Name of the country: France*** and the State of France
(The Republic of France, La Republique Francaise)
National Day: July 14 (in 1880, Parliament legislated the recognition of the day of the storming of the Bastille as a national holiday to commemorate the French bourgeois revolution) > > >
Heritage Day: the third Saturday and Sunday of September (in 1984, Parliament legislated the day of the storming of the Bastille). >>
Heritage Day: the third Saturday and Sunday of September (officially started in 1984, the original event was held on the third Sunday of September, under the impetus of the then Minister of Culture Jacques Lang, many of the historical and cultural heritage of the Palace opened its doors to the public, in order to make more people understand the love and protection of the history and cultural heritage of mankind, initially called the "National Heritage Open Day", to 1992, the opening time was extended to Saturday and Sunday two days.) >>>
Flag: a rectangle, the ratio of length to width is 3:2. The flag consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, from left to right, respectively, blue, white and red. The origins of the French flag are various, the most representative of which is: in 1789 during the French bourgeois revolution, the Paris National Guard used the blue, white and red flag as the team flag. White in the center, representing the king, symbolizing the king's sacred status; red and blue on both sides, representing the citizens of Paris; at the same time, these three colors also symbolize the French royal family and the Paris bourgeoisie alliance. The tricolor flag was the symbol of the French Revolution, and it is said that the three colors represent liberty, equality and fraternity.
National Coat of Arms: France does not have an official coat of arms, but has traditionally adopted the coat of arms of the Revolutionary period as the national symbol. The coat of arms is oval, painted with one of the popular symbols of the Revolutionary period - the bundle of sticks, which is the ancient Roman senior magistrate with the power of the standard, is a symbol of authority. The two sides of the rod are decorated with olive and oak branches and leaves, and the ribbon wrapped between them reads "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" in French. The whole pattern is decorated by a ribbon with the medals of the ancient Roman legions.
National anthem: "La Marseillaise"
National flower: iris
National bird: rooster
National stone: pearl
Heads of state: President Chirac, elected in May 1995 and re-elected in May 2002; Patrick Ollier, President of the National Assembly, elected in March 2007; Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin, President of the National Council. Dominique de Villepin, who took office in May 2005; Michele Alliot-Marie, Minister of Defense, who took office in May 2002; Jean-Louis Debre, President of the French Constitutional Council, who took office in 2007; and the President of the French Parliament. Louis Debre, President of the French Constitutional Council.
Physical geography: 551,602 square kilometers. Located in the western part of Europe, bordering Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Andorra, Monaco, and the United Kingdom in the northwest across the Straits of La Manche, bordering on the North Sea, the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Corsica Island is the largest island in France. The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. Plains account for two-thirds of the total area. The main mountain ranges are the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Jura Mountains and so on. The French-Italian border of Mont Blanc is 4810 meters above sea level, the highest peak in Europe. The main rivers are the Loire (1010 kilometers), the Rhone (812 kilometers), and the Seine (776 kilometers). Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island of France. The total length of the border line is 5,695 kilometers, of which 2,700 kilometers are coastline, 2,800 kilometers are landline, and 195 kilometers are inland waterway. The western part of the oceanic temperate broad-leaved forest climate, the southern part of the subtropical Mediterranean climate, the central and eastern part of the continental climate. The average precipitation increases from 600 millimeters to more than 1000 millimeters from northwest to southeast.
Population: The population of the country is 63.3921 million (as of January 1, 2007), including 4 million foreign nationals, of which 2 million are from the European Union countries, and the immigrant population reaches 4.9 million, accounting for 8.1% of the country's total population. The French language is widely spoken. Ninety percent of the population is Catholic, with about 4 million Muslims and a few Protestants, Jews, Buddhists and Orthodox Christians.
Capital: Paris (Paris), as of January 1, 2007, the population of Paris is 2.15 million, including the city and suburbs of the Paris region population of 11.49 million. The Musée d'Orsay - Europe's most beautiful museum
Administrative divisions: There are regions, departments and communes. The administrative divisions are divided into regions, departments and communes. The departments are divided into sub-prefectures and prefectures, but they are not administrative regions. The provinces are divided into sub-prefectures and prefectures, but they are not administrative regions. The prefectures are judicial and electoral units. The French territory is divided into 22 regions, 96 provinces, 4 overseas provinces, 4 overseas territories and 1 local administrative region with special status. The country*** has 36,679 municipalities.
