The emperor, the supreme ruler of a feudal state, had supreme power. The emperor was the leader of both government and religion. The emperor had the power to make laws, administrative decisions and military command. In China, the name "emperor" was first defined and used by Emperor Qin Shi Huang. The name "emperor" was first used by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who was the first to use the name.
China has produced 230 emperors in a period of 2,131 years, from 221 B.C., when Emperor Qin Shi Huang became emperor, to 1911, when Emperor Xuantong abdicated.
The first emperor was Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who was the first emperor of China, and the first emperor of China was the first emperor of China. The first emperor was Qin Shi Huang, the last emperor was Emperor Xuan Tong. The longest reigning emperor in China was Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, who reigned for 62 years. China's shortest reign was that of Ming Guangzong of the Ming Dynasty, who reigned for only 1 month, while the other emperors were Liu Xie of the Han Dynasty, who reigned for 27 days, and Wanyan Chenglin, the last emperor of the Jin Dynasty, who reigned for 1 day.
We have chosen 10 emperors with their own characteristics to introduce. They are Qin Shi Huang, Emperor Wu of Han, Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizu of Song, Emperor Taizu of Yuan, Emperor Taizu of Ming, Emperor Chengzu of Ming, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng, Emperor Guangxu. These 10 emperors were involved in seven major dynasties, including Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing.
Ancient Chinese emperors of the archives literature, extremely rich. Here can only make the most rough introduction.
One Qin Shi Huang
]Qin Shi Huang, the name of Ying Zheng. He was born in 259 B.C. and died in 210 B.C. He lived to be 50 years old. He was the first emperor of China and a highly legendary and epoch-making figure in Chinese history.
Such a renowned figure had an unfortunate childhood. His misfortune was directly related to his father's misfortune. His father was a prince of the state of Qin, called the foreigner, who later changed his name to Zichu. His grandfather was King Zhaoxiang of Qin, and his father was Prince An of Qin. Although he was born into a wealthy king's family, when he was 15 or 16 years old, he was sent to the state of Zhao, which was hostile to the state of Qin, as a "hostage".
China was at that time a time when the "Seven Kingdoms of the Warring States" (战国七雄), the seven great powers of Qin, Zhao, Wei, Han, Chu, Yan and Qi, were contending for supremacy. At that time, in order to keep each other in check, the rulers of the vassal states often sent their own brothers, sons or grandsons to other countries as collateral. These hostages were called "hostages".
The hostage, the foreigner, had a difficult time. Although he was the son of the crown prince of Qin, he had too many brothers, more than 20 of them, and he was in the middle of the family, so it was difficult for him to take over the throne in the future. At the same time, the Qin state is not trustworthy among the countries. Therefore, in Zhao, people did not take him seriously. For some time, his financial resources were cut off and he was in great distress. At this time, his fate was at the lowest point of his life. However, it was at this time that he met Lu Buwei, a great merchant, and his bad luck took a great turn from then on.
Lv Buwei was a rich merchant with a huge fortune. He had great political foresight. He saw the light of his own future in the poor and miserable foreigner. He subconsciously and y felt that this foreigner, a prince who had fallen on hard times in another country, was a rare oddity that could be used for hoarding. So, he decided to invest in the foreigner in advance, abandon business to politics, to do the great thing of building a country and establishing a king.
Lv Buwei took out 500 gold and gave it to the foreigner, and carried another 500 gold to Qin to lobby. He lobbied successfully in Qin, and the foreigner finally became the crown prince. When he returned to his country, he gave his beautiful concubine Zhao Ji, who could sing and dance well, to the foreigner. After 10 months, a baby was born. This was the famous Qin Shi Huang. His name was Ying Zheng
Ying Zheng lived a lonely life in Zhao for 9 years. It wasn't until his father, Isohito, became the crown prince that he returned to Qin with his mother. After this, Ying Zheng's grandfather died and his father, Isren, took the throne. When Ying Zheng was 13 years old, his father died, and he was crowned King of Qin. He honored his mother Zhao Ji as the Empress Dowager. He honored his mother, Zhao Ji, as the Empress Dowager, and Lu Buwei as the Minister of State, known as Zhongfu. The king's decision was made by Lu Buwei, who was the head of the Qin state.
In 238 B.C., when Qin Wangzheng was 22 years old, he was crowned as an adult. From then on, he was in charge of the government. The young and vigorous ruler quickly put down a rebellion and imprisoned the empress dowager. In the following year, he deposed the tyrannical and domineering minister Lu Buwei, who committed suicide. He promoted and reemployed Li Si, and finalized the decision to unify the world.
