The fork tune is the most primitive tune in the octagonal drum, which is a part of the single-string singing. It originated from the daily entertainment of the Manchurian Eight Banners' children at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, flourished in the Qianlong Dynasty, and was popular in and around Beijing. It is the main tune of the octagonal drum and the single-stringed drum, and is used as the beginning and the end of the song of the song set; at the same time, it can also be sung alone. It was a kind of popular song in the "stalls" of the Beijing Opera Classes during the Qianlong period, with various tunes such as Pingquan, Slowquan, Qiqiqiqi, Yiziqiqi, Xiquan, and Numiquan, etc., and its contents mostly simulate the love songs in the first person of a woman. After the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the fork song as a single-stringed actors in the formal repertoire before the addition of a small section.
Basic introduction Chinese name: fork song Origin: Beijing in the early Qing Dynasty Popular place: Beijing city and suburbs Period of prosperity: Qianlong period Singing structure: a section of six or eight sentences Lyrics sentence style: long and short sentences Representative repertoire: "Zansong", "Zanjian", "Qingming Fu" Origin of the name, artistic characteristics, performance forms, singing structure, song types of masters, repertoire works, inheritance, Origin of the name Fork song is a single-stringed art that originated in the Manchus, because of its founding, and it is the only one-stringed art that has been performed in the Qing Dynasty. It is a kind of single-string art originated from Manchu, because the founder's name is Baoxiaoqiao, so it is called Qiaogu. In the early years of its development, due to the lack of storytelling, it was mostly sung among the literati and was hardly ever sung by the common people. The Octagonal Drums Used in the Songs There are different stories about the origin of the Songs. One is that in the fall of the 36th year of the Qianlong reign, the Qianlong Emperor sent troops to the frontier to quell a rebellion. Six years of fighting, the army finally won the return of the dynasty, the eight banners soldiers all the way "whip cracking golden stirrups ring, singing songs of triumph still". The legend of these songs was created by a named BaoXiao fork according to the prevailing high cavity crispy white compilation. Later, the harmonization of Xiaoxiaoqiao was taken and called Qiaoqu. Historical data, far away from the nomadic period outside the pass, the Manchu that is, hold the octagonal drums to sing for their own amusement of the custom. When the Manchus entered the customs, the army that is sung in Manchu language octagonal drum military songs. At that time, the soldiers returned from the war in triumph, received the "Dragon Ticket" issued by the Ministry of the Interior, inside and outside the flag camp to perform the "victory lyrics". Later, the octagonal drum was like a gust of wind that blew from the outskirts of the capital to the inner city, and from the flag camp to the upper class society of the imperial capital. It is said that when Emperor Qianlong heard that many of his subjects were singing jiaoqu, he asked them to sing it for himself and encouraged the children of the eight banners to make up and sing jiaoqu. For a time, the song not only became an elegant art, but also an important part of the entertainment life in the capital. To the Jiaqing Daoguang years, the people of the capital almost no one knows the song. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, social evolution intensified, the economic status of the children of the Eight Banners slipped, a part of the tickets have to go to sea, become a professional actor selling art. With the emergence of new cultural content, the audience of the song is less and less, the song is declining. Artistic characteristics Early fork song is not complex, the performance is very simple, in addition to singing as a war return to the triumphal song, more poetry and song, flowers and snow and moon, talent, fame and fortune as the main singing content. The authors were all the sons of the eight banners and literati at that time, and although it was entertainment, they played it very professionally. At that time, those Banners would spend a lot of money, hire teachers and bands, and fund the display of their art, so every singing section of the forked song is a beautiful poem with a beautiful singing voice. In the earliest days, the forked song was played and sung by oneself, with one person playing the strings and no octagonal drums. Later, it was changed to be accompanied in order to facilitate the performance. Fork song playing instruments for the three strings and octagonal drums, each period of time up to more than five or six minutes, a section of six or eight sentences, so also known as "six or eight sentences". Later, as the social and cultural environment continued to change, the content of the songs was no longer limited to the literati's word games, but added many folk stories, and the tunes were also divided into Pingquan, Slowquan, Qiqiquan, Yiziquan, Xiquan, and Numericalquan in a variety of forms. Performance Forms There are three ways to perform the fork tune, mostly one person sings on the octagonal drum, accompanied by one person playing the three-stringed instrument (or no accompaniment); there are also two people singing on the octagonal drum; and there is also the collective singing of the "group tune" form. Its basic singing structure is a section of six or eight sentences, so also known as "six eight sentences", divided into the first and last two parts of the song, with a large door in the middle. Zhang Yunhua Sings Forked Songs The length of a forked song can be divided into large and small, and a small forked song, also known as a brittle fork, is short and concise and does not carry any number of words or phrases, and is characterized by brittle words, brittle cadences, and brittle board heads. Listen to the bright and crisp, rhythmic, melodious and pleasant.From the small fork of the song in a "flat fork with a number of", that is, in the lyrics inserted into a number of boards sung in a continuous embedded sentence. Singing instrument big three strings repeatedly played 516155516153, used to emphasize the content of the lyrics expressed. There is also a small fork of the song, "the word fork", beautiful singing, there are many changes. Characterized by the beginning of the tune, with a long glissando scattered board start singing, line cavity melodious balance, slow and deep, high and low tumbling, staggering, rich flavor. The representative repertoire includes "Evening Sunset" and so on.