Brief history: Settled by Gauls in BC. In the 1st century BC, Julius Caesar, the Roman governor of the Gauls, occupied all of Gaul, which was then under Roman rule for 500 years. The Franks conquered Gaul in the 5th century A.D. and established the Kingdom of Franks, and after the 10th century, feudal society developed rapidly. 1337, the English king coveted the throne of France, and the Hundred Years' War broke out. The Hundred Years' War broke out in 1337, when the British coveted the throne of France. In the early part of the Hundred Years' War, a large part of the French land was occupied by the British and the King of France was captured, but the French people fought a war of resistance against invasion and ended the Hundred Years' War in 1453. With the development of bourgeois forces, the Revolution broke out in France in 1789, abolishing the monarchy and establishing the First **** and State on September 22, 1792. Napoleon Bonaparte seized power on November 9 (the 18th of the Misty Moon), 1799, and was proclaimed Emperor in 1804, establishing the First Empire. a revolution broke out in February 1848, establishing the Second **** and State. 1851 saw a coup d'état by President Louis Bonaparte. In 1851, President Louis Bonaparte staged a coup d'état and established the Second Empire in December of the following year. 1870, after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the Third **** and State was established in September 1871, until the surrender of the French government of Pétain to Germany in June 1940, which led to the demise of the Third **** and State. 1871, March 18, the people of Paris staged an armed revolt to establish the Paris Commune. At the end of May of the same year, it was brutally suppressed by the French army. France was invaded by Germany during the first and second world wars. 1944 June announced the establishment of a provisional government, de Gaulle (right) as head of the 1946 adoption of the constitution, the establishment of the fourth **** and the state. 1958 September adopted a new constitution, the fifth **** and the establishment of the country in December of the same year, de Gaulle was elected president.
Normandy Landing
Politics: the president is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, the term of office of five years (changed to five years in June 2000), by the voters directly elected. The President has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and to approve ministers nominated by the Prime Minister; presides over the Cabinet, the Supreme National Defense Council, and the National Defense Commission; has the power to dissolve the Parliament; can submit certain important bills to a referendum without going through the Parliament; and, in times of unusual circumstances, has full power to "take the necessary measures in the light of the situation". The President of the Senate acts as President when the President is unable to fulfill the duties of his office or when the President leaves office in the event of a vacancy. The Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate, and has the power to make laws, supervise the government, approve budgets, and authorize declarations of war. The National Assembly*** has 577 seats, serves a five-year term, and is directly elected by voters using a two-round majority voting system. According to the Senate reform bill adopted by the National Assembly in July 2003, the term of office of senators was shortened from nine to six years in 2004, and the total number of seats was increased from 321 to 340 in 2010, with half of the seats being reelected every three years. Indirectly elected by an electoral college composed of members of the National Assembly and local assemblies at all levels, on July 31, 1995, the French Parliament adopted a constitutional amendment. This act empowers the President to make greater use of referendums to address economic and social issues. The President of France, on the proposal of the government or the Senate or the National Assembly, may submit to a referendum all reform proposals concerning the organization of public **** power, the French economy or social policy. Presidential Palace - Elysee Palace, Prime Minister's Palace - Matignon Palace, National Assembly - Bourbon Palace.
