<Progressive view of the child >
14--16 century European Renaissance movement played a catalytic role in the understanding and discovery of the child. -The European Renaissance movement of the 16th century played a catalytic role in the recognition and discovery of the child. Humanism realized that children should be treated carefully and meticulously, respecting their human rights, and emphasized the importance of focusing on their personality, developing their independence, stimulating their creativity, and writing books that appealed to children.In 1658, the Slavic educator Jan A. Comenius (1592-1670) published the first encyclopedic book of knowledge for young children, "The World Illustrated," heralding the idea that "children's books should be read to children," and that "children's books should be read to children," and that "children's books should be read to children. (The Concise Encyclopedia of Great Britain) was adopted by many European countries as a textbook for children's training, and even in Russia, in 1768, it was published in Russian as an abbreviated version of "An Overview of the Universe", which was designated as an obligatory textbook for the teaching of folklore schools. The book was published in Russian in 1768 as an essential teaching book for folk schools.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's children's biographical novel Emile. Written in 1762, it was the first novel in the history of world children's literature to depict children as independent human beings. The late 18th century is recognized in the West as the beginning of children's literature. However, Rousseau's assertion that readings composed in a fantastical manner could have a harmful effect on children stalled the development of fantasy literature, which began with Bellot, Fran?ois, and Madame de Beaumont (The Beauty and the Beast, 1756).
<Folk Literature>
The study of fairy-tale detectors must refer to the Old Testament, the Five Books, Carrillac and Descartes, a Thousand Years, and a Thousand Years. and Descendants of Mnemonic, The Thousand and One Nights, etc.
The Five Books is a collection of ancient Indian fables, and in the middle of the sixth century an Arabic translation of the book was produced by Ibn Ali al-Mughafa, which additionally added something new, and even the name of the book was changed, and it was called Karilei and Desdemonai. Mugfa was one of the first authors in the history of world children's literature to claim that his stories were created for children and young people, and to provide children with literary reading material.
The Thousand and One Nights was largely finalized by the 15th century.
Aesop's Fables, an orally transmitted fable from ancient Greek folklore, is said to have been compiled in the sixth century B.C.E. by a slave of the Summers family.
There are four other folk tales in Europe: the essence of French civic literature, "Lena Fox Tales", a long legendary animal epic; the German folk fruit, "Min Hausen's Strange Travels", written in 1786, because of its absurdity and was translated by the Chinese as "The Adventures of the King of the Blowhards"; the French writer, Charles Bellot, "Mother Goose Tales"; about 1500 years a book of "The Anecdotes of Robin Hood". After that, there was a proliferation of stories with Robin Hood as the main character.
<Adult Literature>
16th-century French writer Rabelais, The Giant;
17th-century Spanish writer Cervantes, Don Quixote, and English writer Bunyan, The Pilgrim's Progress;
18th-century English writers Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, and Swift, Grievous Travels; and the unnamed Spanish writer, Little Mangy Man" by an unnamed Spanish author.
<Romanticism>
Adelbert von Chamisso: 1814 The Strange Adventures of Peter Schlemiel
The Brothers Grimm published two volumes of The Collection of Fairy Tales for Children and Families in 1812 and 1815, and added a volume of The Collection of German Folklore in 1816-1818.
William Howe: 1826 publishes The Camel Merchants, 1827 publishes Alexander and His Slaves
Pushkin: 1833 The Fisherman and the Goldfish
Peter Yershov: 1834 narrative poem The Little Humpbacked Horse
Rukovsky: Puss in Boots
Hawthorne: wrote The Scarlet Letter author who wrote The Scarlet Letter, and previously wrote a children's literature book, The Book of Curiosities
<A few other figures who have been catalysts>
Fénalon Francois: the French author of The Adventures of Telemachus, The Elderly Queen and the Younger Peasant Woman, and The Tale of Floris
The Newbery: the first children's book publisher in the world. The Newbery Book Award for Children's Literature has been awarded since 1922 and is the world's earliest and most formalized award for children's literature.
Hoffmann: German author of "The Pot of Gold", "Rumpelstiltskin Chagais", "Bite the Walnut Villain and the Mouse King"
Children's literature in its own right
<Overview>
19 world three epoch-making giants of children's literature: Hans Christian Andersen, Collodi, Mark Twain
19th century, Denmark, Andersen and other children's literature. Fairy tales were introduced, marking the first boom in world children's literature.