There is another kind of small fork in the song, "Swinging rhyme fork", the singing voice, music is strong. Representatives of the repertoire are "afraid of dusk", etc.
The big fork in the song.
The big fork of the song, also known as the long fork, embedded in the lyrics of a long series of embedded sentences with a number of board lines. When singing, the rhythm is fast, the singing voice is varied, high and low, all in one breath, forming a unique Beijing flavor. The "Returning to the Boat in Wind and Rain" is one of its representative pieces.
The music of the opera is based on folk tunes, ditties and operas. The main tunes are "flat rhyme", "swing rhyme", "oriole tune", "stone rhyme", "Hard Book", etc. There are a lot of cards inserted, most of which are used for single-string songs, such as "South Gong and North Drum", "Luojiang Grievance", "Horse's Head Tune ", "Silver Nuance", "Yangge Tune", "Cutting Indigo Flowers", "Counting and Singing" and so on. "etc. Singing Structure The basic singing structure of the Folk Songs is a section of six or eight lines, also known as "six or eight lines", divided into two parts, the beginning and the end of the song, with a big door in the middle. In the middle of the head and tail of the song, you can also add a number, a plate, so that the length of a paragraph is expanded to ten or tens of sentences. If there is only one plate added in the middle, it is called "through the heart of the song"; if the plate is "Oriole tune" or "stone rhyme book", it is directly called "Oriole tune" or "stone rhyme book". If it is "Oriole Tune" or "Stone Rhyme Book", it will be called "Oriole Tune" or "Stone Rhyme Book". If there are three or at most four plates in the middle of the beginning and end of the song, it is called "waist section" (a "waist cut"). Fork song lyrics are long and short sentences, seven-word sentences, four-word sentences, embedded in five, seven, cross of small pairs (i.e., "number of children"), and so on, and to add embedded words, the village word. There are six "passages" for each verse, plus the prelude, *** seven passages, with a "crouching cow" in the center. The Art of Singing String Performing Arts (dictated by Tan Fengyuan) says: "Crouching Cow, also known as Crouching Argument, is actually a staccato in the cadence, which can also be said to be an overlap. A lot of people love to listen to the crouching cow of the forked tune. Crouching cow is to cut a complete sentence, make it incomplete, and sing the first word of the second half of the sentence first, then play the crossing gate to give people a kind of suspense. After playing the fifth overdoor, then the word in front of the overdoor is weighted (or not) before the following phrase is sung." For example, the six lines of crispy singing fork song "Spring Scenery": "Spring to the river opens, green willow when it comes (over the door), pear blossom puts stamens (over the door) peach and apricot blossom, buds all over the ground in the soil buried (over the door), farmers hoeing planer (over the door) plowing spring wheat, shepherd cattle children just outside the bamboo (crouching cattle) bamboo forest, fishermen river heart spreads down the nets, waiting for that firewood woodcutter, drink and open heart (over the door). " Fork song according to the thirteen rut leaf rhyme, each singing is a rhyme in the end. Qu Qu famous Qu in the long process of development, following the Baoxiaoqu, there have been many qu masters and singers. During the Qianlong period, Yang Miren's "Du Men Zh Zhi Zhi" said, "The longest music in the Tongle Xuan, the axle is not open to the slanting sun; after playing the octagonal drums, the new class of the Mingqing Festival comes out again." Visible fork of the song performance, and these sing the name of the actor did not stay. After the rise of the single-stringed song, singing the single-stringed song of the famous Si Ruixuan, De Shoushan, etc., are also masters of singing the forked song. By the 1920s, only Qu Xiangli, Wang Zhenxiu, Guang Shaoru, A Jianru and a dozen others were left to sing the song. Later, just a single-stringed song performers on the