catalogue
Definition of cosmic age
Age calculation
Cosmic ecology
Concept of universe
Cosmic origin
BIGBANG said that the universe is expanding.
Creation of the universe
Big bang universe model
The argument of the big bang
Space-time origin
Man and the universe
Cosmic material diversity
Sports and development
Is the universe finite?
Cosmic center cosmic timetable
The universe and its composition and structure
Philosophical analysis
The existence space of the universe
The second solar system
Brief introduction of documentary of the same name
Season 1 episode 1
Season 1 episode 2
Season 1 episode 3
Season 1 episode 4
Season 1 episode 5
Season 1 episode 6
Definition of cosmic age
Age calculation
Cosmic ecology
Concept of universe
Cosmic origin
BIGBANG said that the universe is expanding.
Creation of the universe
Big bang universe model
The argument of the big bang
Space-time origin
Man and the universe
Cosmic material diversity
Is the movement and development of the universe limited to the center of the universe?
Philosophical analysis of the universe and its composition and structure; The existence space of the universe; The second documentary of the same name in the solar system.
Introduction Season 1 Episode 65438 +0 Season 1 Season 2 Episode 1 Season 3 Season 4 Season 1 Season 5 Season 6 begins.
Conceptual solution
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dictionary definition
Yu (), Zhou (zhòu), "The four directions say Yu, and the ages say Zhou." -The Universe of Xinhua Word Artists
In diversified Chinese, "Yu" represents all four directions, that is, all space, and "Zhou" represents all time, that is, all time. Yu: infinite space, and Zhou: infinite time. So the word "universe" has the meaning of "all time and space". Linking the concept of "universe" with time and space embodies the wisdom of the ancient people in China. The word "universe" comes from the book Zhuangzi, and "space" refers to all spaces, including east, south, west and north, which are boundless; "Week" refers to all time, including past and present, with no beginning and no end. "Yu" refers to space and "Zhou" refers to time. The universe is a material world with infinite space, no beginning and no end of time, and moving according to objective laws. The universe is the general name of all things, and it is the unity of time and space. The universe is a material world, which is not transferred by human will, but depends on the universe written by artists.
The concept of existence is in constant movement and development. The universe is diverse and unified. It includes everything and is the unity of all time and space. There is no time and space, nothing. So it contains everything.
The shape of the universe
The shape of the universe is still unknown, but it can be boldly imagined. Some people say that the universe is actually a small cell of this creature similar to human beings. Others say that the universe is a program or a small original made by a computer intelligent creature with higher intelligence than human beings, or that the universe is invisible and it changes all the time ... In short, the shape of the universe is an unsolved heart lock of human beings. Scientists estimate that the diameter of the universe is about 30 billion light years. (This refers to the known and observed universe. Another hypothesis is that the universe is similar to the earth, with more than three dimensions, but just like the earth, we can never get out of it. If we keep walking, we will go back to the original point. If a person keeps going, he will always return to the original point.
The universe is finite, not infinite.
The universe is finite, which means: a cycle, that is, the beginning to the end of the universe is a circle, with a beginning and an end, and the time and space of the universe are limited. But there may be other similar things. But there can only be six other universes at most. What is between the seven universes is unknown at present. The universe starts from the beginning to the end, and then from the beginning to the end, but this is a limited number of times. Specifically, 12 times, and now we are in the second time. What is the interval between each time? Still unimaginable. Saturn in natural colors.
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Editing this cosmic age
Age definition
Definition of cosmic age: the age of the universe, the time interval from a certain moment to the present. For some cosmological models, such as Newton's cosmological model, hierarchical model and steady-state model, the age of the universe is meaningless. In the usual evolutionary universe model, the age of the universe refers to the time interval from the zero scale factor of the universe to the present. Generally, Hubble age is the upper limit of the age of the universe and can be used as a measure of the age of the universe.
Age calculation
The age of the universe is 65.438+0.375 billion years. The whole galaxy is used as a lens to see other galaxies. At present, researchers have recently used an accurate method to measure the universe.
The size and age of the universe, and how it expands rapidly. This measurement confirms the practicability of Hubble constant indicating the size of the universe and the age of the universe is 65.438+0.375 billion years. The research team used a technique called gravitational lens to measure the distance that light from bright active galaxies travels to the earth along different paths. By knowing the propagation time and effective speed of each path, the researchers infer the distance of galaxies and analyze the details of their expansion and expansion into the universe. It is often difficult for scientists to distinguish between bright light sources emitted by distant galaxies and dim light sources at close range in the universe. Gravitational lens avoids this problem and can provide diversified clues for the propagation of distant light. These measurements enable researchers to determine the size of the universe, which astrophysicists can express by Hubble constant. Phil Marshall, a researcher at KIPAC, said: "We have known for a long time that lenses can physically measure Hubble constant." At present, the gravitational lens has achieved very accurate measurement results, which can be used as a long-term tool to provide accurate measurement of Hubble constant equilibrium, such as observing supernovae and cosmic microwave background. He pointed out that the gravitational lens can be used as the best measuring tool for astrophysicists to determine the age of the universe.
