1. Propagation Chrysanthemums are propagated by cuttings, division, grafting and tissue culture.
(1) Cuttings can be divided into buds, shoots and leaf buds. Bud cuttings, in the fall and winter cuttings of plant foot bud cuttings. The standard for selecting buds is to be farther away from the plant, and the buds are full. Remove the lower leaves, according to the plant spacing of 3-4 cm, row spacing of 4-5 cm, inserted in the greenhouse or greenhouse pots or inserted in the bed, to maintain a room temperature of 7-8 ℃, planted outdoors after the spring warmth. Shoot insertion, this method is the most widely used, mostly in April-May cuttings, cut off the shoots 8-10 cm as a spike, at a temperature of 18-21 ℃, about 3 weeks to root, about 4 weeks to planting. Open-air beds, the medium to vegetative sand is good, the bed should be shaded. Full light spray beds do not need shade. Leaf bud cuttings, cut a leaf cuttings with axillary buds from branches, this method is only used to propagate rare species.
(2) planting Generally around the time of the Qingming Festival, the plant is dug out, according to the natural shape of the roots with roots apart, another planting pot.
(3) Grafting In order to make chrysanthemums grow strong and healthy, and to be used to make "Ten Auspicious Brocade" or Dali chrysanthemums, Artemisia annua or Artemisia annua can be used as rootstocks for grafting. Artemisia seeds in late fall, sown in the greenhouse in winter, or in March in the hotbed seedlings, in late April when the seedlings are 3-4 cm high moved to pots or planted in the field, in May-June on a sunny day for splitting.
(4)Tissue cultureThe propagation of chrysanthemums by tissue culture technique has the advantages of rapid propagation, large number of seedlings, detoxification and keeping the characteristics of varieties. The basic medium is MS, with appropriate amount of plant hormones, pH 5.8. Use chrysanthemum stem tip, young stem or flower buds as the explant, cut into 0.5 cm small section inoculation. The temperature of the culture room was 25℃ + 1℃. Every day light 8 hours, light intensity 3000-4000 lux. After 1-2 months of culture, seedlings can be induced.
2. Cultivation
(1) Cultivation and management of potted chrysanthemums Potted chrysanthemums can be roughly categorized into three ways.
A section of the root system cultivation method The Yangtze River and Pearl River Basin and the southwestern part of the country mostly use this method. That is, cuttings are taken in May, potted in June, stop centering in early August, strengthen fertilizer and water management in September to promote its growth, and bloom in October-November. Potted chrysanthemums around the world in different ways, there are mainly the following five: cuttings that is potted, the advantages of this method for the root damage is less, the color of the flowers is, long flowering period, but more labor; tile tube on the ground on the pot, cuttings are planted in three tiles surrounded by tile tube cultivation, to be dug up when the buds on the color on the pot. This method is more labor-saving than the former, but it is easy to hurt the roots when digging up seedlings, and the quality of flowers is not as good as the former; ground planting pot method, cuttings are planted in raised beds, and then put on the big hole pots at the beginning of July, so that the seedlings will stick out from the holes of the pots, and then add the soil, and shovel off the underground roots when they appear to be colorful; grafting in the pots method, sowing the seeds to breed Artemisia seedlings in March, and grafting the chrysanthemums on the seedlings of Artemisia in May, and then the management is the same as that of the method of cutting cuttings in pots; the propagation by this method will result in the robust plants, large flowers, and earlier blooming. Earlier, but more labor intensive, ground planting grafting pot method, March will be well-fostered Artemisia seedlings planted in the bed, grafting in May, buds now color when moving people in pots. The advantage is that the management is convenient, the plant is strong and healthy, and the flower is also big. The disadvantage is that it hurts the roots more.
Two section of the root system cultivation method This method is commonly used in the northeast, in Jiangxi, Hunan and other places are also applied. In May-June culm insertion, seedlings after survival on the pot, add soil to the pot depth of 1/3-1/2. late July to early August to stop picking. To be lateral branches grow out of the pot along the edge, with the disk branch method to adjust the height of the plant, and the branches to be fixed, so that it is evenly distributed, the upper part of the addition of mulching, soon disk pressure on the branch that is born on the root. When the branch grows to a certain height, can also be adjusted once again disk branch, and then add enough fertilizer. Application of this method, chrysanthemum appearance neat and beautiful, the plant is shorter, full of leaves, branches strong, large flowers, long flowering period. Because of the roots on the disk branch, so it is called the two sections of the root system cultivation method.