In 221 BC, Qin Wangzheng finally destroyed the six kingdoms and unified the world. This put an end to the hundreds of years of chaos and strife during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which had been characterized by the division of powers and wars, and led to the establishment of the first united, multi-ethnic, authoritarian and centralized state in the history of China.
Since then, Qin Wangzheng has been titled Emperor. Emperor is the meaning of virtue and three emperors, and merit and five emperors. Since then, the word "emperor" has replaced "king" as the exclusive name of the supreme ruler of the country. Qin Wangzheng became the first emperor in Chinese history, known as Qin Shi Huang.
The first emperor of Qin took a series of important political, economic and cultural initiatives in order to make his kingdom permanent.
He abolished the feudal system and introduced the county system. He believed that the division of feudal lords and kings in various places was tantamount to the establishment of small states, which was not conducive to centralization of power. For this reason, he ordered the abolition of feudalism and the introduction of the county system for the first time in China. The country was divided into 36 counties, with counties under them, townships or pavilions under the counties, and li under the townships. In the counties there were county magistrates, in the counties there were county magistrates, in the townships there were three elders, in the pavilions there were pavilion chiefs, and in the li there were li zai.
The centralized state organs, established the system of the three principal officials and nine ministers.
From the center to the local level, a large and complete bureaucracy was formed, with the highest authority vested in the emperor. This was the first creation of Qin Shi Huang.
He also ordered the unification of the nation's legal system. The main ones were the three major unifications, namely the unification of currency, the unification of weights and measures, and the unification of writing. The currency was unified because all the vassal states had their own currencies, but now that the whole country was unified, the currency had to be the same. It was stipulated that the currency was to be the Qin money, which was round on the outside and square on the inside, and that the cloth and knife-shaped money of the original vassal states was to be phased out. The unification of weights and measures was a mandatory introduction of the weights and measures used in the original Qin state to the whole country. Unification of characters, the original characters used by the vassal states were not uniform, but now it was stipulated that all official characters used the small seal script. Of course, the popular script was still the Qin Clerical Script. These three major unifications were conducive to economic development, cultural integration and social stability, and even more so to the formation of a multi-ethnic state. This was a great contribution of Qin Shi Huang to history.
In order to make the kingdom permanent, he also moved all the 120,000 rich and powerful households of the former six states to the vicinity of the capital Xianyang, so that they could be supervised and controlled.
At the same time, he ordered the collection of weapons throughout the country. Everywhere dared not be slow, and weapons of all colors were shipped to Xianyang. The weapons were all made of bronze. The piles of weapons weighed millions of pounds. How to dispose of so many bronze weapons? He suddenly thought, why not cast them into a few large bronze man, placed in front of the palace. At this time, it happened to pass a folk tale, said in Lintao appeared 12 strange and tall and big barbarians. This was the year when Qin Shi Huang united the world, and the appearance of the strange men of Yidi was regarded as an auspicious omen. Therefore, he obediently ordered the destruction of weapons and the casting of 12 large bronze figures. Since bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, known generically as gold, the Great Bronze Men, also known as the Great Golden Men, were called Jin Di. Now guess, this Jin Di, is probably the image of the people around Central Asia with deep eye sockets and big noses. This makes it put on a mysterious and unpredictable aura. It is said that each bronze man weighs 240,000 pounds. 12, with 2.88 million pounds of copper. These 12 big gold man, are placed in front of the Xianyang Palace, to show the majesty of Qin Shi Huang. The world has changed, they are long gone. With the collection of weapons, Qin Shi Huang's original intention was to make the world long-lasting peace, but the world was not stabilized. This was mainly because of his great efforts to build up the earth.
He built a large tomb at Mount Li, which he started to build at the age of 13 when he took the throne. After the unification of the country, more than 700,000 people were mobilized to build the tomb, which took 38 years. Until the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the construction of the tomb was not yet completed. The tomb is now called the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, located in the suburbs of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. The main tomb of this mausoleum has not yet been excavated, and the subsidiary zones around it have been partially excavated. More than 50,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed, many of which are rare masterpieces, such as bronze carriages. The discovery of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit was especially noteworthy, and French President Jacques Chirac enviously called it "the eighth wonder of the world".
