Straw houses and fences
Walls made of earth don't fall down
Chimneys pressed up against the mountain wall
Ladies with tobacco bags
Mules and horses with big loads
People jumping over the wall don't get bitten by the dog
Large tanks of stained cabbages
Raising a child and hanging it up
Speaking
Daughter-in-law wears the wrong shoes
The tent hangs outside the edge of the bed
We fight to win or lose by "Gala-ha"
Wearing a fur coat with the hair facing out
Sole pole poking out of the door
Mara climbs the pear faster than a car
Two couples sleeping with their heads out
Foxes, foxes, and other things are not the same.
Fox skin hat on the head
Dongbao Doubao about ghosts and monsters
Four dishes on the table first
One strange: windowpaper outside
The Guandong people's this "strange", in fact, is about how they live according to the local conditions.
According to the "Willow Border Chronicle": "Ningguta house are southward, standing broken wood for the wall covered with thatched grass two feet thick, grass roots when the eaves of the intersection if chopped, pottery large rope to hold it up, and more pressure to the wood, sheltered from the wind and rain out of the tiles on the account of the south-east, more, feet five inches high kang, around the south, west and north, empty its east, on the south and north kang head to do the stove .......
See. Guandong days are cold, indoor all rely on the kang for warmth. Because of the house kang (often north and south kang)是靠窗子，这就和窗外有较大的温差，如果把窗紙糊在里边，就容易缓霜，使窗纸经常脱落。
It can be seen that people in Guandong put the window paper on the outside in order to keep the heat from the indoor kang and to create a temperature difference with the cold outside, so that the house stays warm and the window paper is not damaged.
Additionally, the paper used to paste the windows is different from the general paper, which is called "hemp paper", or "burlap paper". The "escort east patrol appendix" contained: "Ula no paper, August that is snow. The first fall, pounding open clothes in the defeat, into the water into Cui Cui, leaching to the reed curtain for the paper, firm as leather, threaded to shield the house." Here is the hemp soaked to make paper. There is also a folk riddle is about the situation of hemp paper:
"Dressed in green robes with flowers on the head,
I jumped in the Yellow River no one pull.
As long as someone pulls me out,
the green robe will be taken off for him."
Previous to making paper from hemp, it is necessary to use water to soak, of course, "I jumped in the Yellow River, no one pulls", soak it and then take it out, "a green robe off to him", that is, stripped off the hemp skin, sifted and precipitated with the hemp skin soak, it will be dried into "hemp paper", "I jumped in the Yellow River, no one pulls", soaked, "a green robe off to him", that is, stripped off the hemp skin, with the hemp skin soak sieve, precipitation, then dried into "hemp paper "
This kind of paper has been used for a long time.
This Kanto folk hemp paper, thick and thick, above the glue oil and then leased on the thin hemp strip, brush good tung oil, typical "window paper" is made. This kind of paper is not afraid of rain and moisture. Rain hit such a window paper, can smoothly flow down; moisture in the above a hit, turned into water droplets, can not be immersed into the inside, but dripped down if the windowpaper paste in the inside, the water will flow down the windowpaper, accumulated in the lower part of the window frame, over time, the window frame will be soaked rotten.
In Kanto, the wind is strong and the snow is hard. Windowpaper paste outside, there are window panels to do windowpaper after the support, the gusty winds, it is not easy to blow the windowpaper cracked blowing bad. Spring wind, wind and dust is not easy to break the window paper. This is the accumulation of experience of Guandong people's survival. Winter night, when the north wind raised sand and snow, "clattering" on the windows, like thousands of horses in the chase, like the drums of war in the "dong dong" ringing, but inside the house is warm and quiet, the windowpaper to resist the attack of the cold wind and cold snow, the Guandong father and mother to sleep warmly and peacefully in the kangang......
Window paper is glued on the outside, in addition to keeping the temperature of the room and resisting the wind and snow, this method of gluing the windows also gives people a sense of beauty, reflecting the hard work of the people of the Guandong province and the cleanliness of the character of the love of beauty.