Collodi: Pinocchio
Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
<British Children's Literature in the Early Spring>
| Fairy Tales |
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: Lewis Carroll, 1865
Wilde's Fairy Tales: The Happy Prince and Other Fairy Tales , The House of Pomegranates
Joseph La Kipling: The Legend of the Forest Mangles
Helen Bannerman: The Little Negro Sambo
Potter: The Tale of Peter Rabbit
|Fiction |
Dickens: The Orphan of the Mist, David Copperfield
Veda: The Dog of Flanders
Sweeney: "Blackie"
Robert Lewis Stevenson: "Treasure Island"
Haggard: "King Solomon's Treasure"
Addis Nesbitt: "The Bastable Children" trilogy, "The Five Children and the Sand Elves"
James Mathew Barry: "Peter Pan"
Graham: "The Wind Among the Willows"
Hugh Loftin: "Dr. Doolittle's Journey to Africa"
Milne: "Winnie the Pooh"
Hobert George Wells: "The Invisible Man," "The Island of Dr. Moreau"
Pamela Linden Travers: "Mary Poppins"
J.R.R. Tolkien : The Hobbit
2 Overview of China
Editing
The emergence of a large number of excellent works in the 20th century in Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, France, Italy, Sweden and other countries, on the other hand, marked the entry of the world's children's
children's literature into the second boom period. In China, due to thousands of years of feudal rule, children and children's education were not emphasized for a long time, so children's literature appeared later. Children's poems, children's novels, and children's dramas written specifically for children did not come out until the late Qing Dynasty. Children's literature became an independent literary category at the beginning of the 20th century, after the May Fourth New Culture Movement. The foundation of modern children's literature in China was the fairy tale The Scarecrow written by Ye Shengtao and published in the early 1920s, and Bing Xin's epistolary children's essay Sending Little Readers, which came out a few years later; the representative writer of children's literature in the 1930s was Zhang Tianyi, whose book-length fairy tale The Great Forest and the Little Forest was a masterpiece of Chinese children's literature; those who had outstanding achievements in the 1940s included Chen Bobuki, He Yi, Yan Wenjing, Jin Jin, etc. Most of their creative activities began in the early 1920s, and some of them were in the late Qing dynasty. In the 1940s, the outstanding creative achievements of Chen Bo-buki, He Yi, Yan Wenjing, and Jin Jin include their creative activities which began in the 20s and 30s, and their representative works are Miss Alice (Chen Bo-buki), The Wild Child (He Yi), The Winds of the Four Seasons (Yan Wenjing), and The Red Ghostly Shell (Jin Jin Jin) respectively.
3 Concepts
Editing
Children's literature after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is known as contemporary Chinese children's literature. 1949 to 1966 was the first golden age, with new and old writers producing masterpieces, such as Zhang Tianyi's novel The Tale of Luo Wenyin and the children's story The Secret of the Treasure Gourd, Bingxin's novel Little Orange Lantern, Light Emitting Diffusion (LIGHT) to the True, and Xu Guangyao's novels Fatty and Little Pine. Little Pine", Xu Guangyao's novel "Little Soldier Zhang Ga", Yan Wenjing's fairy tale "Tang Xiaoxi in the "Next Boat Harbor", He Yi's fairy tale "The Adventures of the Little Cockerel", Chen Boblue's fairy tale "A Cat Who Wants to Fly", Jin Jin's fairy tale "The Story of the Fox Hunter", Hong Zhuntao's fairy tale "The Magic Brush of Malian", Sun Youjun's fairy tale "The Strange Adventures of Little Boutiao The Strange Adventure", Ge Cuilin's fairy tale "Wild Grapes", Ruan Zhangjing's fairy tale "The Golden Conch", and Ke Yan's children's poem "The Story of the Little Soldier". During the 10 years of the Cultural Revolution, children's literature was devastated and withered, and after October 1976, Chinese children's literature entered another golden age, called the New Period of Chinese Children's Literature. In the 16 years until 1992, the quantity and quality of creative work far exceeded that of the 17 years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, with a large number of masterpieces of children's literature in various genres for readers of all ages, including the fairy tales of Zheng Yuanjie, Sun Youjun, and Zhou Rui, the children's novels of Cao Wenxuan, Zhang Zhilu, and Shen Shixi, the children's poems of Jin Bo and Sheng Ye, the children's prose of Guo Feng and Wu Ran, the children's articles of Zheng Wenguang and Ye Yonglie, and the children's poetry of Jin Bo, Sheng Ye, the children's essays of Zheng Wenguang and Ye Yonglie. Wenguang, Ye Yonglie, and other children's scientific and literary works.
