Qian's "Come home to Xi Ci": "The three paths will be barren, and the pine chrysanthemum will still exist."