In the Guandong province, the windows of people's homes are divided into two parts, the lower part of the window is usually covered with glass or "bright paper", and the upper part is the "supporting window". The windowpaper on the outside is glued on the "branch window". The windows were closed tightly in winter, but when the weather warmed up in spring and summer, around midday, the windows were raised or hung up for ventilation. In this way, the lower part of the window is transparent, and the upper part of the window has a row of neatly arranged "support windows", which looks very harmonious and beautiful. The windowpaper of the "supported windows" is glued and framed → every spring and fall, and oil is brushed and tightened. When the wind blows, the windowpaper thuds like a drum; it is very melodious; and the light can be irradiated to the kang through the glass underneath, so it can be said that it is a two-fold solution.
The second strange: adobe house fence cottage
People's clothing, food, housing, transportation, is a reflection of human culture and thought patterns, Guandong folk this living customs is also here in the people's life and the environment of the cultural documentary.
The house is the symbol of Kanto culture.
Kanto is an important part of the Asia-Pacific region, geographers used to call it Northeast Asia, that is, the five provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei and Inner Mongolia, as well as Siberia and the Far East of the former Soviet Union, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Mongolia, all belong to this region.
In this region
In the Guandong Jilin housing has its own characteristics, mainly reflected in the design of the house, the use of materials, the folk people summed up as "adobe house fence cottage".
What is adobe?
The people of Kanto combined grass and mud, pressed into a fixed mold, and made a one-foot-long brick called "adobe". The bricks are dried in the sun and then used to build houses.
The Jilin region has a continental climate, with harsh winters and hot summers. There are nearly five months of cold weather in a year. Building a house with adobe is not only warm in winter and cool in summer, but also economical.
There are four types of adobe: black adobe, yellow adobe, sandy adobe and wooden stick adobe. Jilin folk "off the big blanks" as "four tired" one of the heavy labor. When stripping the blank, the first blank soil piled up on the flat ground, the soil in the lumps and debris picked out, the "sheep's horns" (grass folk name) layers placed in the soil, pouring cold water, after a day or half a day "boring", so that the leather and the water are soaked softly soaked, and then with a kind of The name is "two feet hook" stirring, so that the water, grass, soil completely bonded together. Then, using a wooden mold as an outline, the clay is filled in and smoothed out, and then the mold is removed, and a piece of adobe is made.
There is also another type of billet called daiko.
According to the "Songmo Chronicle": "Lengshan to Ningjiang Prefecture one hundred and seventy miles, the land is bitterly cold, a lot of grass and trees, to the month of August will be inverted in the ground, sealing the soil a few feet, and then restored to its branches." Here, there is a lot of grass. In order to protect themselves from the cold, these grasses put their roots deep into the ground, coiling and knotting the soil into whole pieces. If you take out such grass with its roots and soil and cut it into squares, you can use it to build a wall or a house, and it is also very beautiful!
From a distance, the adobe house, the wall joints are neat, giving people a solid and warm feeling. Because there is grass in the adobe, weasels and rats often make their nests in the walls of the house. They made many holes in the middle of the walls or at the base of the walls, and on warm sunny days, they often stretched out their little heads and looked around, making the children laugh.
What does the fence mean?
Fence is very common in Guandong, folk "poor clip camphor rich wall" said, in fact, clip camphor and wall play the same role, just different materials.
The plains are rich in willow, broomcorn millet, fence walls often use this type of branches as materials. Mountains produce wood, wood camphor mostly, some people simply round wood for camphor. It is written in the "Qin Ding Manzhou Yuanliu Kao" that "Fuyu had official rooms, warehouses and prisons, and all of them were rounded for the city fences." The Japanese Koetsu Taira Takashi's "Travels in Manchuria" says, "The city is surrounded by a round wooden fence". People built a well in the courtyard surrounded by camphor, and some people also built a food building in the courtyard, where they put soy sauce jars and other things, and planted some green vegetables. The courtyard brought joy to the farmers' lives.
The houses of the Guandong families were small, but the yards were large. So the yard became a "dojo" for big events, which in this case meant celebrations.