stage after the first sing a section of the song, try the silk strings high and low, adjusting the tone of the door. Then, they would officially sing the single-string program. The single-string opera singers, such as Rong Jinduan, Tan Fengyuan, and Cao Baolu, are all good at singing the song. In Beijing, there are many other fans of the song, and they often gather as amateurs to sing the song, which has been practiced for many years. After the mid-1930s, there were a number of female single-string performers in the opera world, such as Wang Fengjiu, Shi Huiru, Xue Yanhua (Sima Jingmin), Shi Liancheng, Zhao Yuming, Ma Zenghui, Gui Yueqiao, Lian Yueru, Xin Yunhong, etc. The "Cultural Revolution" was the first time that Beijing sang single-stringed opera in China. "After the Cultural Revolution, Liu Xiumei, Zhang Guoying and Chen Baoping were active on the stage of Chinese opera and also performed traditional Chinese opera. The repertoire of traditional songs has a large number of songs, according to the content of the lyrics, can be divided into six categories: First, the description of the four seasons of natural scenery and idyllic landscape, such as the "Spring Scenery", "Autumn Scenery", "Snow Searching for Plums", etc.; Second, the talent and beauty of the lyrics of the * * *, such as the "change of the Luo skirt", "Fear of dusk", etc.; Third, a variety of praises, fugues, such as the "Praise of the Pine", "praise of the Sword," the "Ching Ming Fugue", "Autumn Sound Fugue", etc.; Fourth, Based on novels and opera stories, such as "The Realm of Illusion", "Xiaoxiang Pavilion", "Cuffing the Red", etc.; V. Descriptions of scenery and game texts, such as "Saying the Wind Doesn't Reveal the Wind", "The Name of the Songs", "The Name of a Hundred Operas", "Returning to the Boat in the Anti-Wind and the Rain", "Anti-complimentary to the Sword", etc.; VI. Joyful congratulatory phrases, such as "Happiness of a Thousand Autumns", "Happiness of the Three Dollars", and "Fortune Increasing and Longevity Adding", etc.. Republic of China in the twenty-fourth year (1935), the Palace Museum has published the "Shengping Department fork song collection.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China **** and the country, a number of new fork quotes were organized and performed, and the ones that have been widely circulated are There is such a person, the Red Army over the prairie, the Volunteer Heroes' Praise, and Fear. Inheritance situation As a unique Beijing traditional art, it is not easy to inherit. First of all, the opera is characterized by a Beijing accent and a Beijing dialect, which is sometimes dotted with Beijing dialect. In many aspects, such as language, it reflects the local color of Beijing. With the gradual disappearance of people who can speak Beijing dialect, it is difficult to find an authentic descendant. In addition, there are not many inheritors who can pass on their skills orally. Secondly, there is a lack of good box office and publicity. The space for the survival and development of the art of Chinese opera is relatively closed. Some of the box offices are geographically more remote, publicity is not enough, resulting in activities limited to the ticket and opera enthusiasts, coupled with a number of folk box offices have been closed, some enthusiasts have lost the activity of the platform. In addition, although the fork song is included in the national list of non-heritage, but the relevant thesis is not much, so many people do not understand this form of art. In fact, this art not only has literature, but also music and performance, and the words of the songs handed down to us are quite rich, so it is worthwhile for the relevant departments to carry out systematic research and organization. The Beijing Municipal units and inheritors have taken a number of positive strategies, such as the Beijing Municipal Xicheng District Cultural Center often organize and convene a seminar on the fork song, experts to come to the advice, in addition, often for the inheritors of the Zhang Yunhua and Xiyuanying held special performances in the hope that for the fork song to find more soulmates.