When playing, hold the fishing drum vertically with your left hand and beat the drum head with your right hand. Fingering methods include "hit" (slapping with four fingers at the same time), "rolling" (clicking with four fingers continuously and alternately), "wiping" (hitting the drum with four fingers to stop the sound), "bang" (clicking with four fingers continuously and alternately), etc. .
The simple boards are made of bamboo pieces, 45-65 cm long and 1.7-2 cm wide, with one end bent outwards and two pieces forming a pair. When playing, use your left hand to pinch the pronunciation. Together with the fishing drum, it accompanies "Yugu" and "Daoqing". The fishing drums in the Qidong area of ??Hunan Province are different. They cancel the simple board, but tie a small board (mostly made of jade or hard plastic) to the middle finger of the left hand, and hit the drum body while holding the fishing drum, which also achieves the goal of The effect of simple boards. Mianyang Fishing Drum is one of the four major types of music in Hubei Province. It is the most popular form of folk art and walking singing that is familiar and loved by the people in Hubei Province. It is also known as Daoqing, Daoqing Yugu, Tongzi Tune, and Nanming Tune. With its rich local flavor and rough and high-pitched singing, it left a deep impression on the audience and is quite famous in the history of Chinese folk art. Mianyang Fishing Drum professional artists have been passed down from generation to generation, and have rich traditional repertoire and singing styles. After 1952, Mianyang Fishing Drum singing activities spread throughout Hubei Province, and in 1958 it was named Hubei Fishing Drum. It is a national intangible cultural heritage.
According to the "Chinese Music Dictionary": It is said that it was introduced to Mianyang (today's Xiantao City, Hubei Province) during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1795 AD) and evolved and developed. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty (1796-1820 AD), there were four famous fishing drum artists, including Pi Sijin, Pi Siyin, Zhang Hongxian and Liu Pao. They are known among the people as the "three and a half barrels" of Mianyang fishing drums. The Pi brothers boldly reformed the fishing drum tubes and simple boards, and used the fishing drums to accompany the shadow puppetry, forming the Yugu shadow puppetry with Chu region characteristics. Later, the "Mianyang Fishing and Drum Guild" emerged. Around the 26th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1900), Mianyang Yugu Shadow Puppetry entered a period of prosperity. Artists added lyrics to the Taoist songs, gradually forming a form of expression that used prose for speaking and verse for singing. This prose and rhyme style is suitable for singing medium to long books. Later, the "Mianyang Fishing and Drum Guild" emerged. Xiantao City enjoys the reputation as the "Hometown of Fishing and Drums in Hubei Province".
Around 1911, Yugu merged with shadow puppetry, and often sang as accompaniment to shadow puppetry. The repertoire performed by Mianyang Fishing Drum is mostly adapted by artists based on long legends, novels, and treasure scroll stories. Mianyang fish drum artists improvise rap based on the original story. This singing style is called "Haoshui", while the sitting singing style of Ersan fish drum artists is called "meditation singing". In the 1920s, Mianyang fishing drum artists sang in teahouses and restaurants in Mianyang and its surrounding counties and cities. After 1931, Mianyang Fishing Drum spread to Wuhan, Yichang, Shashi, Huangshi, Echeng and other places, and its influence gradually expanded.
By around 1940, it was popular in the Jianghan Plain area in central Hubei. After 1952, it developed further. In addition to continuing to sing as accompaniment for lantern and shadow plays, it resumed its independent rap form. In 1958, Mianyang Fishing Drums participated in the National Folk Art Performance, and "Choosing a Car" sung by shadow puppet artists Gong Benhuai and Hu Taozhi was recorded and made into a record by the Central People's Broadcasting Station and broadcast nationwide. Because Mianyang Fishing Drum is easy to sing and listen to, and is deeply loved by the masses, at the end of 1958, it was officially renamed Hubei Fishing Drum by the Hubei Provincial Music Association, and it is widely sung throughout the province.