The Great Wall of China was rebuilt. To prevent harassment from the Huns in the north, he ordered the construction of the Great Wall. The more than one million civilian laborers who built the Great Wall were all people serving in forced labor. The Great Wall he built started from Lintao in the west, passed through the Yinshan Mountains, crossed the Yalu River in the east, and reached the place where the Qingchuan River meets the sea in present-day North Korea. It was 10,000 miles long, so it was called the Great Wall of Ten Thousand Miles. The magnificent Great Wall of China is a world-famous great project, is the great creation of the Chinese people.
He engaged in "burning books and burying scholars". Burning books, he in order to unify thinking, clamp down on the population, ordered all books that are not Qinji, all books that are not required by the doctoral officials, all burned. This is a cultural holocaust; pit Confucianism, he thought that the Confucian students indiscriminately posting arguments, demagoguery, he personally circled more than 460 people to be killed. This is a cruel means of suppressing speech. As a result, "burning books and burying scholars" has become synonymous with the destruction of culture and the destruction of scholars. He did not care about the people's lives, and built up a lot of land, which caused a lot of grievances. He himself was greedy for life and feared death, always dreaming of immortality and seeking immortality pills everywhere. But he died of illness on the way to his travels.
2 Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty lasted only two dynasties, and the Qin Dynasty died. It was succeeded by the Han Dynasty, whose first emperor was Liu Bang. Emperor Wu of Han, his name was Liu Che. He was the fifth emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, and was a great master of his generation with great talent. He was born in 156 B.C. and died in 87 B.C. He lived to be 70 years old. His father was Liu Qi, Emperor Jing, his grandfather was Liu Heng, Emperor Wen, and his great-grandfather was Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu. He was made King of Jiaodong at the age of 4 and Crown Prince at the age of 7. Emperor Jing died of illness in 141 BC, and 16-year-old Liu Che ascended the throne as Emperor Wu. He reigned from 141 B.C. - 87 B.C., a period of 54 years.
Jing Emperor had his own special ideas about the education of his crown prince Liu Che. In order to cultivate Prince Liu Che into a qualified emperor, he specially matched him with a master of Confucianism, Wei òài. Originally, from the beginning of the Han Dynasty to the present day, under the influence of the Taoist thought of Huang Lao, several generations of monarchs have invariably advocated the science of Huang Di and Lao Zi, which advocated tranquility and conformity. However, Emperor Jing, faced with the chaotic situation at home and abroad, vaguely felt that the Huang-Lao philosophy of doing nothing could no longer meet the needs of the country's development. He had the foresight to start pinning his hopes on Confucianism. For this reason, he decided to choose Wei ò, who had a profound cultivation of Confucianism and was a man of good behavior, as the teacher of Crown Prince Liu Che. Later practice proved that this decision was very correct.
Liu Che was a studious crown prince. He had a wide range of interests. He studied the Yellow Emperor, Confucianism, silk and bamboo, rhetoric and sword dance. He is open-minded, making friends. As the Crown Prince, he usually studied how his father ran the government, and also paid attention to observe the behavior of the ministers. He made comprehensive preparations for his future successor. In 141 B.C., when he was 16 years old, Emperor Jing held a grand crown ceremony for him. The crown ceremony indicated that the crown prince could be qualified and capable of assuming power independently. Unexpectedly, after the ceremony, Emperor Jing suddenly fell seriously ill and died. On that day, Crown Prince Liu Che assumed the throne as Emperor Wu.
The 16-year-old boy was ambitious and wanted to serve his country and show his talent. Emperor Wu had his heart in the right place. He knew that in order to govern the country well, he had to choose the wise and capable. The first thing he did after ascending the throne was to issue an imperial edict to raise the number of virtuous people. The news spread all over the country, and the domestic scholars were excited. Or recommended, or self-recommendation, all over the wise and virtuous, have gathered in the capital. Emperor Wu attached great importance to, personally issued questions, personally read the papers, personally interview. He selected a large number of talents. One thing that must be mentioned in particular is that he chose a top Confucian master, Dong Zhongshu, from among them.
Dong Zhongshu was familiar with the Confucian classics since his childhood. It is said that in order to study hard, he did not go out for three years, so that he did not know the spring, summer, fall and winter. Emperor Wu had already known his name for a long time, and this time he read his examination paper personally and was impressed by his amazing arguments, rigorous logic and beautiful language. In its test paper on the approval of the "first of the virtuous" four big words, and ordered to quickly pass Dong Zhongshu into the palace face to face questioning, that is, the Son of Heaven interview.
