Wushu
The popularization of wushu was promoted by the introduction of the government military system in the Sui and Tang dynasties, and by the establishment of the wushu system by Wu Zetian. The evolution of martial arts, which were mainly used for military purposes, into "martial arts sports" for fitness and recreation became increasingly obvious. The government soldiers of the Sui and Tang dynasties stipulated that the government soldiers who served in the technical checkpoints were "twenty soldiers, sixty and exempt. Those who can ride and shoot for the Yue riding, and the rest for the infantry, martial cavalry, rows of saving hands, foot shooting" ("New Tang Book - Military Records"). In this "military in the people" policy. Civilian martial arts is more common. Wu Zetian "Chang'an two years (702), began to set up the martial arts, the system, there are long stacks, horse shooting, foot shooting, flat shooting, tube shooting, and there are horse guns, warping off, weight bearing, the body of the selection. (New Tang Book - Election Zhi). It can be seen that the martial arts examination, the great importance of martial arts and strength, even the body, physical fitness is also listed as a condition. This is the civil and military practice of martial arts have a role in promoting.
The end of the great turmoil in the Sui dynasty, the folk emerged a number of martial arts strong people, for example: Yuchi lack of virtue. He had and Li Yuanji than martial arts, according to "Ziji Tongjian - Tang Ji four" contained: "Qi Wang Yuanji to good horse lance (zhang eight lance) conceited, heard Jingde's ability, please each go edge phase and school victory or defeat", "Yuanji manipulate lance leaping horse, the ambition in the stab, Jingde in a moment three to take its lance." This will be the head of the gun removed than the method of martial arts, and empty-handed capture of the skills of the gun, are with the color of martial arts sports.
Make Shaolin martial arts famous in the world, is the end of the Sui and Tang Dynasty, Shaolin martial arts monks to help King Li Shimin of Qin captured Wang Renzhe alive, defeated Wang Shichong, thus enabling Li Shimin to remove the obstacles on the road ahead, and later Li Shimin for this awarded a commendation order, granted the Shaolin Temple a large amount of silver, fields, and permitted them to practice martial arts to call monks and soldiers. Tang Taizong was the heyday of the ancient Shaolin Temple.
Cuju
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) was a period of great development of soccer in ancient China, with new developments in soccer competitions and major reforms in the methods of play, as well as the emergence of inflatable balls and netted goals in the Tang Dynasty. The military role of cuju gradually disappeared and it became a purely recreational activity. The Han Dynasty's juju room: two or six equal, to the Tang Dynasty was changed to a vertical goal, the competition on both sides of the seven players, including a goalkeeper. Tang Dynasty soccer, fierce competition, the ball like a projectile and like the moon. The shell of the ball is made of "eight pieces of sharp skin as a ball", known as "balloon" in the Tang Dynasty. Inside the animal "cell" for the ball gall bladder, the gas is blown in with the mouth. Blowing is very laborious, and later improved to use "hit the palm method", that is, with a small blower to give the ball inflated. Tang Dynasty due to the invention of inflatable ball and the use of the ball instead of "bow room", greatly promoting the development and improvement of the kicking technology, increased people's interest in kicking the ball. The Tang Dynasty people Xu Jian compiled "the beginning of learning" said: cuju ball "the ancient use of hair for the tangled, now with the skin, to the cell for the inside, hush, closed and cu". And zhong wu po "balloon fugue" said: "gou throw foot of convenient, know the door and no must". It clearly shows that China adopted the equipment and method similar to modern soccer as far back as 1200 years ago. The balloon fugue "also described" the fierce scenes of "competition, chi mutu noisy"; and "or slightly to go.... At first the sky to the full moon" two sentences, is "dribbling" and kicked to the mid-air scene.