When a red event is held and there are many guests, the wedding table is often set up in the courtyard, and people from the front and back of the village come to the event. All kinds of ceremonies, such as the worship of heaven and earth, were also held in the courtyard.
When a white wedding is held, it is even more important to build a mat shed, set up a hut, and invite a trumpet maker and a drumming group to sit on one side of the yard, with the coffin parked in the center for the younger generation and friends and relatives to pay their respects.
People's homes are often built with camphor and fences for safety and warmth. In the past, the place was sparsely populated and desolate, and wolves and foxes often came out to bite and eat poultry. The fence can prevent wild animals from entering, and it is also convenient for the family dog to watch the door.
Additionally, some fence cottages are built very close to the window, so as to play a role in shielding the wind and snow. North of the wind and snow fierce, the fence wall can make the wind and snow slow down, not directly hit the window. Keep the heat in the house.
Three strange: with the soil wall wall does not fall
Qing Jiajing years, the Manchu Ula Department built the capital in the Ula River bank red Nile City, and built the city wall. Due to the special quality of the local soil, there was a rumor that "the wall will not fall down if the wall is made of earth", so the wall was made of earth.
The fourth strange: chimneys on the side of the wall
In Kanto, chimneys are placed on the side of the wall, which is the invention and creation of the people's life here. Guandong is a multi-ethnic residential areas, whether it is the Mongolian, Manchu, Han and Korean, their housing is "chimneys in the mountain wall". First of all, this is and Kanto's climate and people's living room settings are inseparable.
Guandong is very cold, indoor all rely on the kang to warm. According to the "North League will be edited & gt; contained: Guandong people "its custom according to the valley and live, the United States wood for the hut, a few feet high, no tile, covered with wooden boards or birch bark or to grass silk, wall hedge rate are to wood, the door are southeast to ...... "The people here, the The people here regarded the "kang" as an important equipment to overcome the cold and get through the winter, so they could not ignore its performance. The fire from the stove to become smoke flying out of the burning power of wood or grass, are within 8-10 meters (refers to the average temperature and heat). General earth house in the kang, roughly 6 a 10 meters, some smaller, but made "even two" kang; Manchu kang for the "word kang", the length of the kang is also within 10 meters. It can be seen that the chimney is placed on the side of the mountain wall, in order to extend the direction of the smoke and fire, so that the heat of the wood or grass are retained in the kang.
Kanto folk, before the use of coal, mountainous areas of mixed wood as fuel, known as "full of small mixed trees, burning firewood without worrying about"; and the plains of Ula burn "goat grass". This grass is coarse and hard, dry and very resistant to burning. Whether in the mountains or in the plains, the chimney is placed on the side of the mountain wall in order to maintain the temperature inside the bed is a wonderful way, but also a sophisticated plan to save fuel.
According to Wang Chunxin, a famous folkloric paper cutter in Northeast China, the chimney is placed by the mountain wall, and the chimney bridge is often the place where farmers put their chicken nests. That is, in the cold winter, you can also make a nest in which to hatch chicks, and can make the hen lay more eggs.
In addition, the chimney is placed on the side of the mountain wall, can also reduce the chimney on the roof of the roof pressure. At the same time, the room if the chimney, the chimney bottom is often the most easy to leak, seepage; spring snow water is often easy to flow into the room from the bottom of the chimney, easy to rotten wood. Therefore, the chimney is placed in the side of the mountain wall to reduce these problems.
Korean housing, also chimneys on the outside of the wall, they tend to use wooden boards made of long square chimneys, caliber of about 25 centimeters on each side, the location of the left or right side of the house, upright on the ground, the neck of the smoke (flue) lying in the ground. Guandong local ancestors of all nationalities in the chimney on the brain, some people simply take a section of dead wood, hollowing out its heart to do chimneys, which is still everywhere in the Guandong Mountain area. This chimney is easy to make, due to the large area of the kang in the house, the fire hole is long and many, the smoke and fire in the hole in the kang for a long time, when the fire smoke to the chimney mouth, there is no flame, so there are few fires.