Edit this cosmic ecology
If any moment is elongated to form a time slice (everything in the universe is mapped on this time slice), then on this time slice, all substances from low to high exist continuously, with atomic weight from small to large, wisdom from small to large, and age from small to large. Moreover, there are always more low-level substances than high-level substances, and civilization has developed to the advanced level. The strange phenomenon of this kind of substance is called the reason of cosmic ecology speculation: 65438+ 2. The survivability of existence determines that everything in nature is developing in the direction of "better existence". If better existence is needed in different environments, it will inevitably lead to evolution, that is, the low-level existence is developing in the direction of advanced (it can exist as a whole in more environments).
Edit the concept of the universe in this paragraph.
In ancient times, people's understanding of the structure of the universe was in a very naive state, and they usually made naive speculations about the structure of the universe according to their living environment. During the Western Zhou Dynasty in China, people living on the land of China put forward the early theory of covering the sky, thinking that the sky was like a pot, lying on the flat ground; Later, it developed into the later theory of covering the sky, which believed that the shape of the earth was also arched. In the 7th century BC, Babylonians believed that the sky and the earth were arched, with the ocean around the earth and the mountains in the center. The ancient Egyptians imagined the universe as a big box, with the sky as the lid, the earth as the bottom and the Nile as the center of the earth. The ancient Indians imagined that the disc-shaped earth was thrown on several elephants, and the elephants stood on the backs of huge turtles. At the end of the 7th century BC, Thales in ancient Greece thought that the earth was a huge disk floating on the water, covered with an arched sky. Some people think that the earth is just a deck on the tortoise, and the tortoise stands on one turtle tower after another ... NGC 5 139ω Centauri.
It was the ancient Greeks who first realized that the earth was spherical. In the 6th century BC, Pythagoras thought that the most beautiful three-dimensional figure was spherical from an aesthetic point of view, and advocated that celestial bodies and the earth where we live were both spherical. This concept was later inherited by many ancient Greek scholars, but it was not until 15 19 ~ 1522 that F. Magellan of Portugal led the expedition to complete the first round-the-world voyage that the concept that the earth was spherical was finally confirmed. In the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy put forward a complete geocentric theory. According to this theory, the earth is stationary at the center of the universe, and the moon, sun, planets and outermost stars are all rotating around the earth at different speeds. In order to explain the unevenness of planetary motion, he also thinks that the planet rotates around its center in this round, and the center of this round rotates around the earth along a uniform wheel. Geocentric theory has been circulating in Europe for 1000 years. 1543, N. Copernicus put forward the scientific Heliocentrism, thinking that the sun is located in the center of the universe and the earth is an ordinary planet, orbiting the sun in a circular orbit. It was not until16th century that Copernicus established the Heliocentrism that it was generally recognized that the earth is one of the planets revolving around the sun, and the eight planets including the earth constitute the main members of the planetary system revolving around the sun-the solar system. 1609, J. Kepler revealed that the earth and planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, which developed the Heliocentrism of Copernicus. In the same year, Galileo Galilei took the lead in observing the sky with a telescope, and confirmed the correctness of Heliocentrism with a large number of observation facts. 1687, I Newton put forward the law of universal gravitation, which profoundly revealed the mechanical reasons for the motion of planets around the sun and gave Heliocentrism a solid mechanical foundation. After that, people gradually established the scientific concept of the solar system. In Copernicus's image of the universe, the stars are just the light spots in the outermost starry sky. 1584, Giordano Bruno boldly canceled this layer of star sky and thought that the star was a distant sun. /kloc-in the first half of the 8th century, Bruno's speculation was recognized by more and more people because of E Harley's self-development of stars and J Bradley's scientific estimation of the distant distance of stars. /kloc-in the mid-8th century, T. Wright, I. Kant and J. H. Lambert speculated that the stars and galaxies covered all day constituted a huge celestial system. Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel first used the method of sampling statistics to count the number of stars in a large number of selected areas in the sky and the ratio of bright stars to dark stars with a telescope. 1785, he obtained for the first time a flat structural map of the Milky Way with uneven outline and the sun as the center, thus laying the foundation for the concept of the Milky Way. In the next century and a half, after H. shapley discovered that the sun was not in the center of the Milky Way, J. H. Oort discovered the rotation and spiral arms of the Milky Way, and many people measured the diameter and thickness of the Milky Way, the scientific concept of the Milky Way was finally established. sun