Tang Dynasty soccer reform, so that the soccer appeared a variety of interesting kicking and playing methods: (1) soccer with goals, two bamboo poles at each end of the field, pole netting to form a goal, divided into two teams to play the game, in order to score as many goals to determine the winner. (2) Soccer without goals, which is a kicking style based on individual skills. In fact, it is the inheritance and development of the kicking method of the Warring States period and the Han Dynasty fancy soccer. Due to the Tang Dynasty inflatable soccer light weight, strong elasticity, kicking appeared many patterns, the more common are:
1) playing bow, also known as the general field, according to the number of people on the field kicking the ball is divided into a person field (well round), the two field (playing two), three field (turn flower branch), four field (shooting star to catch the moon), five field (skin broken or small out of the tip), the six field (big out of the tip), the seven field (flowers and water), eight field (eight immortals across the sea), nine field (), the eight field (the eight immortals across the sea), the eight field (the eight immortals across the sea), the eight field (the eight immortals across the sea), the nine field (the eight immortals across the sea). Eight Immortals Crossing the Sea), Nine-Player Field (Kick the Flower Heart), Ten-Player Field (All Theory) are ten kinds of games for fitness, performance and competition. The form of the activity includes bouncing the ball, passing to each other, rolling around the body, and so on. One of the field, the body parts can be replaced by two feet kicking the ball, the game is not limited to the number of people, each solo kick, and sometimes can be performed alone. This kicking method was spread to Japan in the Tang Dynasty.
② white playing field household, two people kicking, can also be more than one (into an even number) kicking. In the Tang Dynasty, women's kicks were mostly played without goals, using mostly this method.
3 kicking bow, the competition to see who kicked high. This method of kicking was spread to Japan in the Tang Dynasty.
Football was widely played in the Tang Dynasty, and was loved by people from all walks of life. It was popular with people from all walks of life, including the royal family of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, some famous literati like Du Fu, Wang Wei and Bai Juyi enjoyed cuju.
Women's soccer. In our country in ancient times, it can be said that ancient China, is the birthplace of women's soccer, the earliest record of women's soccer is the Sui and Tang dynasties, this period is the most prosperous time of our feudal society, economic development, social stability, especially in the Tang Dynasty, foreign exchanges, when Japan, North Korea, India, Iran and many other countries have merchants to and from Changan, and more to promote the Tang Dynasty's economic This further promoted the economic development and cultural exchanges of the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, women were less bound by feudal rites and they lived more freely. Footbinding was not yet practiced, the collars of their clothes were lower, and women often danced and sang on the streets of Chang'an during major festivals. Women's soccer was even more active around the Cold Food Festival and Qingming Festival. So, tracing the roots of women's soccer, the home of the game is in ancient China.
Hitting bow
Also known as "hitting" or "playing", polo is a sport. Polo really flourished during the Tang Dynasty. Starting from Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, many emperors liked polo and strongly advocated it. Such as the Yongtian three years (652), Dug good this theater of the high emperor Li Zhi boarding the Anfu gate building. Had seen outside the palace "a group of Hu playing bow. (Ziji Tongjian - Tang Ji XV). Li Xian, the middle zongzong "good bowing, by the custom is popular, extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of horse Wu Chongxun, Yang Shen cross sprinkle oil to build the field." (Ziji Tongjian - Tang Ji 25). This shows that at that time, the court, the government in the batting became a trend. Some of the murals in the Tang Dynasty royal tombs also have pictures of batting.
Tang Taizong attach importance to military training, polo is very intense, is to train a person's wit and courage of a very good sport, very suitable for the army as a martial arts program, especially cavalry, riding in the Mercedes-Benz horse, with a few feet of long stick to the fist-sized ball into the ball hole, it is not easy, not only to physical strength, intelligence, but also to ride skillful. So playing polo is the cavalry's best martial arts program, in order to resist the northern Turkic invasion. Tang dynasty attaches great importance to the development of cavalry, so Tang Taizong strongly advocate playing polo. Because of the polo equipment requirements have a lot, so polo in the private sector to carry out less, mainly in the princes and nobles and the army to carry out.