The day of the questioning, the emperor on the way of heaven, the world, the rule of chaos and other three aspects of the problem, three times the questioning, Dong Zhongshu, one by one, calmly answered, known as the "heaven and man three policy". The main point of the "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man" is that the monarch is entrusted to Heaven and has to fulfill the Way of Heaven. The Way of Heaven is the way to bring the country towards great governance. The Confucian principles of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and music are the specific methods to implement the Way of Heaven. The key to the rule of the country lies in the ruler. The first and foremost thing for the ruler is to employ people. If people are used properly and in the right way, the country will be ruled. On the contrary, the state will be in chaos. He suggested to "depose the hundred schools of thought and revere only the Confucians".
Wu Di was inspired by his grand theory of the divine right of kings and the unification of the world. He was going to rule the country with Confucian doctrine. Later, on the advice of his teacher, Prime Minister Wei òài, Emperor Wu approved the idea of "dismissing the hundred schools and honoring only the Confucians" as the guiding principle of the Han Dynasty's new rule.
People were the foundation of the new government. In order to select the bachelor of Confucianism, Emperor Wu thought of many ways. There were the selection by examination, the recruitment by the emperor, the self-nomination and the establishment of the Imperial College. Emperor Wu selected and utilized talents without regard to rank or seniority. This enabled many talented people to be reused. This played a key role in implementing Emperor Wu's new policy.
Wu Di ordered the revision of the Han laws and imposed strict control on officials at all levels. Rewards were given for meritorious deeds and penalties were imposed for faults.
Wu Di introduced the "Pui En Order" to weaken the power of the vassal states. Liu Bang, the ancestor of Khan Gaozu, practiced a combination of the Zhou Dynasty's feudal system and the Qin Dynasty's county system. In addition to the 15 counties, 9 vassal states were established. The vassal kings of the feudal states were very powerful. They had personnel power, financial power and even some military power in their own countries. They gradually became independent. In the reign of Emperor Jing, the seven states of Wu and Chu finally rebelled. Although the rebellion was suppressed, the strong power of the vassal states was still a heartache. Emperor Wu wanted to solve this problem.
Minister Lord Fu Yan suggested the implementation of the "Push Grace Order". The main content is that, in the vassal state, although the vassal king has dozens of princes, only the first-born son can inherit the throne. Now, it was decreed that the vassal kings could use their own territories within their own countries to divide up the princes and vassals. In this way, the great vassal states were naturally broken down into dozens of small states. On the face of it, this was a favor to them, but in fact it weakened their power. The implementation of this policy greatly strengthened the centralization of power.
The Emperor adopted the advice of his minister Sang Hongyang and decided to unify the currency. He ordered the abolition of the right to mint coins in the counties, and the destruction of all the old coins in the counties. The right to mint coins was returned to the central government, and five-baht coins were issued. This initiative gave a strong impetus to the economic development of the Han Dynasty.
Wu Di reused the great generals Wei Qing and Huo Zaodi, and counterattacked the Xiongnu's invasion three times, achieving a decisive victory. The Xiongnu, which had been strong for nearly a century, gradually declined from then on. There was no war on the northern border of the Han Dynasty for more than 10 years.
Wu Di twice sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. Zhang Qian opened up the east from Chang'an, through the Hexi Corridor, the Tarim Basin, over the Pamir Plateau, to Central Asia and West Asia, west of the Mediterranean Sea east coast of Asia and Europe through the large channel, stretches more than 1,000 kilometers, known as the "Silk Road". The opening of this large channel, the economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West, the formation of China's multi-ethnic state, is of great significance.
Wu Di died in 87 BC.
Three Emperor Taizong of Tang
The Emperor Taizong of Tang was known as Li Shimin. Was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Born in 599, he died in 649 at the age of 50. At the age of 18, he accompanied his father, Li Yuan, in his revolt against the tyrannical Emperor Yang of Sui, and at the age of 19, he accompanied his father in his attack on Chang'an, the capital of the Sui Dynasty, which resulted in the destruction of the Sui Dynasty and the establishment of the Tang Dynasty. Li Yuan took the throne and became Gaozu of Tang. At the age of 27, Li Shimin was crowned King of Qin, his brother Li Jianmin was crowned Crown Prince, and his brother Li Yuanji was crowned King of Qi, but at the age of 27, he staged the Xuanwumen Incident, killing his brother Li Jianmin and killing his brother Li Yuanji. Li Yuan abdicated as Emperor. Li Shimin was crowned Emperor and became Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. The name of the year is Zhen Guan.