In the 1980s, a fairy tale magazine, Fairy Tale King, which has kept a record of publishing individual works for 24 years, came into being in 1985, with a total print run of more than one hundred million copies and more than twenty million words. The legendary Chinese fairy tale writer is Zheng Yuanjie. Zheng Yuanjie's works have created such popular and well-known fairy tale characters as Pipilu, Lucius, Rock, Shuk and Beta, which have influenced an entire generation. However, compared to his brilliant achievements, Zheng Yuanjie's position in Chinese children's literature and even in the entire literary world seems to be unusually shabby. Many people are puzzled by this collective loss of voice for Zheng Yuanjie, and have also questioned the objectivity of Chinese literary discourse. In the twenty-first century, when a British fairy tale novel Harry Potter became popular all over the world, a gratifying work appeared in Chinese children's literature in 2009, which is known as the Chinese version of Harry Potter's Heart Lanterns, the first part of which, "The Sacred Mission," is modeled on an ancient Chinese myth and tells the story of a group of children who, in order to realize the wish of ecological harmony and to realize the goal of ecological harmony, are forced to go on a mission to achieve the goal of ecological harmony. In order to realize the wish of ecological harmony and enter the ancient and mysterious fairy adventure. While promoting the philosophical idea of man and nature living in harmony***, the novel also integrates elements of traditional Chinese culture such as the Spring Festival, New Year's Eve and New Year's money, as well as unknown ancient myths and legends such as the Fire Judge, the Ghosts of the Mountain, and Yudu, inheriting the cultural traditions of the previous generation while giving new connotations to traditional culture. The work is extremely imaginative and has a fascinating plot.
The general term for literary works for children and young people to read. Including fairy tales, fables, poems, plays, novels, science fiction stories, historical stories and other forms. Content and form are suitable for children and young people of different ages.
4 Literary categories
Editing
Children's literature is usually written by adults, with the underlying motivation arguably being to recreate childhood or to educate children, and much of the children's literature is also adapted from adult literature. Children's literature can also be broadly included, but because children's work is often too artless or inartistic, it must still be recognized by adults as having literary merit.
In the West, in recent times, there have been stories to instill proper values in children, such as Robin Hood and The Knights of the Round Table, but both of these books were condensed from adult literature. The first real children's literature for children was "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" published by John Newbery in 1744.
In ancient China, there were children's works written for children, but it was only in the Republic of China that the first children's literature for children appeared, in the form of "The Scarecrow".
Nowadays, it is common in the publishing industry to categorize children's literature according to age, which is in line with Piaget's theories about children's growth and development. The categories are as follows:
Preschoolers aged 0-5 years old;
Beginning primary readers aged 5-8 years old;
Upper primary readers aged 8-11 years old;
Middle school readers aged 11-13 years old (known as "pre-teen" in English);
13-15 years old readers (called "pre-teen" in English);
Middle school readers aged 13-15 years old;
Middle school readers aged 11-13 years old; and
Middle school readers aged 11-13 years old. p>
Adolescent readers ages 13-15.
For preschoolers, picture storybooks are ideal because the small amount of text on each page of the story is accompanied by pictures, so that children do not have to understand the text to understand it. In the West, picture storybooks are great for guided reading in the classroom.
Additionally, children's songs, children's operas, and juvenile novels can be broadly included in the scope of children's literature, but simple children's melodies (e.g., baby lullabies) or performance dances are not in the scope of literature.
Readers between the ages of 16 and 19 are generally referred to as "Young Adults," and they are beyond the scope of children's literature. However, the problems specific to young adults at this age, and Japanese light novels packaged in manga-like packages, are another type of work that tries to bring teenage readers accustomed to pictorial thinking back to the abstract thinking of adults.
5Literary Purpose
Editing
Children's literature has always adhered to the principle of child-oriented, that is, child-centered, child-oriented, serving children and cultivating children's minds; adhering to the purpose of pure literature of high quality, high style, and high quality; and adhering to the principle of keeping close to the life, the times, and the readers, and constantly transcending itself to keep abreast of the times.