Tang Dynasty polo field is generally located in the square in front of the main hall, a wide polo field of a thousand paces, flat as a knife general, such as the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu in the poem said, "building field a thousand paces as flat as chipped," some of the aristocrats at home in order to prevent the dusty soccer field, but also sprinkled with oil. If you want to play flyball at night, it is around a few circles of candles, if you call this stadium for the lights of the stadium, it is the world's first lights of the stadium. When the field in the rainy and windy days, but also pull up the tarpaulin tent, visible at the time the rulers when the favorite polo. Playing the ball bat is also called the ball staff, is made of wood, the staff Bing also used rattan made, the lower end of the ball staff is crescent-shaped, the external wrapped with cowhide, the staff has a variety of colors on the decoration of the pattern. Polo ball with the ball is wooden, hard, light and flexible, as big as a fist, hollowed out in the middle, painted on the outside of the vermilion color and painted with colorful patterns, this is the "firm round net slippery" polo.
Tang dynasty polo match, there are usually two kinds: one for the single goal, the other for the double goal. The number of participants in the game is not strictly regulated, generally speaking, between 4 to l () people, the number of both sides can vary. Single goal is in a wooden wall under the opening of a foot-sized hole, after the hole with a net bag, to hit into the net bag how much to decide the winner. Playing double goal game law and modern polo similar to the other side to hit the goal for the win. When the game "people do not about, the heart from one, the horse does not whip, hooves from the speed", the players do not have to agree beforehand but can cooperate with each other, the horse can not need the rider's drive will be automatically Mercedes race, the tactical changes on the field of the same judgment, and work hard to fight for the victory. The two sides competed, beat the drums to cheer, "beat the drums Tengteng tree red flag" (Han Yu), that is, the pitch around the erection of 24 red flags, the referee said "singing chip", get a point called a chip, get a chip of the increase of a red flag, lose a chip of the removal of a red flag, the end of the game to both sides of the red flag how much to determine the winner. The game is over, and the winner is determined by the number of red flags on both sides. Whip speeding, can practice bravery, practice will. Cultivate collaboration, dexterity of the spirit, both physical exercise, but also a combat skill, so, since the Tang prevailed polo, in addition to entertainment, it is important to use to train the soil soldiers, enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops.
In the Tang Dynasty not only princes and nobles love to play polo, but also the literati and rich children also like polo. Even China's ancient polo, not only men to participate, there are women to participate in the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period, the palace fair lady will also play polo, the Five Dynasties before Shu's Mrs. Huarui has a poem: "since the teaching of the palace e to learn to play ball, the jade saddle across the willow waist soft", only they are not riding on a horse, but riding on a donkey playing "ball". Ancient women playing polo. This is also rare in modern polo.
Step to hit the ball
It's sports, field equipment are the same with the "bow" (polo), the difference is that the step and not riding, people on the ground, holding a curved stick to hit the ball, and bowing is a horseback race to hit the ball, so it is the same kind of sport with bowing, the Tang Dynasty since the emergence of this movement, for the lack of horse or not good horseback riding and like to hit the ball. Not good at horseback riding and like bowing people, is something to be happy about. Even women in the court also competed to step to play ball for fun. Later, it spread to Japan, where they called it "Kabuki Raku".
Wooden Shot
This is a ball game created in the Tang Dynasty. It is similar to the ground ball with a ball hit wooden pillars of the movement, the method is placed in a bottle-shaped wooden pillars on the ground, ten pillars on the red book "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith, warmth, goodness, respect, thrift, and letting", five pillars in ink on the "slow, arrogant, stingy, greedy, abusive," and other words. Participants throw a wooden ball to hit the pillars, and the one who hits the red book wins, while the one who hits the ink book loses, with rewards and penalties. The game is very similar to bowling, which was introduced from the West in recent times.
Jiaojia
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the main reference to wrestling, also known as "sumo" or "wrestling". Continuing the literature Tongkao - Lekao said: "Jiao Li play, the strong men naked and wrestle with each other and corner winners and losers. After each group play, the left and right army beat drums and lead the". This project is very popular, often in the "group play" after the performance, as the "finale".