The Ciling Tune, Guanyin Tune and Taoist Tune in Mianyang Fishing Drum Singing Tune are said to be the remnants of Taoist stories told and sung by Taoists. In addition, it widely absorbs local folk music such as "Cao Cao Song" and "Da Mai Hao Zi". After several generations of artists' processing and improvement, it has formed unique tunes. The singing voice is rich and beautiful, and the melody is strong. Mianyang Yugu has five major music singing styles, namely: Ping tune, Bei tune, Yuwei tune (also known as Fengwei tune), Pipa tune and Zahua tune. Later, after the development and creation of the famous fishing drum artist Gong Benhuai, there were more than 20 types of tunes, including Xinping tune, Nuping tune, Shuban tune, Lianban tune, etc. Except for the Zahuaqiang, which is composed of different types of folk songs and minor tunes, the other four singing tunes mostly have a structure of upper and lower sentences and have the characteristics of banqiang. The slapping tune (also called button) composed of lining words is often used at the end of even sentences. If you don't need to sing continuously with the rhythm, it will be a rolling board or a joint board. The singing part is sung in the form of mouth-to-mouth or crowd-backed singing.
Mianyang Fishing Drum is mainly about singing, and its speaking can be divided into Sanbai and Rhymed Bai. There are three types of lyrics: seven-character sentences, divination-character sentences, and five-seven sentence patterns composed of five, five, seven, and five. Four sentences are repeated, and the rhyme can be changed after each sentence. Sometimes there are three or four-character sentences. With beautiful singing, unique narration, and different sentence patterns, the local characteristics of Mianyang Fishing Drum are extremely distinctive.
Mianyang Fishing Drum has three singing forms: solo singing, dialogue singing and fishing drum shadow puppet singing. Before the liberation, most of the fishing drum artists who sang one-stop were begging on the streets. After the liberation, the artists who sang during weddings and weddings also sang one-stop. When performing stand-up, the left arm holds the fishing drum diagonally, holding the cloud board (simple board) in the hand, and the right hand slaps the membrane on the bottom of the drum to intersect with the cloud board. The lyrics of stand-up singing and shadow puppet performances are all improvised by artists. The jargon is called "Hao Shui", also known as "Hushui Book". Most of the lyrics for spoken word singing are written by the author for artists to sing, which are called "dead lyrics". Lip-syncing is mainly performed on stage. There is a man and a woman. The male actor beats the fishing drum with his right hand and holds the bamboo board with his left hand. The female actor uses bamboo chopsticks to hit the plate and sing in duet, alternately singing and singing. Supplemented by body movement performance. The singing is beautiful and popular, and the stage image is very vivid, which further enriches the performance effect and artistic appeal of Mianyang Fishing Drum, and is loved by the masses. Singing shadow puppets becomes a troupe. The singer on the right side of the shadow puppet curtain is called "Shangshaizi", and the singer on the left is called "Xiashauzi". Shangxiaozi is the lead singer, and the martial arts master in the background plays fishing drums, percussion, and vocals. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, instruments such as erhu, jinghu, and dulcimer were used to accompany singing.
Mianyang Fishing Drum Repertoire
Mianyang Fishing Drum has accumulated a rich collection of fishing drum repertoire, and fishermen drum artists have preserved more than 300 cases. Plays based on legends and romance novels include "Feng Shen Bang", "The Conquest of the Six Kingdoms", "Sun Pang's Battle of Wisdom", "Three Kingdoms", "Romance of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", "Journey to the West", "Xue Rengui's Conquest of the East", "Xue Gang's Rebellion against the Tang Dynasty" ", "Luo Tong Sweeps the North", "Five Tigers Conquer the West", "Five Tigers Conquer the South", "Seven Heroes and Five Righteousnesses", "The Romance of the Generals of the Yang Family", "Wu Song's Shop", "The Legend of Heroes", etc.; based on The repertoire of historical stories includes "Zhaojun Hefan", "Yue Fei's Biography", "Hong Xiuquan", "Qianlong's Tour of Jiangnan", etc.; the repertoire based on case files includes "Bao Gong'an", "Shi Gong'an", "Four Journeys to Henan", " "Five Beautiful Pictures", etc.; plays based on opera stories include "Wu Han Kills His Wife", "Lü Meng Zheng Zheng Zhai", "Two Plum Blossoms", "Meng Lijun", "Wagon Shed", etc.; plays based on the story of the Twenty-Four Filial Piety include "A Wise Family", "Mr. Dong's Goddaughter", etc.; plays based on folk tales include "Two-Headed Donkey", "Sanmen Street", "Thirteen Styles", etc. Qidong Fishing Drum is a type of folk art from Qidong County, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, which is known as the "Hometown of Chinese Folk Art". The origin of "Yugu" is Taoism. It was originally sung by Taoist priests and Taoist nuns who carried gourds on their backs and traveled to the five mountains when they were preparing for the fast. The songs of admonition and spiritual practice later spread to the people and became a unique skill in the hands of artists. Later, Taoist fishing drums spread to Hunan and were widely spread in Hengyang.