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, Kant and others also proposed that there are countless celestial bodies like us (referring to the Milky Way) in the whole universe. The "nebula" that looked like a cloud at that time was probably such a celestial system. Since then, it has experienced a tortuous exploration process of 170 years. It was not until 1924 that E.P. Hubble measured the distance of the Andromeda nebula with Cepheid parallax method, which confirmed the existence of extragalactic galaxies. Over the past half century, through the study of extragalactic galaxies, people have not only discovered higher-level celestial systems such as galaxy clusters and superclusters, but also expanded our horizons to the depths of the universe as far as 20 billion light years. The concept of the evolution of the universe was developed in China. As early as the Western Han Dynasty, Huai Nan Zi Zhen Xun pointed out: "There is a beginning and an end, a beginning and an end, and a husband has a beginning." It believes that the world has its opening time, its pre-opening period and its pre-opening period. Huai Nan Zi Tian Zi Xun also specifically outlines the process of the world from intangible material state to chaotic state and then to the generation and evolution of all things in the world. Ancient Greece also had a similar view. For example, leucippus suggested that due to the rotating motion of atoms in a vacuum, light matter escaped into outer space, while the rest of the matter constituted spherical celestial bodies, thus forming our world. After the concept of the solar system was established, people began to explore the origin of the solar system from a scientific point of view. 1644, R. Descartes proposed the vortex theory of the origin of the solar system; 1745, G.L.L Buffon put forward a theory of the origin of the solar system, which was caused by the collision between the great comet and the sun. 1755 and 1796, respectively, Kant and Laplace put forward the nebula theory of the origin of the solar system. The modern new nebula theory to explore the origin of the solar system is developed on the basis of Kant-Laplace nebula theory. 19 1 1 year, E. hertzsprung established the first color magnitude map of the cluster; 19 13, Bertrand? Arthur. William? Russell drew the spectrum-luminosity diagram of the star, which is also the Herro diagram. After obtaining this star map, Russell put forward the star evolution theory that stars start from red giants, first shrink to the main sequence, then slide down along the main sequence, and finally become red dwarfs. 1924, arthur stanley eddington proposed the mass-luminosity relationship of stars; From 1937 to 1939, C. F. weizsacker and Bate revealed that the energy of stars comes from the nuclear reaction of hydrogen fusing into helium. These two discoveries led to the denial of Russell's theory and the birth of the scientific theory of star evolution. The study of the origin of galaxies started late. At present, it is generally believed that it evolved from primitive galaxies in the late stage of the formation of our universe. Galaxy system
19 17, A. Albert Einstein established a "static, finite and unbounded" model of the universe by using his newly established general theory of relativity, which laid the foundation of modern cosmology. 1922, G.D. Friedman discovered that according to Albert Einstein's field equation, the universe is not necessarily static, it can be either expanding or oscillating. The former corresponds to the open universe, while the latter corresponds to the closed universe. 1927, Lemaistre also proposed an expanding universe model. 1929, Hubble discovered that the redshift of galaxies is directly proportional to their distance, and established the famous Hubble law. This discovery is a strong support for the expansion model of the universe. In the mid-20th century, G Gamov and others put forward a cosmological model of the Big Bang, and they also predicted that according to this model, we should be able to observe the low-temperature background radiation in space. 1965 The discovery of microwave background radiation confirmed the prediction of Gamov et al. Since then, many people regard the Big Bang model as the standard model of the universe. 1980, Gus of the United States further put forward the cosmological model of BIGBANG's early boom on the basis of the Big Bang cosmological model. This model can explain most of the important observed facts known at present. The research results of contemporary astronomy show that the universe is a celestial system with hierarchical structure, distribution, expansion, diverse material forms and continuous movement and development. Hierarchical planets are the most basic celestial systems. There are eight planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto has been expelled from the planet and become a dwarf planet. Besides Mercury and Venus, other tarantula nebulae.
Every star has satellites orbiting it. There are satellites on the earth, and Saturn has the most satellites, with 28 confirmed. Planets, asteroids, comets and meteoroids all revolve around the central celestial body sun, forming the solar system. The sun accounts for 99.86% of the total mass of the solar system, with a diameter of about 6.5438+0.4 million kilometers, and the largest planet Jupiter has a diameter of about 6.5438+0.4 million kilometers. The solar system is about 65.438+0.2 billion kilometers (bounded by Pluto). There is evidence that there are other planetary systems outside our solar system. 250 billion sun-like stars and interstellar matter constitute a larger celestial system-the Milky Way. Most of the stars and interstellar matter in the Milky Way are concentrated in an oblate space, which looks like a discus from the side, but from the front? It is in the shape of a vortex. The diameter of the Milky Way is about 654.38+ million light years, and the sun is located in a spiral arm of the Milky Way, about 30,000 light years away from the center of the Milky Way. There are many similar celestial systems outside the Milky Way, which are called extragalactic galaxies, which is what we often call galaxies. It is observed that there is about 10 billion. Galaxies also gather into large and small groups called galaxy clusters. On average, each cluster has more than 100 galaxies with a diameter of tens of millions of light years. Thousands of galaxy clusters have been discovered. A small cluster of galaxies consisting of about 40 galaxies, including the Milky Way, is called the local cluster. Many galaxy clusters gather together to form a larger and higher-level celestial system, which is called supercluster. Supergalaxy clusters often have a flat shape, and their long diameter can reach hundreds of millions of light years. Usually, superclusters contain only a few clusters, and only a few superclusters have dozens of clusters. A supercluster composed of the local cluster and about 50 nearby clusters is called a local supercluster. At present, the astronomical observation range has been extended to the vast space of 20 billion light years, which is called the total galaxy.