Tang Taizong was a famous and good emperor in Chinese history. He was a wise ruler who ruled the world. He ruled the country well mainly because he was good at listening to different opinions. He knew very well that listening to both sides makes you bright, while listening to one side makes you dark. A wise ruler listens to both sides, while a foolish ruler is biased. This is what the minister Wei Zheng told him. Once, Emperor Taizong humbly asked Wei Zheng how to distinguish a bright ruler from a dim one. Wei Zheng solemnly replied that the reason why a ruler is sage and bright is because he can listen to different opinions extensively; the reason why a ruler is dim is because he is partial in listening and believing. After saying this, he argued with examples from history, both positive and negative. He said that in ancient times, Yao and Shun were saintly rulers because they were able to open up a wide range of opinions and were good at listening to different views, so that the villains could not hoodwink him. On the other hand, these dim rulers like Qin Er Shi, Emperor Wu of Liang and Emperor Yang of Sui lived in deep palaces, isolating their courtiers and alienating the people, so that they could not hear the true voices of the people. Until the world collapsed and the people betrayed them, they were still in the dark. By adopting the suggestions of his ministers, the people's voices could be heard. Wei Zheng's words of wisdom, y engraved in the heart of Tang Taizong.
From then on, Tang Taizong will pay extra attention to the advice. He doesn't care what kind of person you are, or what your attitude is, as long as your opinion is correct, he can accept it with an open mind. Here is a true story of "the power of heaven". At that time, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty ordered to renovate the dilapidated Qianyuan Hall in Luoyang, so that it could be used as a palace for visiting foreign countries. For the emperor, it would have been a trivial matter to repair the small palace.
But a minor official, Zhang Xuansu, sent a letter complaining that this was not a good idea. He said, repair the Afang Palace, the Qin Dynasty fell; repair the Zhanghuatai, the Chu Kingdom fell apart; repair the Qianyuan Hall, the Sui Dynasty collapsed. These are the lessons of history. Now, our Tang Dynasty is in a state of disarray, where is our national strength comparable to that of the Sui Dynasty back then? His Majesty continues to enslave the war-ravaged people in the country's shambles, spending hundreds of millions of dollars to build up the country. Instead of inheriting the strengths of the previous emperors, His Majesty has inherited the weaknesses of a hundred generations of emperors. If we look at it from this point of view, His Majesty's faults far exceeded those of Emperor Yang of Sui. This is a sharp writing style, hit the nail on the head.
But Zhang Xuansu, a small man, dared to compare the wise monarch Tang Taizong to the dim-witted tyrant Sui Yangdi, offending the heavenly authority. Wasn't this hitting an egg against a stone? The whole court was sweating for him. People were watching Tang Taizong's reaction. If it is not Tang Taizong, but other emperors, see this big disrespectful zhang, immediately will be thunderous anger, not only Zhang Xuan Su head to the ground, but also will be implicated in nine families. However, Tang Taizong is Tang Taizong. He not only did not blame Zhang Xuan Su, but ordered to summon him. At this time, Tang Taizong wanted to further test Zhang Xuan Su's guts, so he asked, "Qing said I am not as good as Emperor Yang of Sui, so how do I compare with Jie of the Xia Dynasty and Zhou of the Shang Dynasty? To know, the Jie King of the Xia Dynasty and the Zhou King of the Shang Dynasty are notorious tyrants in history. Tang Taizong asked this question with his own deep meaning. Unexpectedly, this Zhang Xuan Su replied bluntly that if Your Majesty really repaired the Qian Yuan Hall, it would be as dim as Xia Jie and Shang Zhou.
Hearing this reply, Tang Taizong not only did not get angry, but was y moved. He thought to himself, "A petty official, who dares to risk his life to give direct advice, for what purpose, is it not for the sake of his kingdom? Therefore, Tang Taizong withdrew his decree and stopped rebuilding the Qianyuan Hall. He also praised Zhang Xuansu and rewarded him with 500 pieces of silk. Wei Zheng, who had been paying attention to this matter, heard about this happy ending and sighed with emotion, "Zhang Xuan Su has the power of returning to heaven when he discusses things, and this is all because of the words of a gentleman with noble morals"! This true story of "the power of heaven" fully illustrates Tang Taizong's open-mindedness in accepting advice.