Jousting is one of the main projects of the Tang Dynasty court entertainment, Tang Yi Zong Li Cui specializing in a group of jousting hand, composed of a full-time team, named "sumo peng". Jiao Li competition, performance is quite large-scale, since Jin Sui, more than in the first month of the fifteenth held, customary, the formation of regular Jiao Li. Tang Dynasty regular competition held in spring and fall, spring set the first month of the fifteenth, fall set July 15 for the period of jousting. Grand competitions and performances, the emergence of a large number of jousting, sumo masters. Such as the Tang Dynasty's Meng Wan win, is because the wrestling often win, win awards, but also get "Wan win" reputation.
Wrestling in the Tang Dynasty army is also carried out quite popular, the army also appeared some good at sumo wrestling masters, these people out of the rough and brave, imposing. At that time, the ordinary people also very much like wrestling.
In the Five Dynasties, wrestling was still popular, and there were some people who got big officials by betting on wrestling. The old history of the Five Dynasties - Li Cunxian biography: "Cunxian less material strength, good wrestling. ...... Zhuangzong (Li Cunxian Castor) boasted of his ability, said Cunxian: 'with a fight, such as victory, reward and a county' instant angle, Cunxian won, got the Uizhou governor."
Weight lifting
In ancient wars, because of the backwardness of the weapons, the individual's ability is very important, so the ancient times often held competitions of strength to select talents. During the reign of Emperor Wu Zetian (624-705) of the Wu Zhou Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty, weightlifting was included as an official imperial examination program, and martial arts subjects were established and formulated. Through the examination of weightlifting (lifting stones and carrying tripods), archery and horsemanship, warriors with great strength and martial arts skills were selected to become officials and were awarded corresponding titles such as "Fierce Temple Yuanshi" and "Orthopedic Yuanshi".
The Tang Dynasty, due to the implementation of the martial arts examination, the civil culture of martial arts is more prevalent, according to legend, the Tang Emperor Dezong, there is a strong warrior called Wang Jie, free to practice martial arts, when he first entered Chang'an, once near the Wei Bridge to a stone lion up, hard to throw, foot stomp, the stone lion was thrown out of more than ten feet away, more than a dozen young people wanted to go up to the stone lion back to its original position, but failed to move, and finally Wang Jie or the stone lion back to its original position, the stone lion back to its original position, and finally Wang Jie. The stone lion was thrown a zhang far away, then more than ten young people tried to move the stone lion back to the original place, but could not move, finally it was Wang Jie put the stone lion back to the original place, and later Wang Jie was promoted to the court as the "General of the Divine Policy.
The Concept of Kabuki
The Sui Dynasty was characterized by an unprecedented number of plays. During the reign of Emperor Yang, large-scale performances were held almost every year. According to the "Sui Book - Music Chi": six years (610), "the barbarians offer a big party, Turkic Qimin the following, all the owners of the country personally come to congratulate. Is in Tianjin Street Sheng Chen Hundred Plays, ...... Hundred Plays of Sheng, Zhengu incomparable", Hundred Plays inside a lot of acrobatic projects. This period of acrobatics, in addition to the court often perform outside the city townships can also be seen everywhere. Most of these acrobatic projects from the Han Dynasty, many of the content and action, still retained in modern gymnastics skills and folk sports activities. In terms of their forms and techniques, they can be divided into the following categories.
Animated Animal Kabuki
The dragon dance, lion dance, etc. are common. Sui Xue Daoheng "and Xu Gaoji Shanxin theater to rhyme": "the suppression of a hundred beasts dance, Panshan five birds play, mythical beasts to get spotted feet, giant elephant dropping long nose." It is said that it is disguised as a variety of beasts in the form of kabuki theater. Bai Juyi "Xilian Kabuki" poem has "masked Hu people fake lion, carved wood for the head of the silk for the tail, gold-plated eyes and silver paste teeth, Fenxun sweater swinging ears" sentence, you can see that it is with the recent acrobatics and folk sports activities in the Lion Dance is largely the same.