History, the history of Qidong Yugu can be traced back to the mid-1940s. A bricklayer named Liu Xianzhong held a two-foot bamboo drum and beat it, and sang anecdotes from past dynasties and folk slang, attracting the attention of the people. Zou Zuxi (stage name Dong Naiji) worshiped him as his teacher and was the founder of Qidong Yugu. He brought the Qidong fishing drum into the funeral hall, and then let him out of the funeral hall to set up a stage to sing. After singing a night song for the deceased to save the souls, he would hold the fishing drum in his arms, beat the bamboo slips and talk and sing at the same time. The story of the beautiful woman has been told from ancient times to the present day, and has been sung until dawn. From then on, the funeral hall became the soil where fishing drums took root; at the 1952 Zhongnan Opera Observation Meeting, Mr. Zou Zuxi sang Qidong Fishing Drums "Liao Renfu's Mutual Aid Group", bringing fishing drums into the elegant hall for the first time. Since then, "Qidong Fishing Drum" has created generations of artists, and the artists' unique singing styles have flourished the art of fishing drums. Today, Qidong County has more than 400 fishing drum artists and more than 60 performance teams, active in rural areas and towns in Qidong, Qiyang and other places. Qidong fishing drums not only have a huge audience in the county, but are also sung in Hengyang, Chenzhou, Yongzhou and other cities and Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and other provinces.
The style of Qidong Yugu: no script or music to follow, easy to understand and flexible.
Qidong fishing drum singing methods: duet singing, performance singing, fishing drum sketches, drama singing and other singing methods. The singing is extremely flexible. Except for some shorter pieces with fixed lyrics, there is no fixed sung version for the full-length songs. There is only a four-character "bridge road book" that records the outline of the story. During the singing, the artist relies on his or her improvisation and improvisation. Singing, the plot and characters are described in depth and detail one by one, and the rendering is enhanced with rich colors to achieve the expected artistic effect. The singing method is relatively simple. The performer has multiple roles, coming in and out, changing roles, and even jumping out of the role to enter the commentary state, making the performance more understandable to the audience.
The stage language is "Qidong dialect". The fishing drum singing tune evolved from the Taoist tune. Due to changes in the plot, "Taoqing", "Zheng tune", "Sad tune" and "Duo tune" were derived. There are several singing tunes such as "Ban" and "Sanban". The tune is based on the words, with fewer words and more sounds. The lyrics are different and the tune is also different. The singing tune is simple, deep and beautiful. In recent years, Qidong Fishing Drum has boldly absorbed the artistic essence of Qi Opera, Dihua Drum and Qiyang minor tunes. Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou all show their true colors. Singing, playing, reciting and acting according to circumstances, even the costumes, props, stage and scenery are fully integrated. Used in fishing drum performances. In terms of the content and form of the performance, there are not only traditional fishing drum books, but also a large number of newly compiled fishing drum sketches, etc. The main instruments played are "fishing drum tubes", as well as erhu, huqin, and yueqin. In recent years, electroacoustic music has also been added Wait for musical instruments.
Representative repertoire
"Qianlong's Journey to the South of the Yangtze River", "The Ugly Wife", "The Jade Bracelet Injustice", etc.