Tang Taizong also had the advantage of being able to correct his mistakes. Once, he was given a beautifully crafted harrier eagle. He momentarily forgot Wei Zheng usually said that the king of the country not to play with the words of the spirit, so he was full of interest in the harrier eagle on the arm, teasing. Unexpectedly, coincidentally met the old minister Wei Zheng. Tang Taizong was in a hurry, rushed to hide the harrier eagle in his arms. In fact, Wei Zheng has already seen everything in the eyes, but pretended not to know. Walked up, deliberately talking about the ancient emperors to pursue the pleasure of the thing, the side of the emperor can not play with things to lose their minds. Tang Taizong worried about the long time, harrier eagle suffocated to death. However, Wei Zheng talked endlessly, and Tang Taizong knew he was in the wrong, and did not dare to interrupt. As a result, the harrier eagle is still smothered in the arms.
Tang Taizong knew that he would correct his mistakes, and he knew that he was good at what he did, and he had a great ambition. In terms of ethnic policy, he regarded the ethnic minorities and the Han as one family, and adopted the correct policy of pacification and rapprochement with the ethnic minorities. The ethnic minorities were pleased with Tang Taizong's policies and measures. Tang Taizong then had a great centripetal force, they have come to return, and honored Tang Taizong as "Heavenly Khan".
Tang Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songtsen Gampo, the king of the Tubo. This was a major event in the history of Sino-Tibetan relations. As a dowry, Princess Wencheng brought with her a large number of treasures, classics, medical books, treasures, gold and silver, gold saddles, ornaments, brocade, medicines, as well as food, drink, seeds, trees, and lions, phoenixes, and so on. Princess Wencheng brought with her the advanced civilization of the Central Plains. Songtsen Gampo was very satisfied with the marriage. He called himself son-in-law to Emperor Tang Taizong and sent a letter to congratulate him on the success of his expedition. This marriage strengthened the unity between the Chinese and Tibetan peoples and also promoted the development of the Tibetan economy.
Because of the right people, the right policies, light labor, lenient punishment and light law, the Tang Taizong period saw unprecedented economic, political and cultural development.
The Zhengan period of Emperor Tang Taizong was characterized by political clarity, economic prosperity, social stability, and cultural flourishing, and was known as the "Rule of Zhengan".
The Tang Dynasty had 24 emperors in one ****. The following is the Song Dynasty.
Four Song Taizu
Song Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin. He was the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty. born in 927, died of illness in 976, and lived for 49 years. in 960, he ascended the throne at the age of 34 and became emperor. He reigned for nearly 16 years. He was a very accomplished emperor.
Song Taizu throne acquisition, has its own particularity. His throne was not inherited, nor was it seized by an uprising, but it was snatched by a coup d'état staged by a dissident. This coup is the history of the famous "Chenqiao mutiny". Zhao Kuangyin was an important minister of the Later Zhou Dynasty during the Five Dynasties, holding the military and political power of the court. When Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty died, his 7-year-old son assumed the throne. The following year, rumors spread in Kaifeng, the capital of the country, that the Khitan in the north was violating the border. General Zhao Kuangyin was given the order to personally lead a large army out of the city to defend the enemy. The army came to a halt at Chenqiaoyi, 40 miles northeast of Kaifeng, and was stationed there that night. After his careful planning, the next day, the officers and soldiers put the yellow robe symbolizing the emperor on him, and all of them elected him as the emperor. He became the emperor in this way. The "Chenqiao Mutiny" was a bloodless mutiny. In itself, it is not right or wrong, but mainly depends on what Song Taizu did, whether it is conducive to the development of history.
The greatest historical contribution of Song Tazu was to end the 200 years of division since the Anshi Rebellion. Thus, the unification of the country was realized. This is what the people's hearts and minds desire. In order to realize the unification of the country, he was far-sighted and took many powerful measures.
In order to strengthen the centralization of power, he played the trick of "releasing the military power with a cup of wine" without moving.
This began with the Tang Dynasty, which was dominated by clans and towns. The emergence of clans and towns is related to the setting up of sectional ministers. The Tang Dynasty first set up the festival ministers along the border areas. The authority of the ministers was very large, and they were in charge of the military and political power of each state. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty immediately granted the name of Festival Minister to the rebels who surrendered, and still ordered them to lead their old ministries and localities as usual. Their dependencies gradually turned into small independent kingdoms, known as clans.