Aerial theater
Taking the rope, the edge of the pole, etc. as the main. Liu Yanshi's poem "Watching the Rope Play" says: "The heavy shoulders stand on three or four levels, and the clogs are still in order; the round swords on both sides gradually meet each other, and the sideways steps are so light." This describes the high skill of the rope theater at that time. The theater of the edge of the pole had various forms and was also the most prevalent. The court legality of the record: "Youzhou people Liu Jiaodai long pole seventy feet high, since the Prime up and down, there are twelve women very decent, set on the pole, across the disk independent,......." The only different Zhi contained: "Dezong dynasty (780-805), there are wearing pole three original woman Wang Daniang, the first wear eighteen people to go." This indicates that the rim pole technique was then fancy and endless, and was accompanied by music. An Lushan's Deeds, Volume Download: "Or a man's shoulder charm first wear twenty-four people, wear pole length of more than a hundred feet. As for the pole limit people, Teng throw as ape okapi hole flying bird of the situation, competition for the strange, day after day without fear, the viewer sweating and dazzled." This is the most ancient pole wearer record.
Maru Sword Kabuki
To get pills, jumping sword. Tang will be recorded in volume 33 of the "bell jumping", "throwing the sword" is also this kind of program. Zhenguan between (627-649), whenever the reward for the ministers and the four barbarians envoys, there are "jumping pills", "sword" and other performances of the program.
Throwing down the trick
To somersaults, inverted, and so on. New Tang Book - Rituals and Music Zhi ": Ruizong [710 a 712] "Brahmins offer people upside down to dance with the feet, Yang planted fish-spear, bend down on the front, the face down. The back of the plant again, zurna people standing on the abdomen. The end of the song without injury", that is, such programs. This is also one of the Sino-Indian cultural and sports exchange programs.
Go
Following the Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty Go formed a new climax. The staff scales used had reached 19 vertical and 19 horizontal. The common terminology has reached more than 30 words, such as "stand, line, fly, tip, stick, ten, nick, about ......" and so on (Xu Xian, "Examples of Weiqi"), under each word, and there are notes. It can be seen that both the art and the theory of the game had developed to a new stage. During this period, Weiqi was still prevalent among the literati and scholars, and there were also masters in the private sector. According to "Yunxian miscellany" records: Hanlin Wang Jixian, "every trip, must carry a short set of Go, drawing paper for the game, and the pieces of chess and Sheng bamboo tube, tied to the carriage between the horse hyena, the road, although encountered pikestaff, do with the opponents. Winning is levied cake bait cattle wine, take full and go". It means that on the road can also meet the common people will play chess. Tang Dynasty emperors loved the game of Go, and there is no "chess to accompany them to play chess, or make two people to play for their appreciation. Tang Xuanzong Li Longji even took refuge in Shu, also has the Go player Wang Jixian accompanied. Tang Dynasty women on the game of chess is also a great hobby, Wu Zetian ruling period, with a palace teaching doctor, specifically in charge of teaching the Palace, in the Palace teaching doctor, there is a specialized in teaching the Palace of chess to improve the women's Go skills.
The Tang Dynasty was economically prosperous and open to the outside world, and there were many envoys from various countries, and Go was introduced to Japan at this time. In the second year of Dazhong (848), a Chinese-Japanese tournament of Go players was held in Chang'an.
Chess
During the Tang Dynasty, due to the invention of artillery, Xiangqi, which symbolizes the game of battle, appeared as a game of "cannon", and it was only after the addition of cannons that Xiangqi was developed into the prototype of modern Xiangqi. In the book "Xuanqi Lu" by Niu Sinru of Tang Dynasty, the phrase "all the chess pieces are molded in gold and copper" refers to the chess pieces of "Bao Ying Xiangqi" of Tang Dynasty, which were made of copper in the form of pictograms. During the Tang Dynasty, Xiangqi spread to Japan and later to Korea, Vietnam, Burma and Mongolia.
Music and Dance
Sui-Tang music and dance, in the North and South Dynasties, on the basis of further development, and there is a "Taishang Temple", "teaching workshop" specializing in ****, is the ancient Chinese music and dance of the peak period. Colorful dance, roughly can be divided into "healthy dance" and "soft dance". In addition, there are strong flower dance, word dance, horse dance and so on.