Three-part root system cultivation method is a common cultivation method in North China. It takes one year from the insertion of stalks in winter to the flowering in November of the following year. Beijing art chrysanthemum masters summed up the following four stages, namely, winter storage, the end of autumn and early winter selection of strong foot shoot cuttings to raise seedlings; spring planting, mid-April seedlings potted in pots, pots with ordinary rotting leaves, without fertilizer, summer fixed, the use of centering to promote the growth of foot shoots, to mid-July out of the ground foot shoots grow to about 10 centimeters, the selection of the development of a sound, full-budded seedling for the pot planting, autumn cultivation, in the early-mid-July the selection of a strong seedling into a pot of 20 to 24 centimeters in diameter, and the selection of a strong seedling into the pot of 20 to 24 centimeters in diameter. In the first half of July, the selected strong seedlings will be moved into pots with a diameter of 20 to 24 centimeters, and the potting soil will be made of ordinary culture soil plus 0.5% calcium superphosphate. The chrysanthemum seedlings in the small pots with the pile of soil poured out, planted in the center of the new shoots, and cut off the excess tillers, add soil to the original seedling depth compaction. After changing pots, the new plant and the mother plant grow at the same time, when the new plant has developed and thrived, the old plant Qi soil surface cut. Cut out the mother after the loose on, filled with ordinary culture, and add 20% of a 30% of the rotted compost. At this time, the pot has 80% full of fertilizer, 1 week after the third section of the new roots, the new old three sections of the formation of a strong root system, the entire cultivation process, change the pot 1 time, fill the soil 2 times, the plant three times the roots.
(2) Cultivation and management of modeling chrysanthemums The chrysanthemums are to be processed artistically to form a specific type.
Cliff Chrysanthemum Generally, small chrysanthemum varieties are used, with one end of the bent bamboo piece inserted into the pot, the other end fixed on the shelf, so that the plant grows along the bamboo piece, at an angle of 45 degrees to the ground, tied once every 2-3 sections. The main branches are allowed to grow, and the lateral branches are repeatedly centered, until the end of September to stop centering. After the buds appear, strip the buds a few times and move them to big pots for maintenance. Cliff chrysanthemum general main branch length of about 1.5 meters, placed on the rocky waterfront and rockery, branches hanging flowers, quite distinctive. If you make a large cliff chrysanthemum, you have to take cuttings in July-August in advance, and increase the daily light use to more than 14 hours from August to March of the next year, in order to inhibit the emergence of buds that year. Because the cliff chrysanthemum plant grows, so it needs more water and fertilizer, should be son adequate supply.
Dali chrysanthemum Choose the large-flowered varieties with strong branching and soft branches, and cultivate them carefully for 1-2 years, and each plant can open dozens to thousands of flowers, suitable for exhibitions and halls. It is suitable for exhibitions and halls. The large chrysanthemums are often grafted with Artemisia and cultivated with long sunshine for 2 years. Cultivation points of the cuttings method are as follows: in September, dig 5-10 cm long robust foot buds inserted in shallow pots, after rooting, move to 12 cm diameter pots, indoor overwintering. In January of the following year, move into a large pot. When the seedling has 7-9 leaves, leave 6-7 leaves to be centered. Leave 3-4 lateral branches in the upper part, and then leave 4-5 leaves in each lateral branch to be repeated. After the warm spring planting, and then about every 20 days to pick heart 1 time, stop in early August. Plants rubbed inserted a thin bamboo, fixed trunk, around the insertion of another 4-5 bamboo poles, lead tied lateral branches. To early September moved into a large pot. After the autumn to strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, often in addition to buds, peeling buds. When the diameter of flower buds reaches 1-1.5 cm, use bamboo pieces to make a flat-topped or hemispherical bamboo circle on the plant, and connect with the pillars to tie, and then use a fine lead wire to tie evenly on the pen loop, and continue to maintain. Such cultivation of large standing chrysanthemums, a plant can bloom hundreds of flowers.
Ta chrysanthemum (ten auspicious brocade) will be a variety of different flower type, flower color chrysanthemum connected to a 3-5 meters high yellow flowers on Artemisia, rootstock main branch does not cut off the top, let it grow, grafted in layers on the lateral branches, is a dry revolution shape. Various colors of flowers bloom at the same time, colorful, very spectacular. Cultivate ten Xiang Jinju, in the choice of scion varieties, pay attention to the coordination of flower type, flower color, flower size, etc. and the similarity of the flowering period, in order to make the whole plant performance harmonious and consistent.