Representatives
Liu Xingguo, Zou Huachun, Zou Huashan, Zou Kunshan, etc. Zhanhua Fishing and Drum Opera originated in Hujiaying Village, Zhanhua County, Shandong Province and has a history of 284 years. According to "Zhanhua County Chronicles", "Shandong Art Chronicles" and "Chinese Opera Chronicles Shandong Volume": In 1723 (the first year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty), when Hujiaying Village rebuilt the Taoist temple, Taoist priests came here to sing, and the villagers learned their accents and gradually adopted them. Later, the Yugu opera in the form of rap was put on the stage for costume performances, and it developed into a Yugu opera with complete trades, both civil and military skills.
With Zhanhua as the center, Yugu Opera radiates to surrounding counties such as Wudi, Yangxin, Huimin, Bincheng, and Boxing, as well as coastal areas such as Dongying City in Shandong Province and Huanghua City in Hebei Province. The play was also widely circulated. Huying Village, Shuangchen Village, Fanqiao Village, Dacai Village, Fujia Village, Hanjia Village in Zhanhua, as well as Fengjiabao, Zhaojiabao, Qikou and other villages in Huanghua City, Hebei Province all had large-scale amateur theater troupes. .
Yugu Opera combines fishing drums (Taoist sentiments), local songs and dances, martial arts and fishermen's chants. It absorbs the advantages of Yiyang tune (high tune) and other opera types, and evolves it into a musical form with board changes. It is an ancient opera type with the main artistic characteristics: 1. Singing music: 1. Melody: within the framework of pentatonic mode, its singing melody is famous for its high-pitched, simple, bright and jumping melody, especially the fifth, octave and to The eleven-degree melodic jump enables extremely flexible changes in singing, which is rarely seen in other operas. 2. Sentence structure: Marked by the main tone [three sentences and one button], this sentence structure, commonly known as the "three legs", breaks the symmetry rules of general lyrics and music, and is obviously different from the upper and lower sentence structures and other types of operas. The regular structure of starting, inheriting and turning. In addition, the singing form of "one person sings and everyone joins in, leading the chorus and echoing" and the trinity singing form of "helping, beating and singing" combined with the local ship number, as well as the gong sutra of weak beats to strong and strong beats to weak, formed a unique and ups and downs artistic features. This is extremely unique among opera types. 2. Performance form: Yugu Opera is based on Sunjia Quan, a branch of the Wudang School’s “Longevity and Longevity Fist”, and absorbs the performance routines of other opera types to form a “hard work as reality, flower stand as a supplement” and a combination of performance and performance. Yiwu's routines are completely different from other types of drama.
The important value of Yugu Opera: 1. The board style and singing form of Yugu Opera are unique and have unique academic value for studying the evolution of opera music and religious music; 2. The "three sentences and one sentence" of Yugu Opera, The structure of the lyrics and sentences of "Yinqiang, abdominal cavity, locking cavity" is exactly the same as that of local folk songs. In addition, the ups and downs of the rhymes are unique, which provides a vivid reference for exploring the ancient cultural connotation of Yugu opera and studying the literary value of drama literature and folk literature. Example; 3. The singing, performance, accompaniment and gong scriptures of Yugu Opera are very unique, which not only has high aesthetic value and research value, but also provides useful reference for other operas to enrich singing and performance; 4. Yugu Opera retains Taoism Culture, the historical blood of foreign (Shanxi, Hebei immigrants) culture and local culture have different historical value for studying the integration of multiple cultures; 5. Fishing and Drum Opera performances have always promoted the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, rescue and protect this Ancient operas have practical significance and value that cannot be underestimated in carrying forward excellent traditional culture, reshaping the national spirit, and building a harmonious society.
Yugu Opera is a rare opera that has lasted for nearly three hundred years. Due to historical reasons and the rapid social changes after the reform and opening up, people's values, aesthetic trends, spiritual and cultural life have become richer, as well as diversified media technologies and Popularization, the protection and inheritance of Yugu Opera are facing this unprecedented crisis.
Most of the Yugu Opera artists have died, and most of the survivors are over 70 years old. The rescue and protection of the Yugu Opera is urgent.