In recent years, against the backdrop of a generally weak market for pure literature publications, children's literature has stood out, with the number of issues rising year after year. Since the reform of children's literature in 1997, the implementation of high-quality strategy, so that the publication of the circulation of an average annual rate of 30% climb. It can be said that the circulation of Children's Literature Magazine is second to none, both in the field of children's literature and in the field of pure literature in China as a whole. After years of efforts, Children's Literature magazine has expanded from a "children's literature book" to a "family book", and is now slowly moving towards a "social book". The magazine has expanded from a "children's literature book" to a "family book". It has been widely recognized by children's readers, parents, teachers, writers and researchers for its first-class taste and rich content, and its social influence is increasing day by day. Our goal is to let the public form such a **** knowledge: let the children in the process of reading "Children's Literature", to obtain moral, intellectual and aesthetic education, and make their own contribution to the shaping of the national character of the new century.
6Historical Evolution
Editing
Ancient
Children's literature in ancient times consisted of stories told to children by illiterate storytellers, usually without any written record for posterity[1]. The earliest written form of children's literature was in Ancient Egypt in 1,300 B.C. Since then, children's literature began to appear in the form of writing literature, such as The Golden Ass (The Golden Ass) by Apuleius between 100 and 200 A.D. Cupid and Psyche or the Bon Chatan in 200 and 300 A.D. in India, which appeared in the book. or the Indian Panchatantra of 200-300 AD, there is much evidence that many of the subsequent fairy tale collections were rewritten from folktales. In addition to these collections, Chinese Taoist philosophers, such as Liezi and Zhuangzi, also included fairy tales and fables in their philosophical thought. And the Japanese fairy tale Momotaro In ancient rural Japan, grandparents told stories to their children and grandchildren at night, passing them on from one generation to the next
And in a broader definition, Aesop's Fables (sixth century BC) was the first famous collection of fairy tales in the Western world.
And it was the German Brothers Grimm who first attempted to preserve not only the personalities of the fairy tale characters but also the style of the stories. Ironically, although the first editions of Grimm's Fairy Tales (1812 and 1815) were a treasure trove for folklore scholars, the Brothers Grimm's began to rewrite the stories in later editions in order to ensure sales and popularity. The transformation of the Grimm's Fairy Tales not only diverted the content from the original folktales, but also affected the appearance of the original folktales. In addition to this, the Brothers Grimm did not include some of the German folktales that had been passed down by word of mouth, on the grounds that they considered these stories, which had also appeared in Charles Perrault's collection, to be French rather than German.
It was the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen who independently wrote fairy tales and made them stand on their own as full-fledged children's literature. Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales are the foundation of children's literature.
Modern
Published in Italy in 1880, Carlo Collodi's Pinocchio is considered one of the early classics of children's literature and has been made into a movie more than twenty times.
The Adventures of Tom, published in 1876 by Mark Twain, became a famous work of American children's literature.
The Wizard of Oz, a series of American fairy tales published from 1900 to 1920, has had a profound impact on children's literature around the world; The Adventures of Riding the Goose, published in 1908, is a long and famous children's novel written by the famous Swedish writer Selma Lagerl?f, and it has become a world-famous novel. Published in 1937, the novel "The Adventures of the Hobbit" is a fairy tale originally written by J.R.R Tolkien for his son, but Tolkien's book is not famous in the children's literature. Later in 1943, the French fairy tale The Little Prince by St. Exupery was published and translated into more than 100 languages, and was also made into a movie and adapted into a play. In the 1950s, The Chronicles of Narnia, written by the famous British author Clive Steppe Lewis, became one of the classics of British and American children's literature.
7 Literary Requirements
Editing
Educational
Children's literature is very different from adult literature, that is, it puts a special emphasis on educational. Children's plasticity is so great that the ancients once used the metaphor of plain silk, saying that it: "dyed in pale is pale, dyed in yellow is yellow". Children's literature pays special attention to the educational aspect because children's age characteristics make them susceptible to the influence of the surrounding environment.