The clans and towns have become more powerful, do not listen to the central command, independent. This was the "feudal divide and rule". The "feudalism" began in the reign of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty [762]. Since then, China has been divided for more than 200 years. This situation of division was caused by the authoritarianism of the sectional ministers, which led to the division of the clans and towns. After Zhao Kuangyin assumed the throne, he had a talk with the statesman Zhao Pu. He asked with an open mind, "I want to pacify the long-lasting wars and rebellions in the world, do you have any good ideas? Zhao Pu sincerely replied, there is a good way, is the other town's festival minister, gradually cut their power, limit their money and food, recover their elite troops. Listening to the words of the king was better than reading books for ten years. Song Taizu was enlightened.
The "release of military power by drinking wine" was the first step he took. One day, he invited several important ministers to a banquet. When he was drunk, he said, "Life in this world is only about enjoying glory and wealth and making a good life for our children and grandchildren. Why don't you give up your military power, buy a house, drink wine and have fun, and live a peaceful life in your twilight years? When the ministers heard this, they all understood. The next day, they all honestly surrendered their military power. Song Taizu granted them high officials with positions but no power, so that they could spend their lives in the wine pool and meat forests. In this way, Song Taizu took back the military power without a single stroke of the sword.
In order to centralize military power, Song Tazu created the effective "garrison law". The so-called "more garrison law", is the central forbidden army, should be rotated on a regular basis to all parts of the garrison. Generals should also be frequently changed, so that "soldiers have no constant marshals, marshals have no constant soldiers". This creates the situation of "no constant generals, no constant soldiers". The alienation between generals and soldiers was conducive to preventing mutiny. History proves that this method is a successful measure to prevent warlordism.
Song Taizu also put forward the strategic policy of unifying the whole country "first in the south and then in the north" in response to the neighboring situation at that time. South, refers to the Jinghu, Hou Shu, South Han, South Tang and other regimes. Zhao Kuangyin on them to take the rigid and soft, soft and hard policy, received a remarkable effect. He implemented the strategy of individual attack, quickly destroyed several small dynasties, and realized the unification of the south. And for the surrendered lords, all of them were awarded with famous but not real high-ranking officials, so that they could enjoy glory and wealth. In return, the country was unified and the society was stabilized.
Song Taizu was also an emperor who was good at taking advice. On one occasion, a minister made a great achievement and should be promoted and given an official position. However, Zhao Kuangyin just couldn't see him and didn't agree to give him a promotion. Zhao Pu, an outspoken minister, appealed to the emperor for permission to promote him. Song Taizu thought, you are in charge of everything, this time I just do not agree with you. Let's see what you can do. He said with a little provocation to Zhao Pu, I just do not want to give him a promotion, there are laws you want to go! Zhao Pu replied without haste, the penalty, is used to cure the crime; reward, is used to reward the merit. This is the ancient and modern reasoning. Moreover, punishment is the punishment of the state, not your personal punishment, Your Majesty. How can you do whatever you want from your personal likes and dislikes!
That is to say, your majesty, you should be principled, don't play childish temper. The Song Emperor knew that he was in the wrong, but because of his feelings, he did not say a word, stood up and returned to the palace. However, the stubborn Zhao Pu is in hot pursuit. Song Taizu into the palace, he stood outside the door waiting. Out of the public spirit of Zhao Pu, very much you do not approve, today will not rest. Song Taizu look, there is no way, is his own wrong, so approved his request.
Song Taizu finally realized his wish for national unification. It took him 16 years of grueling campaigns in the south and the north to end more than 200 years of fragmentation, from the An Shi Rebellion to the disputes among the ten kingdoms. This was one of his major contributions to China's multi-ethnic state.
The Song Dynasty was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.
V Yuan Taizu
Yuan Taizu, known as Temujin. He was born in 1162, and at the age of 22, he claimed the title of Khan for the first time, as the Khan of the Mongol Beggins. 1206, at the age of 45, Temujin unified all the ministries and established the Mongol state, and was honored as Genghis Khan. 1227, at the age of 66, he died of an illness.
One of Genghis Khan's historical contributions was that, as a result of his efforts, a new ethnic ****similarity was formed in history - the Mongols. In the centuries before him, the Mongolian plateau was full of tribes that did not belong to each other and did not form a unified nation.