Paris Opera House
Economy: France has a well-developed economy with a GDP that ranks among the highest in the world. Major industrial sectors include mining, metallurgy, iron and steel, automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, machinery manufacturing, textiles, chemicals, electrical appliances, power, daily consumer goods, food processing and construction. Emerging industrial sectors such as nuclear energy, petrochemicals, ocean development, aviation and astronautics have grown rapidly in recent years and continue to account for an increasing share of industrial output. Nuclear power equipment capacity, oil and oil processing technology rank second in the world, after the United States; the aviation and astronautics industry ranks third in the world, after the United States and the CIS. The iron and steel industry and the textile industry occupy the sixth place in the world. However, industry is still dominated by traditional industrial sectors, of which iron and steel, automobiles and construction are the three main pillars. The proportion of industry in the national economy has a tendency to decrease gradually. The proportion of the tertiary sector in the French economy has been increasing year by year. Among them, the business volume of telecommunications, information, tourism services and transportation sectors has increased greatly, and the employees in the service sector account for about 70% of the total labor force. France's commerce is relatively developed, the most income-generating is the sale of food, in a wide variety of stores, supermarkets and chain stores are the most dynamic, accounting for almost half of all commercial activities. France's iron ore reserves of about 1 billion tons, but the low grade, high mining costs, most of the iron ore needed to rely on imports. Coal reserves are nearly depleted and all coal mines are expected to close in 2005. Bauxite reserves are about 90 million tons. Non-ferrous metal reserves are very small, and almost all of them depend on imports. Oil reserves are just over 30 million tons. Natural gas reserves are 250 billion cubic meters, and 99% of the oil and 75% of the natural gas needed are imported. Hydraulic resources are about 10 million kilowatts, and the energy mainly relies on nuclear energy, while the development and utilization of hydraulic resources and geothermal heat are relatively full. The forest area is about 15.3 million hectares, accounting for 21.1% of the total forest area of the European Union, with a green area of 0.3 hectares per capita and a forest cover of 28.2%. France is the largest agricultural producer in the European Union and the world's leading exporter of agricultural by-products. Food production accounts for one-third of Europe's food production, agricultural exports ranked second in the world after the United States. With the urbanization of the French population, the rural population is decreasing, France **** has 54.919 million hectares of arable land, of which 61% is agricultural land, 27% is forestry land, and 12% is non-agricultural land. Ninety-six percent of agricultural land is owned by families. The traditional regional structure of agriculture is as follows: the north-central region is the main producing area for cereals, oilseeds, vegetables and sugar beets; the western and mountainous regions are the main producing areas for fodder crops; and the Mediterranean coast and the south-western region are the main producing areas for perennial crops (grapes and fruits). Mechanization is the main means for France to improve agricultural productivity, and France has basically realized agricultural mechanization. Agri-food processing industry is one of the pillars of the French foreign trade exports to obtain a surplus. Europe's top 100 agri-food industry groups have 24 in France, the world's top 100 agri-food industry groups have 7 in France, France's agricultural and sideline products exports ranked first in the world, accounting for 11% of the world market. France is a world-famous tourist country, receiving an average of more than 70 million foreign visitors a year, more than the country's population. The capital city of Paris, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic coast of the scenic areas and the Alps are tourist attractions, in addition to a number of historical cities, the Loire River, the old castle group, Brittany and Normandy's fishing villages, Corsica and so on. Some famous museums in France collect the valuable heritage of world culture. France is also a world trade power, its foreign trade has two characteristics: one is that imports are greater than exports, resulting in a trade deficit, imports of goods are mainly energy and industrial raw materials, etc., exports of goods are mainly machinery, automobiles, chemical products, steel, agricultural products, food, clothing, cosmetics and arms, etc., France's wine enjoys a good reputation around the world, and the export of alcohol exports accounted for half of the world's exports. French fashion, French cuisine, French perfume are famous in the world; the other is the non-product of technology exports are growing faster, pure technology exports in the entire export trade in the status of the increasingly important. France's main source of government revenue is tax, tax is higher than the United States, Japan and other countries, mainly from the value-added tax, and other income tax, corporate tax, social welfare taxes. French tourist attractions - Evian >>> the world's highest bridge - Miyo Bridge