Imagery
Abstract sermons are not easy for children to accept. Children should be educated with the help of a variety of vivid images; the younger the children are, the more they rely on the means of visualization. Children's novels need to be as action-packed as dramas, with more action to show the characters' personalities and psychological activities. Children's poetry needs more "comparing" and "rising" to strengthen the image. The language of children's literature should be sound and colorful. Children's literature should mobilize all artistic means to create a thousand artistic images.
Interesting
Children's knowledge and life experience are not rich, and their comprehension is weak, so it is not easy for them to understand those complicated collations, and it is difficult for them to appreciate the life experience and certain thoughts and feelings of adults. They do not like to read or even do not read for the content they are not interested in. Excellent children's literature is in the easy and pleasant joking, in the interesting storyline, subtle to the children to tell a profound truth or do some useful revelation.
Storytelling
The storyline of children's literature requires a simple structure and a compact, vivid plot. Emphasis on storytelling is not simply the pursuit of bizarre plots, not from life, do not write about people, only write things. Children's literature is mainly about writing about people and portraying the character, psychology and thoughts of the characters. Its protagonists are not always human beings, but can also be other animals, plants, or even inanimate objects. These are all personified in the work. Whether you write about people or other things, their thoughts and character should be shown with the help of the storyline, and it is not appropriate to use more static and lengthy description of the environment and psychological description.
Knowledge
Children's literature should be skillfully interspersed with some knowledge to increase the artistic charm of the work and to satisfy the curiosity and desire for knowledge of children and teenagers.
8 Literary Theory
Editing
Conceptual Orientation
Children's Literature includes: Fairy Tales, Fables, Myths, Idioms, Riddles, Folk Tales, Children's Stories, Grimm's Stories, Humorous Stories, Children's Poetry, Children's Jokes, and the Upper and Lower 5000 Years
In her book, "How to Instruct the Elementary and Primary School Students to Read", Szeto Xiuwei pointed out that children's reading is not as important as their reading. If, in his experience, he finds reading a book or listening to a story enjoyable, he will associate them with positive feelings. Therefore, the most basic principle of children's literature is that it can guide children to enjoy the process of reading, otherwise, no matter how good the content of a book is, if it does not arouse children's interest in reading, it is still a failure.
Simply put, good children's literature should conform to the following concepts:
1) a large number of climaxes to attract children to read, avoiding too long descriptions
2) distinctive characters and a prominent story backbone
3) educational significance
Readability characteristics
Readability, narrowly defined, refers to the degree of easy to be understood. degree. According to E. Simpson in the World Book Encyclopedia in the "readability formula" section, summarized six important factors affecting readability:
1. The average number of words in a sentence.
2. The number of common words.
3. the average number of syllables in the word pool.
4. the number of long and complex sentences.
5. The number of abstract ideas.
6. the use of personal pronouns.
Characterized by both interest and education for children, some children's literature is suitable for adults because of its inspirational and educational qualities.
Many adult works are adapted from fairy tales (e.g., the original "One Thousand and One Nights" and the "Grimm's Fairy Tales" series), so it is important to find out in what language and based on what edition the book you want to buy is translated, and to carefully review the preface and content.
Relationship to adult literature
The original audience for fairy tales included adults in addition to children, as many children were not yet literate and had to be taught orally by adults, and there is much evidence to suggest that many of the subsequent collections of fairy tales were rewritten from adult folktales. These collections were often based on older folktales, such as the Thousand and One Nights, Vikram and the Vampire, and Bel and the Dragon.
Many fairy tale allusions in children's literature have been heavily referenced in adult literature, in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, Spenser's The Fairy Queen, and Shakespeare's stage plays. The story of King Lear is thought to contain numerous references to fairy tale allusions. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Giovanni Francesco Straparola of Italy reinterpreted stories from Western literature in The Facetious Nights of Straparola, a book that contains a large number of fairy tales, and Giambattista Basile's Giambattista Basile)'s Naples Tales are all fairy tales. Carlo Gozzi used many fairy tale allusions in scenes from his Italian operas, such as a scene from his opera The Love For Three Oranges, which is based on an Italian fairy tale. Meanwhile, China's Pu Songling collected fairy tales in his 1766 book Liao Zhai Zhi Yi. Fairy tales themselves began to gain popularity among the upper classes of France in the late 1700s, with those compiled by the fable poet La Fontaine and another well-known writer, Charles Perrault (author of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella), being two of the most popular representatives. Although the collections of fairy tales by Traparola (author of Puss in Boots), Charles Perrault, and Baguire contain many of the earliest types of fairy tales, these compilers also reinterpreted the stories to conform to literary effect.