The creation of large-scale dance, the first "broken music", is the Tang Emperor Li Shimin was compiled, later renamed the "seven virtues of the dance". According to the "Ziji Tongjian - Tang Ji 10" note: "128 people, silver armor by the halberd and dance. Where three changes, each change into four formations, the elephant strikes and stabs to and fro, singers and, said the king of the Qin broken formation music." Obviously, it is a kind of martial arts dance that includes formation changes and weapon maneuvers. There are also the "Jiu Gong Dance" and "Shang Yuan Dance", which are the three famous dances.
Wu Zetian, and created 140 people of the "Sheng Shou music", "the ranks of the dance will be into the word, sixteen changes and finished" ("Old Tang Dynasty Book - Music Zhi"). This is similar to modern group exercise group word dance. Wang Jian "Palace Lyrics" has "every dance head divided into two directions, the word of peace in the middle of the word" sentence.
The art of health
tend to practical health techniques. Sui and Tang emperors were enthusiastic about the health of the art, especially the Tang Emperor Gaozong, Zongzong, Ruizong, Xuanzong as prominent. Such as Pan Shi Zheng, Sun Simiao, Sima Cheng frame, Zhang Gao, etc., have been called to the palace, preaching the way of health. Sui book - book of records, "the new Tang book - art and literature", recorded in a lot of writings on health.
Sun Simiao was a famous medical doctor and health practitioner in ancient China, and he lived to be 101 years old, which was very rare at that time, which was the result of his understanding of the way of health care. The central idea of Sun Simiao's health art is to emphasize both the body and mind. He advocated regulating daily life according to the changes in nature, paying particular attention to the comfort and tranquility of the spiritual mind. In the method of health maintenance, he paid much attention to the exercise of qi and guidance.
Sui-Shu and the New Book of the Tang Dynasty, "Hundred Officials System" in the "Dr. Massage" set up, the "Tang Six Canons" also contains massage workers, massage students, indicating that this period of the role of the massage technique attaches great importance to.
Other sports
Tug-of-war in the Tang Dynasty reached its peak, when the game is generally dozens of feet long hemp rope, the two ends of the hundreds of small ropes, hundreds of people divided into two teams, the center of the flag as a boundary, next to the audience beat the drums and shouts of support, the scene is lively and extraordinary. Tang dynasty tug of war so prosperous, because on a good, then tug of war is the emperors loved an activity, become an important entertainment project of the court. One of the largest tug-of-war competitions in the ancient world was in the Tang Dynasty of China. Between 780 and 805 A.D. Tang Dezong era, social stability, people's cultural and entertainment life is more active, the masses love a variety of acrobatics, jockeying, dancing and other theatrical activities are very prosperous, the Emperor Dezong is also very favorite to see the tug of war. He made a thousand strong, divided into two teams, a large-scale tug-of-war, the rope is a thousand feet long, the parties are tied to a small rope. Between the two teams erected a long flag as a sign. To determine the winner, the game began, the drums open air, the sound of people boiling. The generals are sweating, the audience, whether it is the people or doctor, or general, tens of thousands of people in the shouting and cheering, it is really gas shaking the mountains, spectacular.
China's Sui and Tang dynasties, there have been high diving show. According to the record of the "words", a man called Cao Zan, people are very intelligent, opera and so on, but also as much as it can, and Si also good at water play, he can be in the "100-foot mast, and the clothes thrown down". "Boom" is a sailboat hanging sails on the mast, the account of the diving show.
Spring excursion to the Tang Dynasty has become a very popular sports and recreational activities. Every year, as soon as the cold food and Qingming season, the vast spring excursion team began to go out. During the heyday of feudal society in the Tang Dynasty, kite flying was also very popular, and the kite-making technology also reached a very high level.
Tang Dynasty's Zhang Jianfeng's "Race Song" gives us a vivid picture of the dragon boat race: "Drums beat three times and the red flag opens, two dragons jump out of the floating water; Anchor shadow good offices wave flying ten thousand swords, drums splitting the waves and sounding a thousand thunderbolts; Drums are gradually anxious to mark the nearness of the two dragons look at the mark as if it were instantaneous; People on the slope call for thunderbolts and thunderbolts, and the head of the pole hangs the colorful rainbow and neon halo. " (All Tang Poetry - Zhang Jianfeng)