Culture: the 17th century, the French classical literature ushered in its own glorious period, appeared one after another Molière, Stendhal, Balzac, Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Flaubert, Alexandre Dumas, Zola, Maupassant, Romain Rolland and other literary giants. Many of their works have become treasures of world literature. Among them, Notre Dame de Paris, The Red and the Black, The Elderly Man, The Count of Monte Cristo, Les Misérables and John Christopher have been translated into world literature and widely circulated in the world. In modern times, French art has been quite innovative on the basis of inheriting tradition, and not only has there appeared such masters of sculpture art as Rodin, but also representative figures of impressionism and fauvism like Monet and Matisse. Since the 17th century, France has been a world leader in industrial design and art design for a long time. Schools specializing in practical arts, architecture, fashion design, and industrial design have long been known overseas for their "Made in France" commercial success. The French love sports, and popular sports include soccer, tennis, rugby, boccia, sailing, swimming, skiing, and cycling. Famous universities include the University of Paris and the University of Lyon. Cannes International Film Festival is one of the world's five major film festivals, held in May every year in Cannes, a small seaside town in southeastern France, which is one of the world's earliest and largest international film festivals and lasts for about two weeks. 1956 the highest prize was the Golden Duck Award, and since 1957 it has been changed to Palme d'Or Award. "The festival is one of the first and largest international film festivals, and lasts about two weeks. Historic French coffee culture
Press and Publication: The main newspapers are Le Figaro, Le Monde, Le Soir de France, Libération, Humanité, Paris Daily News. The main local newspapers are La France Ouest, which has the largest circulation in France; and La Voix du Nord. The principal weekly newspapers are L'Express, L'Opinion, Le Nouvel Observateur, Paris Match Illustrated, and Le Figaro Magazine. There are about 6,000 publishing houses in France, of which 331 are larger. News agencies include Agence France-Presse, one of the world's five largest news agencies, founded in 1835. The French national broadcaster was founded in 1975 and has six radio stations. In addition, there are 17 independent local stations invested by the national broadcaster and local *** with. In 1982, the government passed a decree to abolish the state monopoly on radio stations, allowing private individuals and organizations to set up radio stations. At present, there are nearly 1,300 private radio stations in the country, including Radio Luxembourg, Radio Monte Carlo and Europe One. There are four national state television stations, more than 20 central or local cable television stations and many television channels that can be received via satellite.
Attractions: Paris Arc de Triomphe (L'arc de Triomphe) is located in the center of Paris, the center of the Star Square (now known as the General de Gaulle Square), is a French commemoration of Napoleon's defeat of the Russian and Austrian allied forces in the Battle of Austerlitz in February 1806 and the construction of the 12 avenues in order to the Arc de Triomphe as the center to the four sides of the radiant, magnificent, like the starlight four. The project was designed by the architect Sharlgren, the foundation stone was laid in August 1806, which lasted 30 summers and was completed in July 1836, the Arc de Triomphe is 49.54 meters high. Triumphal Arch 49.54 meters high, 44.82 meters wide, 22.21 meters thick. It has a door on all sides, the center of the arch is 14.6 meters wide, the gateway to two high piers for the pillar, the middle of the elevator up and down. In the arched dome above three layers of corridor, the highest layer is the showroom, where the Arc de Triomphe shows a variety of historical artifacts as well as pictures of Napoleon's life story; the second layer of the collection of a variety of French medals, medals; the lowest layer of the Arc de Triomphe's security office and accounting room. Gallery: the gorgeous music of France
Eiffel Tower in the center of Paris on the south bank of the Seine River, is the world's first steel structure of the tower, is regarded as the symbol of Paris. Designed and built by the famous French architect Stave Eiffel and named. Built in 1887-1889. The tower is more than 300 meters high, weighing 9,000 tons and divided into three levels. The first platform is 57 meters from the ground, with stores and restaurants; the second platform is 115 meters high, with a café; the third platform is 276 meters high, for visitors to see, the bottom of the area of 10,000 square meters, in the third layer of the building structure violently contracted, pointing straight up to the sky. From one side, it looks like the letter "Y" written backwards. The tower consists of more than 1.8 million components and more than 2.5 million rivets. There is an elevator or a walk to the top of the tower. At night, the top of the tower issued by the rotation of the color searchlight light, anti-aircraft collision. Tower erected next to the rectangular white marble columns, the top of the columns placed Stave Eiffel gilded head.
The Louvre (Palais du Louvre) is one of the largest royal palace buildings in France, located in the center of Paris on the right bank of the Seine, south of the Paris Opera Square. Originally a medieval castle, the 16th century after many alterations, expansion, to the 18th century for the existing scale. Covering an area of about 45 hectares. As early as 1546, King Fran?ois I decided to build a new palace on the basis of the original castle, and then after nine monarchs continued to expand, which lasted more than 300 years, forming a U-shaped magnificent and brilliant palace complex. 1793 August 10, in the overthrow of the monarchy on the anniversary of the French "National Council "decided to open the former palace for the National Museum of Fine Arts; November 18 of the same year, the Louvre Museum officially opened to the public. Its entire project was completed in 1857. In the Louvre mouth-shaped main hall on the west side, stretching out two side halls, the center of the open space to form the Carrousel Square. On the east side of the palace there is a long row of colonnades, and the building is magnificent. Its galleries are 900 feet long and contain a large collection of works by many artists of the seventeenth century and the European Renaissance. The collection amounts to 400,000 pieces. The Louvre Museum of Fine Arts is divided into six main sections: the Museum of Greek and Roman Art; the Museum of Oriental Art; the Museum of Egyptian Art; the Museum of European Medieval, Renaissance and Modern Statuary; and the Museum of Modern Painting. The exhibitions are divided according to different schools, schools of thought and eras. The first floor exhibits sculptures. On the second floor are oil paintings, and on the third floor are drawings and color pastels. In the early eighties, the French government to implement the expansion and restoration of the Louvre "Grand Louvre program".