Educational Relationships
The educational values of children's literature include language education, personality education, cooperation, empathy, and the ability to see the good in the good. ...... Generally speaking, the number and type of children's books published and the quality of the books can be a rough reflection of the economic development of the country, as well as its cultural and technological progress; at the same time, it is also an important factor in the development of the country. At the same time, it is also a reference indicator of the country's cultural quality and national education.
Discipline Construction
In China's contemporary academic system, the discipline of children's literature is usually reluctantly categorized under "Chinese Language and Literature" as a secondary discipline under the name of "Chinese Modern and Contemporary Literature". On the other hand, from the point of view of the internal intellectual composition and disciplinary combination of children's literature research, it also includes the basic theory of children's literature, the history of Chinese and foreign children's literature, comparative children's literature and other sub-fields. In fact, in the university system of many developed countries, children's literature is well organized administratively and academically in the departments of language and literature, education, and library science in many comprehensive colleges and universities.
9 New Patterns of Learning
Editorial
Since the new century, the whole pattern of literature has changed, or rather, literature has undergone internal reorganization along with the changes in the external field. As far as the creation of children's literature is concerned, its external environment is not only social, but also includes the overall posture of literature. In other words, the external force of children's literature creation not only comes from the whole cultural environment of the society, but also the whole literary field is an important environment that promotes or influences the development of children's literature. In the new century, children's literature has entered an era of diversification, and a state of strife and competition between powerful teams and powerful writers.
From the age of creation, children's literature or the whole literary world, there is a natural alternation of old, middle and young. But today's children's literature old, middle and young generations in the artistic pursuit of differences and differences seem to become more and more obvious, become more and more big. There is a big difference between the artistic concepts of the writers who came out in the 1980s and the concepts of children's literature creation that they adhere to and the artistic concepts pursued by the writers who came out in the 1990s. The concept of children's literature creation of this group of writers who came out in the new century is even newer, and there is a greater distance between them and the previous two generations. For example, the natural integration with the market, the recognition of the concept of "best-seller", which is the last century, the writers of the 1980s seldom take the initiative to think about, and even very taboo and refused. But today's writers are trying their best to make themselves have a huge market effect and a larger readership. Therefore, today's children's literature, according to the past, the subjectivity of creation seems to be lost. But is the market just a "trap"? Is the pursuit of "entertainment" and "fashion" a complete artistic surrender, or a kitschy artistic commitment? In the context of the tendency of entertainment in the whole society, "entertainment of literature" is the destiny of writers who can hardly escape. In fact, commercialization means the pursuit of popularity. In fact, commercialization means the pursuit of popularity. Without popularity, we can't talk about commercialization and industrial efficiency. Therefore, it is unavoidable for today's children's literature writers to pursue market efficiency and create more and more commercialized and entertaining works. As a matter of fact, without enough entertainment elements and market acceptance, the publishing industry will not give literary works the chance to come out and the space to survive.
Weakening of authority
For more than half a century, children's literature has been growing in a circle that constantly produces "authority," and the "generation of writers" commonly used in literary criticism in the past was actually a "generation of authoritative writers. In the past, the "generation of writers" commonly used in literary criticism was actually the "generation of authoritative writers". For example, when we talk about the first generation of contemporary children's literature writers, we will talk about Zhang Tianyi, Yan Wenjing, Jin Jin, Chen Bobuki, and so on. When we talk about the writers who appeared in the 1980s, we will list Cao Wenxuan, Qin Wenjun, Zhang Zhilu, Chang Xingang, and so on. Today there are more and more famous writers in children's literature, but the authority is disappearing. The Internet media and the cultural system have also reinforced the individualized labor that characterizes writers' creations, so it is difficult for writers to follow an authoritative guide. Literary organizations such as writers' associations find it difficult to play a dominant role because of the lack of direct contact with writers in terms of economic interests, and because of the difficulty of playing a decisive role in bringing writers to the market and to readers.
For theoretical critics, if they do not have a brand new discourse and cannot effectively interact and dialogue with writers, they will not only fail to become famous in the circle of theoretical criticism, but also fail to become an authority in the eyes of writers.