Additionally, the chimneys of the Guandong houses are placed outside the walls to save the indoor area occupied by the chimneys. At the same time, the chimneys sit neatly at the head of the house and look very beautiful from afar. These free-standing chimneys, locally known as "sitting chimneys", make the houses look neat and tidy, like a small tower, dotted in the Guandong Folk Village.
Five strange: the big girl with a tobacco bag
Outsiders to the Guandong region, see the big girl with a big tobacco bag in her mouth, will be very surprised. In the Kanto region, a big girl is usually a girl who has never been married. Why would a big girl have a big pipe in her mouth?
Let's take a look at life in the Kanto region.
Every spring and summer, the black soil of Guandong is green, that is, the family planted "Guandong tobacco" seedlings. In the late fall, the Guandong peasant family yard a golden yellow, that is the family in the sun tobacco leaves. At this time, the wind wafts the strange fragrance of tobacco.
On the beds of warm Guandong homes in winter, old people sit together smiling and smoking Guandong cigarettes.
Dressed in green robes with flowers on their heads,
They were tied up in old age;
Their faces were yellow and purple,
and they were exclusively related to the charcoal fire.
Their faces were tied up in old age;
Their faces were yellow and purple,
They were tied up in old age.
In Kanto folklore, this is a riddle familiar to children and adults (folk called "guessing boredom"), and the answer is "smoke".
Smoke has the role of anti-snake, anti-mosquito. Early Changbai Mountain area, for the development of the first people of various ethnic groups and in the mountains, gold panning, put rows, digging ginseng, hunting people, labor breaks smoking, spit out the smoke can make the poisonous snakes fear, do not dare to come close to people. At the same time, the tobacco bag oil a kind of accumulation in the tobacco pipe and the tobacco pot "cream", can also put out a strong odor, so that snakes smell and fear. This is a great help to the mountain people, who are required to know how to smoke. Before "entering the grass" (entering the old forest to work), people also need to put a little bit of tobacco bag oil on their leg bands to prevent snake bites.
At the same time, soot is also a kind of folk medicine to stop bleeding. In case of trauma in the old forest, people would rub a little bit of soot on it to sterilize and stop bleeding.
The people who dig ginseng can't live without smoke. Whenever ginseng is found, the head will shout "play fire", "point mosquito smoke". At this time, the small fight (small fellow) to give the head to light a cigarette, so that the head in the mouth while digging and smoking. Xiaoda would fan the head with a fan. The wind will blow the smoke, the smell of smoke wafted around the head, mosquitoes will not dare to bite, the head will concentrate on "lift ginseng (digging ginseng). In the mountains, there are a lot of mosquitoes and very powerful, with the hand coaxing can not be coaxed over, only to use the smoke to drive away.
In the northeast, the winter snow is very big, the weather is very cold. Line gangs of people often stay in the car store, the head of the house, the shed big house, the ground, cellar, flower room, runners shacks and other places "cat winter". Winter nights are cold and long. What do people do?
Smoking is a "livelihood". The group smoked and chatter, to kill the long night, lonely time ...... so, smoke and Guandong people have formed a deep friendship.
The line gang out, hunting drill mountain, catch a big car outside, smoking and can lift a little cold, by the way, grilled hands, warm mouth.
Smoke in Guandong, has been all over the household.
The annual tribute to the court, including the top "yellow smoke", which is the reason for the large number of Kanto yellow tobacco planting. Guandong early years of specialties, mainly soybeans, timber, tobacco and hemp. According to "Jilin Zhizhi": in Guandong, smoke is second only to timber, soybeans, an important product in the commonly known as "South Gully" of Huadian and Dunhua, Jiaohe, Dunhua North, Emmu and other places, the most smoke produced. Guandong tobacco has a unique flavor, very popular with the mainland people. Ming and Qing dynasty Guandong tobacco is shipped to the mainland, the annual volume of about one million pounds.