Tiemuzhen, means blacksmith. Temujin's father was Yisugei, the leader of a Mongol tribe. Temujin's mother was Lady Yuehlun. When Temujin was nine years old, his father, Yashugai, was poisoned to death by the Tartars. Temujin remembered this firmly. Yashugai's men were scattered. Mrs. Yueh-Lun and her sons were isolated and trapped. And their opponents, the Tai Chi Wu nobles, turned on them and deserted them as well. The Temujin brothers grew to manhood in the midst of suffering. The Tai Chi Wu nobles thought that Temujin was dangerous and were afraid of him, and wanted to get rid of him as soon as possible. They sent many soldiers to search for Temujin everywhere. Temujin hid in the forest for more than 10 days, and finally escaped. The hard life of a teenager honed his will.
Tiemu Zhen remembered his enemies, one is to kill his father's Tartars, and the other is to harm his own Tai Chiwu people. In order to take revenge, he thought of Tuo Li Khan, who united the Kerai ministry. This Khan, later on, was called King Khan. They have the basis for the union, that is, the Tatars are their **** with the enemy. Moreover, Temujin's father, but also off the Li Khan's "Anta", that is, an ally. But the Keri Department of a large number of people, but also to take off the Li Khan is the father, in order to be allied with others, must be sincere, humble attitude. At this time, Temujin, already has the quality of politicians. After deep thought, he said humbly to Tuo Li Khan: "You are my father's old Anta, like my real father. I offer you the sable-rat fur coat which my wife gave to my aunt as a gift when she married her." Then, respectfully, he offered the fur coat. Tuo Li Khan, looking at the mighty young men before him and being treated with such respect, was so pleased that he agreed to receive them. From then on, Temujin gradually embarked on the road of revitalization.
Afterwards, after the war, each other, by several tribes of **** with the election, Temujin made Mongolia beg Yan Department of the Khan. This is his first Khan. At the age of 22. At this time in many ways, he has shown the talent of the leader.
In 1202, the powerful Temujin destroyed his arch-enemy, the Tartars.
In the same year, the allied armies of Temujin and Wanghan defeated the allied forces of the rival tribes.
In 1203, Temujin and Wang Khan broke up. Afterwards, Temujin annihilated Wang Khan and the Keli tribe. All of the king's domains came under Temujin's control, and Temujin became the most powerful force on the Mongolian plateau. After that, Temujin's army, which was invincible, annihilated the Naiwan tribe of the Sun Khan. In this way, Temujin conquered almost the entire vast Mongolian plateau. Thus, it was in 1206 that Temujin was once again proclaimed Khan. The shamanic sorcerer advanced a title: "You are the supreme monarch, and the supreme Lord has ordered you to adopt the title of Genghis Khan. Cheng means powerful and strong. Genghis is the plural of the word. Genghis Khan is the supreme monarch or king of kings." From then on, Temujin was given this exclusive and special title. At the same time, the Great Mongolian State was established. This marked the emergence of a Mongol nation***some.
The second contribution of Genghis Khan was to lay a solid foundation for the establishment of the great unified Yuan Dynasty. The army continued to conquer, and he weakened the Jin Dynasty and destroyed Western Xia. After his death, his descendants continued his unfinished business, with the fall of the Jin Dynasty in 1234 and the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279. In 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty fell, and the Mongol aristocracy established the vast Yuan Dynasty. This put an end to the chaotic situation that had characterized the end of the Tang Dynasty, which was characterized by fragmentation and division.
Genghis Khan also led an army of 200,000 men on a barbaric westward march through Central Asia, West Asia, and as far as the Caspian Sea in Europe. It brought great disaster to the local people. This behavior should be completely rejected.
Genghis Khan is indeed a "only know how to bend the attack to shoot a big eagle" of the "generation of the wind".
Six Ming Taizu
Ming Taizu, name Zhu Yuanzhang. 1328 years old, 1398 years old, 71 years old. 17 years old, monk. 25 years old, to join the insurgent army. 37 years old, self-establishment of the king of Wu. 41 years old, claimed the title of emperor, is Ming Taizu. The name of the state was Da Ming. He reigned for 31 years, and the Ming Dynasty that he started lasted for 276 years.
Zhu Yuanzhang was the founding monarch of the Ming Dynasty. He was the only founding emperor in Chinese history who came from a poor peasant background.
His teenage years were full of mysterious legends. His father, Zhu **, was an authentic poor peasant. Zhu Yuanzhang had three brothers and two sisters. Zhu ** lived by renting the fields of landlords. A family of eight