Notre-Dame de Paris (Notre-Dame de Paris) is the most famous medieval Gothic cathedral, known for its size, age and archaeological and architectural value. Conceived by the Bishop of Paris, Maurice de Sully, to combine two earlier Basilican (rectangular) churches into a single cathedral, the foundation stone was laid by Pope Alexander III in 1163, the high altar was consecrated in 1189, the choir stalls, the west fa?ade, and the chancel were completed in 1240, and porticoes, prayer rooms, and other furnishings were built in the following hundred years. The interior plan is 130 x 48 meters, the roof is 35 meters high and the tower is 68 meters high. The spire of the tower was never built. The church was damaged through the ages and had to be restored in the 19th century, but only the three huge round windows still have the stained glass of the 13th century. The back of the nave is particularly majestic and beautiful flying buttresses.
The site of the Bastille (Place de la Bastille) is located in the eastern part of the city of Paris, on the right bank of the Seine, where a military fortress was built from 1369 to 1382 AD. The word "Bastille" means "castle" in French. The old castle, with its 8 strong fortresses, was built to resist the English invasion and was transformed into a royal prison from 1380 to 1422. The castle covers an area of 2,670 square meters, surrounded by a high and thick stone wall and eight towers over 30 meters high, with a 24-meter wide ditch dug around it and accessed by a drawbridge. As early as in the 16th century, this place began to imprison political prisoners, the French Enlightenment thinker Voltaire was twice imprisoned here. In the minds of the French people, the Bastille has become a symbol of the French feudal dictatorship. 1789 July 3, the people of Paris rose up in revolt, on the 14th, captured the Bastille, opened the prelude to the French Revolution. 1791, the people of Paris demolished the Bastille, built on its former site of the Bastille Square, and demolition of the stone paved to the Seine River on the Pont de la Concorde for the passers-by to trample. In 1830, the French people also built a monument to the martyrs of the July Revolution in the center of the square. This monument is 52 meters high, the monument body is cast in bronze cylinder, known as the "July Cylinder", at the top of the column is a right hand holding up the torch of the golden-winged statue of liberty, the statue of God in his left hand with a broken chain to symbolize the freedom. In front of the prison site stands a sign that reads, "Everybody dance here!" In June 1880, France designated July 14, the day the people of Paris captured the Bastille, as a French national holiday.
The Pantheon (le Pantheon) is located in the center of Paris, on the left bank of the Seine in the Latin Quarter, was completed in 1791, is a permanent memorial to the French historical celebrities of the shrine. It was originally built in the era of Louis XV, St. Geneviève church, was nationalized in 1791 after the separation of religion, changed to the burial ground of the "great man". 1814 to 1830, it was returned to the Church. The Pantheon's artistic decoration is very beautiful, the large frescoes on its dome were created by the famous painter Antoine Grote, but after the July Revolution of 1830 the theme of the paintings changed and the Pantheon took on a "purely patriotic and national" character. Voltaire, Rousseau, Victor Hugo, émile Zola, Marcelin Bertolo, Jean Jaurès, Berlioz, Malraux and Alexandre Dumas are buried in the Pantheon. As of November 2002,*** 70 people who have made extraordinary contributions to France enjoy this distinction.