Nine strange: live children hanging up
In fact, this custom says strange and not strange, live children hanging up, refers to the child in the "yo car". The child is put to sleep. Yuche-also called mail car, waist car, and in some areas called kang car, shaking car, in fact, is the "cradle". In the past, people in the Guandong province used to build north-south kangs, and their daughters-in-law or mothers-in-law used to sit on the edge of the kang and push the yuche while knitting the soles of their shoes and humming a funny lullaby:
"Yoo ah yoo ah,
Sleep quickly and don't cry.
The wolf is coming, the tiger is coming,
The black blind man is coming with a drum on his back;
The tiger's mother is jumping over the wall,
The tongue is sticking out a long time;
It's looking at you outside the window.
Bite the sheep, bite the pig,
Baby, don't cry."
Singing at the same time, it's really a picture of Kanto's farming community.
This interesting tool for children is a tool invented by the clever women of the Guandong province to liberate themselves. Northeastern women have a lot of labor, they are often hands dry work, mouth humming lullabies or nagging Kaz. In order to liberate themselves, they thought of creating a tool that would allow their children to sleep and work at the same time, and the yochi was born. There is another story about the Yoyogi.
The story goes that it was a long time ago.
There was a daughter-in-law whose husband was away all the time, and she brought up her children. She had to work in the fields every day, and had no choice but to carry her child on her back in a basket. There was a tree at the edge of the field, and when she reached the ground, she hung the basket with the child on it. She hung the basket on the tree and started working.
One day, as she was working, she heard a noise and looked to see a small bird rolling under the tree. She came closer and saw that it was a little crow that had fallen from the tree and broken its leg. The daughter-in-law, a kind-hearted person, pulled a piece of rag to bandage the injured leg of the little crow, and sent it to the crow's nest in the tree.
Summer came. On this day, she went to the field as usual, hung the basket where the child was sleeping on a tree and got busy. Suddenly, a big rabbit jumped out of the grass. The daughter-in-law thought to herself, "How wonderful it would be to catch it and make a rabbit meal for my mother-in-law! She threw down the tools in her hand and chased it away.
She chased the rabbit for more than two miles, without realizing it. The rabbit was not caught, and then she remembered the child, and she ran back in a hurry.
Far away, she heard the child crying. When she looked, she saw a big snake with a big neck. She saw a big snake with a flower neck coiled on a tree, stretching its long neck and spitting out its red letter, and it pounced on the basket. A big bird stood on the edge of the basket, and as soon as the snake pounced, the bird pecked at the snake with its sharp beak, protecting the child.
The daughter-in-law was so anxious that she did not think twice about it, she picked up a hoe and pounced on the snake and beat it away. But her mother-in-law was too old to carry the child, the daughter-in-law was determined not to take the child to the field, so she came up with an idea: hang the basket containing the child on the beam of the house, so that her mother-in-law could sit at home and relax. This is not only safe, but also saves energy, and the child is also comfortable.
Once and for all, when people saw that this was a good idea, they learned it, and the Kanto region came to be known as the "Yuban". Later, the women realized that the child could only sit but not lie down in the basket, so they made a long basket so that the child could sleep in it.
With the car, it was much more convenient for the women. Some women had to go to the outhouse to make a fire to make cakes or to the yard to feed the pigs and chickens when they took a ride on the cart. It took about a dozen trips for the cart to stop on its own. A woman who is quick enough can even take the opportunity to fetch water. Of course, the legend is a legend, but the creation of the yochi is related to the nomadic people of the Kanto region.
Actually, the creation of the yuca came from the first ethnic minority in the Kanto region. China's northern minorities are hard-working and brave hunting people. According to the "East Mongolia Customs": these hunting ethnic groups, such as the Mongolian, Manchu, Herzhe, Xibe, Oroqen, Daur women, out hunting, the animal skins hanging in the branches of the tree made into a basket for the child to sleep. Currently can still see the information is 1240 years into the book of "Mongolia Secret History", its volume one cloud: "Timur real nine years old, Hunchi He Saer seven years old, Hunchi Wen Erle Chi five years old, Timur Gogu Tigu Chikin three years old, Timur Lun women in the rocking car in the side." Here said 'rocking car' is already more than 'cradle' advanced child-rearing tools. This is because Mongolia and other nomadic people out of the forest, to the grasslands, they will hang up the cradle into the left and right swaying "shaking car" (i.e., rocking car), hanging on the Lele car, began the era of nomadic pastoralism on the steppe child-rearing.