The desktop chrysanthemum is a short plant with large flowers, which can be arranged in the hall and several cases. It has the advantages of small area, short growing period and long viewing time. Cultivation of chrysanthemums mainly involves choosing varieties, timely seedling and hormone treatment. The desktop chrysanthemums should choose the dwarf varieties with large flowers, plump flowers and fat spreading leaves, such as Green Cloud, Green Peony, Handsome Flag and Dancer under the Lights, etc. The seedlings should be planted at the right time. Cuttings should be taken in August-September. When the root system is thick and strong, move them into pots with a diameter of 10 cm, fertilize them completely after 1 week, and then gradually increase the concentration of fertilizer, and stop fertilizing them when the buds are translucent. Each watering of fertilizer, do not overdo it. After the cuttings are alive, that is, with dwarfin B9 (N-2 methylamino butanediamidic acid) 2% aqueous solution treatment, and then every 10 days every 10 days to deal with 1 time, until the color is present, the total **** 4-5 times, can achieve dwarfing.
(3) Cultivation and management of cut-flower chrysanthemums Cut-flower chrysanthemums live in the world's "four big cut flowers" of the crown, accounting for about 30% of the total.
Annual supply of chrysanthemum cut flowers The production of fresh cut flowers must achieve a balanced annual listing. There are spring chrysanthemums, summer chrysanthemums, autumn chrysanthemums and winter chrysanthemums (cold chrysanthemums) in regular cultivation, and there are many varieties. In the months when chrysanthemums do not bloom, the supply problem is solved by artificially extending the flowering period. Flower bud differentiation and flowering of chrysanthemums are related to the number of leaves, plant height, sunlight and temperature. Flower bud differentiation needs to grow to about 10 leaves, plant height of 25 cm or more, and it takes 45-60 days to bloom. Generally speaking, chrysanthemums and winter chrysanthemums have rapid flower bud differentiation (10-15 days) under short sunshine conditions, and flower buds do not differentiate under long sunshine conditions. The summer chrysanthemum varieties, on the other hand, can complete the differentiation of flower buds under the condition of long sunshine. Under the condition of conventional cultivation, the latest flowering varieties of summer chrysanthemums in Guangzhou are June yellow, June white, and toffee red, etc. However, with the high summer temperature and strong sunlight, these varieties should be placed in the shade when they are in bloom. The earliest flowering of autumn chrysanthemum is early yellow, early white, white crabapple, yellow mud gold, generally in late October or early November has blossomed. 7, 8, 9, October four months need to use artificial light or shading, regulating temperature and humidity, that is to say, the autumn chrysanthemum bloomed in advance, summer chrysanthemum delayed blooming, so that the cut flower production of the whole year batch balanced market. Artificial light, generally with 100-watt or 60-watt light bulb hanging in the plant above 1 meter, each irradiation area of 4 square meters. Add light and shading methods there are three: one is intermittent or short-lived light, that is, 0.5-1 hours of light in the dark, the second is to give a number of hours of darkness during the day (i.e., daytime shading); the third is to add light in the morning and evening in advance in order to increase the number of hours of sunlight, or shading to prolong the darkness of the night time.
Cut flower cultivation and general cultivation methods are similar, the most important thing is to choose a well-drained fertile sandy loam. Cut flowers auxiliary land about 6000 plants per mu, that is, 8-9 plants per square meter. Each plant to stay 5 branches, 20 days after planting topping, often stripped side shoots, to the bud stage should be timely stripped buds. About 30,000 cut flowers can be harvested per mu. Common diseases include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew and root rot. The pathogens of these diseases are fungi, which are caused by too much soil moisture, poor drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is advisable to choose a good ecological conditions for cultivation, and need to pay attention to flooding, remove diseased plants, diseased leaves, burned residual roots. Potting soil should be sterilized with 1:8 formalin solution, and then sprayed with Bordeaux solution, 80% wettable zinc diclofenac solution, or 50% wettable tolbutamide solution during the growth period. Pests are aphids, red spider, inchworm, chrysanthemum tiger (chrysanthemum aspen), grubs, leaf miner moth larvae, etc., which can be prevented and controlled by manual trapping and spraying.
Appreciation Chrysanthemum is a famous flower in China, which has been cultivated for more than three thousand years. In the famous poet Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", there is a good line "Drinking the dew of Mulan, eating the fall of chrysanthemums at night". Ancient people loved chrysanthemums for their practical value, as recorded in the Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica, "Chrysanthemum serves to lighten the body and to withstand old age". With the evolution of the times and the development of chrysanthemums, the hobby of chrysanthemums gradually developed into appreciating its posture and praising its style. "Don't suspect that the old garden is pale in autumn, but look at the yellow flowers with a different fragrance." This is a poem by Han Qi, a poet of the Song Dynasty, who praised chrysanthemums for blooming in late fall. In late autumn, when the cold air attacks people and all flowers wither, only chrysanthemums are colorful and change their colors, blossoming in the frost. Tao Yuanming of the Jin Dynasty, "picking chrysanthemums under the East Fence, leisurely see the South Mountain", indicating that chrysanthemums to appreciate the title of the song, has become the fashion.