In order to rescue, excavate, organize and protect this ancient opera so that it can be passed on and developed, as early as 1983 to 1988, Binzhou opera music expert Wang Yongchang visited Huying Village four times. Fujiacun interviewed old Yugu opera performers and accumulated a large amount of valuable information such as original singing and oral notes, which laid the foundation for surveillance for the excavation, organization and research of this rare opera. In March 2006, the county culture and sports bureau organized relevant experts to go to Hujiaying Village to sort out the plays "Gao Laozhuang", "Second Time" and "Monk" that the only four old artists could remember, and found that they were costumes, props, musical instruments and Taoist temple sites.
On this basis, in order to further inherit, innovate and develop Yugu Opera, the Zhanhua County Party Committee and County Government designated Yugu Opera as one of the five county-level films, and formally established it in May 2006. The China Zhanhua Yugu Drama Troupe has re-performed some traditional plays, created and staged new plays such as "Jian Yamen" and "Chasing the Dragon Tank". In the same year, at the 4th China Little Drama Festival, "Jian Yamen" stood out from more than 40 entries and won seven awards including the Best Recommended Play. On October 28, at the invitation of the Social and Cultural Department of the Ministry of Culture, he performed in Beijing and was successful. At the Yugu Opera Seminar held in Beijing the next day, the participating experts spoke highly of Zhanhua County’s work on the excavation and protection of Yugu Opera, and showed a strong interest in Yugu Opera, giving them full training in basic creation, music creation and actors’ acting skills. affim. At the end of 2006, Zhanhua County Fishing Drum Opera was approved by the Shandong Provincial People's Government as an intangible cultural heritage project.
Repertoire
"Azalea Blooms" "Corner" "Zaoxiang Nocturne"
Theatre
The predecessor of Zhanhua Yugu Drama Troupe It is the Lu Opera Troupe of Zhanhua County. In 2006, the troupe began to explore and organize Zhanhua's unique opera "Zhanhua Fishing Drum Opera", and then the Zhanhua Fishing Drum Opera Troupe was newly established. At the end of 2006, Zhanhua Fishing and Drum Opera was included in the Shandong Province Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative List; in June 2008, it was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage expansion projects. The inheritance and improvement of Zhanhua Fishing Drum Opera has promoted the construction and development of the troupe, and improved the grade and level of performances. Now it creates more than 200 performances every year, with an audience of more than 200,000. Jieshou Yugu originated from the Ming Dynasty, the specific year is unknown, and flourished during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty. Around 1920, it was the heyday of the development of Jieshou Fishing Drum. Its area of ??influence extends from Taihe County, Fuyang City, and Mengcheng County in Anhui Province to the east, and to Shenqiu County, Xincai County, Dancheng County, and Taikang County of Henan Province in the west. wait.
Jieshou Fishing Drum is mainly for singing, supplemented by Baibai. Because Jieshou is long and narrow from north to south, it is divided into "high-pitched fishing drum" in the south and "low-pitched fishing drum" in the north. The musical instruments he holds are percussion instruments, namely fishing drum tubes and bamboo slips. The songs he sings are mostly from traditional literature, and his singing voice is high-pitched, loud and euphemistic.
Jieshou Fishing Drum Music has been included in the Anhui volume of Chinese Folk Art Music. Relevant experts call it "a flower of Anhui Folk Art" and is known as the "living fossil" of the Yinghe River Basin. It has important cultural significance. The value of artistic research is a fragrant and wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese music.
Representative Figures
Miao Qingchen
Jieshou Fishing Drum Repertoire
"The Legend of Thieves", "Eight Horses", "Big Red" Robe", "Little Red Robe", "Liu Gong's Case", "Bao Gong's Case", "Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties", "Yue Family General", "Hu Family General", "Yang Family General", "Peng Gong's Case", "Ji Gong Biography" , "The Romance of the Gods", "Ten Golden Fans", "Xue Rengui's Conquest of the East", "The Golden Whip", "Three Heroes and Five Righteousness", etc. The new songs include "Han Ying Meets His Mother", "Shaking the Wine Pot", "Family", etc.