The Georges Pompidou National Center for Art and Culture (Centre National d'art et de Culture Georges Pompidou) is located in the north side of the Latin Quarter of Paris, on the right bank of the Seine, on the Rue de Beaubourg, which is often referred to simply as Beaubourg by the locals. The exterior of the cultural center is lined with steel frames and pipes, and is painted red, yellow, blue, green and white depending on the function. This modern building is also known as the "Refinery" and "Culture Factory" because it resembles a factory. This innovative design, special shape of the modern building is the late President Pompidou in 1969 decided to build, 1972 officially started construction, completed in 1977, opened in February of the same year. The entire building covers an area of 7,500 square meters, construction area **** 100,000 square meters, 6 floors above ground. The whole building *** divided into industrial creation center, public knowledge library, modern art museum and music and sound harmony and research center four parts. >>>
Place de la Concorde in Paris (Place de la Concorde in Paris) is located in the center of Paris, on the north bank of the Seine River, is the most famous square in France and one of the most beautiful squares in the world. The square was built in 1757, according to the design of the famous architect Cabrière. Because there was a statue of Louis XV riding in the center of the square, it was named "Louis XV Square" in 1763. During the Revolution, it was renamed "Place de la Révolution", and in 1795 it was renamed "Place de la Concorde", which was later renovated under the auspices of the renowned architect Hittorfer, and finally took on its present dimensions in 1840. In the center of the square stands a 23-meter-high, more than 3,400-year-old Egyptian obelisk, which is Louis-Philippe in 1831 from Luxor, Egypt, the famous cultural relics, the monument body of the ancient text records the deeds of Pharaoh Ramses II. On each side of the monument is a fountain. The exquisite carvings in the fountain are also the work of Hitover. The square is surrounded by eight statues symbolizing the eight cities that played an important role in the history of France: Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, Nantes, Rouen, Brest, Lille and Strasbourg, where, during the Revolution of 1793, the people of Paris rose up to destroy the bronze statue of Louis XV and sent Louis XVI to the guillotine.
The Champs-Elysées (Ave des Champs-Elysees) runs from Place de la Concorde in the east to Place de l'Etoile in the west, with a total length of about 1,800 meters, and a width of about 120 meters at the widest point of the street, which is one of the most distinctive and bustling streets across Paris. In French, "Champs-élysées" means "idyllic paradise". In the past, it was a low-lying, wet open space, and in the 17th century, during the reign of Louis XIV, it was planted with trees, making it a forbidden area reserved for the pleasure of the court nobility. Later on, the east-west axis of the Parc des Tuileries was extended to the west, with a boulevard nearly 1 kilometer long. It was later extended and named Champs Elysées in 1709. The avenue is bounded by the Rue Lombard, which runs north-south, and is divided into two sections, east and west, with very different styles. The quiet eastern section reflects an idyllic landscape, about 700 meters long, with rows of sycamore trees and street gardens hidden among the trees. At the eastern end, the Arc de Triomphe is located in the center of the star-shaped square. Near the main street are the Bourbon Palace and the Cathedral of Madeleine. Here are also Tularey Park, the Louvre, the City Hall and the Elysee Palace and other places of interest. The western section is more than 1,100 meters long, and the Place de la Concorde at the western end is another major transportation hub in Paris. Some of the major festivals in France - the National Day parade on July 14 and the New Year's Eve gala are held on this famous street.
History: French playwright Molière : Born January 15, 1622 . His real name was Jean-Baptiste Poclain. Poclain. Molière was his stage name after he joined the theater. Molière lost his mother at the age of 10, and his grandfather often took him to see farces, comedies and tragicomedies.In the 1950s, Molière began to write and perform some farces and comedies, "The Impostor" (1653).In 1658, he returned to Paris and mainly engaged in the creation of classical comedies, and a series of works were released, such as "Lovely Talented Woman" (1659), "The Scannerelles" (1660), "The Academy of Husbands" (1661), "The Academy of Wives" (1661) and "The Academy of Husbands" (1662). 1664-1668 was the peak stage of Molière's creative work, with major plays such as The Hypocrites (1664), Don Juan (1665), and Scrooge (1668), etc. After 1668, Molière also wrote a number of satirical works. Molière wrote more than 30 comedies in his life. He made outstanding contributions to the development of the art of comedy by shaping the characters, introducing the element of farce appropriately, and fully utilizing everyday language. Moliere died in 1673.