The Han Chinese ancestors in the north, seeing that this way of child-rearing was good for their brothers, adopted it, as did other ethnic minority families that settled down.
To make a yucca, the family's "capable person," which means a man or woman who is skillful with his or her hands, would do the work. The material is made from thin pieces of wood, which are first softened with steam from a pot or boiled in boiling water, and then bent into a rectangle the size of a case, and the joints are fastened with leather strings or rivets, and then the base is put on, and the yuca is formed.
Then, the outside should be painted with colors. Some are red painted yellow flowers, some are yellow painted saffron, and some are yellow painted mixed flowers. No matter what kind of flowers are painted, the upper and lower edges should be painted with "cloud scrolls" to indicate that the child will grow up to be promoted to a higher position, and will be able to "soar to the top". Others paint characters from folk tales, such as "Shilang visiting his mother" or "Wang Xiao Fishing". There are also paintings of pine, bamboo, phoenixes and cranes for good luck. On top of the rope is often hung a plaything, such as colorful chicken feathers and goose feathers, paper-pasted zucchini, a small wind wheel, etc., which are folk toys to amuse children before they go to bed.
You car because it hangs high above the beams in the house, dogs, cats, rats and so on are not easy to go up to scratch the children. Easy car shaking, flies, mosquitoes will fly away, the baby fell asleep, but also less or not subject to their bites. In addition, when the yoyo moves, a small cool breeze can be generated, which can eliminate the hot sweat on the child's body and make the child sleep comfortably. Because of the yo-yo car around about half a foot to a foot high, although there is a wind when shaking, but will not blow directly to the child's face on the body, the child will not catch a cold.
Additionally. Because the car before and after a move (hanging on the beam, that is, people do not push, it will naturally swing slightly), so that the child sleeping in the inside is not always lying in one position, which will not make the child "sleep on the wrong side of the head". Women in the Guandong region used to say, "A child who sleeps in a yaochao will grow up to be beautiful and good-looking, and it will be easy to find a husband. It's easy to find a husband."
To make a car, the choice of wood is very careful. The best choice of seed-bearing trees to do material, such as elm, pine, a metaphor for more children. There are also specialized selection of willow. This is because the "willow" and "stay', sound similar, take its "stay" meaning, is the hope that the child is very safe "stay" in the world, not to be taken away by the disaster.
There are also specialized in using lightning wood to make a car. It is said that when something has been struck by lightning, the devil no longer exists, so it has the effect of warding off evil spirits. Use it to make a car, you can keep the children safe and healthy.
The use of the car, there are also some say. The average family is not willing to make their own car, often to some of the days of the "red hot" family to borrow. It is said that this way, the children can be like this family, and grow up to honor their ancestors.
When borrowing a car, we must choose the other side is the three generations of the same family, the four generations of the same family; the child is not sick, no disaster; in particular, the child who slept in this car in the car in the Scholar, when the scholar. Such a family's car, it is very expensive.
Who has many children, look quite handsome, good-looking, so the family's car is often borrowed by other families. The car is often a source of pride for the owner of the house. And who's relationship with the family "by" (especially good), the family has a child, the owner will take the initiative to find the door, said: "My family's 'that' take it!"
"Really?"
"Who's with whom!"
"Oh, I can't thank you enough! Well, when we 'Bao'er' understand, we'll go to kowtow to your ancestors on New Year's Day ......."
So the family who borrowed the car was very grateful, and remembered the other side of the favor for the rest of their lives. Even the child grew up, when the old man will often urge the child: "Do not forget x x x's kindness. When you were young, they lent us a 'car'!"
The above situation is a psychological manifestation of people begging for peace and good luck; it is a kind of pursuit of peace and happiness arising from the fear of disease and death. "
This is a psychological manifestation of the people's desire for peace and good luck, and the pursuit of peace and happiness due to the fear of disease and death.
These are the only ones I could find for now.