Voltaire (1694-1778): 18th-century French Enlightenment thinker, known as the "King of Thought", "France's finest poet". Originally known as Fran?ois Marie Arouet, Voltaire was a pen name. Born in Paris in a wealthy middle-class family, since childhood has been well educated. Voltaire experienced the rule of Louis XIV, XV, XVI three feudal dynasties, witnessed the feudal absolutism from the flourishing to the decline of a personal sense of the feudal absolutism of the corrupt and reactionary rule. In his youth, he was imprisoned twice in the Bastille for publishing works against the feudal aristocracy, and after his release in 1725, he lived in England for three years. He advocated the rule of "enlightened monarchs" and the implementation of constitutional monarchy. Voltaire wrote many works. He was against feudalism and religious superstition, and advocated the principles of freedom and equality and the equality of all people before the law. His major works include: Philosophical Dictionary, On the Customs and Spirits of the Peoples, and The Age of Louis XIV. He also wrote a historical drama about China, The Orphans of China.
Rousseau (1712-1778): French Enlightenment thinker and philosopher. Born in Geneva watchmaker family. Worked as a servant, secretary, tutor, music scribe. He advocated the establishment of a bourgeois democratic **** and state, and believed that private ownership was the root cause of social oppression of the people, but did not advocate the complete elimination of private ownership. His major works include The Social Contract (old translation of The Civil Contract), On the Origin and Basis of Human Inequality, and The Confessions.
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821): French statesman and militarist, Emperor of the First French Empire (1808-1814). Born in Ajaccio, Corsica. Graduated from the Ecole Militaire de Paris, he served as a second lieutenant and major of artillery, and was promoted to brigadier general in 1793, after having won a battle at the Battle of Toulon. He led the attack on Italy (1796) and Egypt (1798) during the Regime, and in November 1799 he staged a coup d'état and established the Regime, which became the Emperor in 1804, and in 1812 he was defeated in the War of 1812 against Russia, and in 1815 was defeated at Waterloo. He was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885): one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature. Hugo was born on February 26, 1802 in Besan?on, France, an officer's family, he was talented, creative force enduring, literary career of half a century. Humanitarianism is the main line running through his works. Hugo was born in an officer's family. In his childhood, he accompanied his father to Italy and Spain, and settled in Paris in 1814. In his youth, he embarked on the road of struggle for social progress. 1831 published the novel "Notre Dame de Paris", showing the writer's strong anti-feudal, anti-church ideas. 1848 "February Revolution" began, Hugo has become a firm **** and the party, and was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly, became the social democratic left in the French National Assembly. In 1851, Louis Bonaparte staged a coup d'état. Hugo immediately issued a declaration of resistance, but unfortunately failed. In December of the same year, Hugo was forced to flee to Brussels. During the 19 years of exile, Hugo always insisted on the struggle against the dictatorship of Napoleon III, and insisted on writing. 1862 completed the long novel Les Miserables. 1870 the second French empire collapsed, Hugo returned to his homeland. 1872 completed his last novel, "Ninety-Three Years". 1885 died on May 22, in Paris. Hugo followed the pace of the times throughout his life, and is an important writer in the history of French literature. It is especially worth mentioning that in 1861, when Hugo learned that the British and French invaders set fire to the Yuanmingyuan, he was full of righteous indignation. He righteously wrote: "The French empire has gained half of the spoils from this victory, and now it is naive enough to take out the brilliant plunder of the Yuanmingyuan for exhibition, as if it were the real owner of the property. I long for the day when France will be free of its burden, cleansed of its guilt, and return these riches to the plundered China."
Picasso House Museum
On May 8 each year, a French military honor guard
commemorates the victory in World War II
Diplomacy: France is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a founding and key member of the European Union, and a member of NATO (but does not participate in the NATO Military Integration Agency). Since the establishment of France's Fifth **** and State in 1958, successive governments have followed the independent and autonomous foreign policy formulated by General de Gaulle to safeguard national independence. The European Union is the foundation of French diplomacy. France is committed to promoting the construction of Europe, building the EU into a truly independent pole and playing a central role in it; promoting multi-polarization, developing and strengthening inter-regional cooperation in Europe and Asia; striving to coordinate its relations with major powers; maintaining and developing traditional relations with African countries and promoting the increase of aid from developed countries to Africa; actively participating in the Middle East peace process and related hotspot affairs; and strengthening its political and economic relations with Asia and Latin America.
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