(1)[ Management]: Management
Manage housework
(2)[ Arrangement]: Arrangement
Arrange a funeral
(3)[ care]: treatment; deal with
Children have been able to take care of their own lives.
Cooking
[cooked food (usually. Meat and fish dishes
Japanese food in Ximending is something I go to every day.
1. Care; Take care of the Biography of Wang Huizhi in the Book of Jin: "Taste the emblem and say,' You have been in the government for a long time, so you should take care of it. "Tai Ping Guang Ji" Volume 30 1 quotes Guang Yi Ji of Tang: "If your wife is my wife, I'd rather leave it alone. Yuan's poem "Planting Flowers" says: "Miao is born in early summer and is busy cooking in the morning and evening." Zhu Ziqing's "The Back": "Besides, can't people at my age take care of themselves? "
2. Arrangement; Handle. Song Shu Wu Xichuan: "It is better to eat than to work." Feng Ming magnum's "Brainstorming Intelligence, Shining Light": "[Shining Light] means accepting bribes to cook. There are a number of middle officials and a number of yamen, which can be sealed just in case. " Qing Qing Cheng Zi's An Yiling in Xu Zhiyi: [Yiling] manages family affairs in an orderly way. Yu Dafu's poem "Garden Party" says: "The Yellow Maozhong Pavilion is a small tower, and it takes many talents to cook the Western Hills."
3. Remedy; Tidy up. Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote "Qi Yaomin planted elms and poplars": "The elms are raw and the grass is long, so don't worry about it." Song Ligang's "Feng Zhaotiao has the advantage of frontier defense": "Not only do you care about Huainan, but you also want to build a healthy city wall, build a palace, establish a government, and build a military camp. It is the luck of Cuihua, so you can copy it roughly." In the Qing Dynasty, Li Yu's "Jade Scratches the Head": "All kinds of ominous words are a sign of national subjugation. I didn't allow him, so I went to remonstrate."
4. promotion; Support. Liu Yiqing in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty wrote in Shi Shuo Xin Yu De: "Those who choose officials should make good use of this person." "Song, Zhou and Tang Dynasties" Qing Bo Biezhi "Volume:" I hope to go to Changge to get it tomorrow. "
5. give directions; Education. Tang Duan Shicheng's Youyang Miscellaneous Techniques: "His people stayed in Zhengzhou because he said,' I will take care of you if you can do it hundreds of times. "Zhu Ziqing carries the children": "He doesn't spoil them, but they can't succeed without the patience to take care of them. "
6. repair. "Pipa Story" in Duanan Festival in Tang Dynasty: "Two pipa faces in Neiku, numbered Da Lei Hu and Xiao Lei Hu, were sent to Nanzhao's home in Chongren Square for cooking because they lost their titles." Song, Zhao and Shi recorded the return of guests, Volume I: "[Liu Biangong] said,' People can be repaired if they are broken, but people are destroyed.' The language is not perfect, the nail school is here, and the cooking is as good as new. "
7. deportation; Entertainment. "I didn't know I was drinking," said Tang Hanyu's poem "Zhang Daoshi, the guard room outside the ceremonial department on the ancient tomb on the road south of Fengzhongcheng Wine City." Jin Duan Keji's poem "Partridge Answering the Right Path" says: "Poor sorrow makes poetry cook, and the price of wine in spring is high." Qingjiang Jade's "Xiang Yue Jia Ding Zhao Yin Gu Bei is given by his voice" says: "Don't sigh and wander around the rivers and lakes, teach heaven to cook, and live leisurely in the world."
8. look forward to it. Wei's Marble: "If you want to fold it, send it far away, without this long arm. People who cook bamboo should be less fragrant with cold branches. "
9. Japanese characters. Cooking. Also refers to dishes. Guo Moruo's After Leaving Chiang Kai-shek: "As soon as she heard that I didn't eat breakfast or lunch, she quickly ordered some Japanese food."
The original intention of cooking in Chinese is to treat guests and cook, but the word cooking in Japanese means dish. With the rapid expansion of Japan's economy, the Japanese lifestyle has gradually spread to all parts of the world. As a member of the world cuisine, Japanese cuisine naturally takes root in various countries. Japanese-style huts, tatami, waiters wearing kimonos, and Japanese dishes with bright colors and exquisite tableware constitute the unique scenery of the food world. The taste and diet of Japanese food have also begun to be widely accepted.
Japanese Loanwords in Modern Chinese
1. China learned from Japan in Tang Dynasty and China learned from Japan in modern times.
In the history of cultural exchange between China and Japan, there are many interesting and meaningful things. Generally speaking, there are two periods that are particularly noticeable. One is the Tang Dynasty in China, and the other is modern times.
In the Tang Dynasty, it was the Japanese who greedily learned from China, and even the Yamato people encountered writing for the first time after contacting China culture, and then learned to write. Japanese "pseudonyms" (letters) are only variants of Chinese characters.
In modern times, it was China who tried to learn from the Japanese. Regardless of other aspects, only in terms of language and writing, Japan has become an exporter of Chinese in modern times. Japanese "Chinese" has impacted the language system of East Asian countries. Of course, it has also entered the Chinese language in China in large quantities and become an important part of the daily language of the people in China.
Second, Mr. Student and Mr. Student.
In chronological order, China came into contact with western culture much earlier than Japanese. As early as the 7th century, Christian monks came to China to preach. Since then, Kyle Poirot in the13rd century and Matteo Ricci in the16th century are famous messengers of ancient western culture. During Matteo Ricci's period, Chinese translation in the West had begun. As we all know, Xu Guangqi cooperated with Matteo Ricci in translating Euclid's Elements of Geometry. 1870, Protestant missionary Ma Lixun came to China. He translated the New Testament into Chinese, and the full version was published in 18 14. More importantly, he also compiled a Chinese-English dictionary. The first volume of this dictionary was published in 18 17, and the whole dictionary was published in 1823 with four volumes and 4595 pages.
1898 autumn, after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Liang Qichao sneaked into the Japanese warship Oshima and fled to Japan. At this time, a large number of western nouns and terms entered Japanese, and naturally there were many such translations in The Adventures of Beauty and Negotiations with America, which were called "political novels". He easily introduced the words of democracy, science, politics, economy, freedom, law, philosophy and aesthetics to readers in China. While Liang Qichao translated and introduced Japanese political novels to China, he also opened up the "golden decade" in the history of modern Sino-Japanese relations mentioned in Mr. Rey's golden decade, and set off a nationwide upsurge of learning from Japan. Western works that have been translated into Japanese have also been translated into Chinese during this period, and even Japanese intermediate textbooks have been translated and used as teaching materials.
This also means that the introduction of Japanese "loanwords" into China started under the necessity.
Third, seeking truth and seeking easy and first-hand and second-hand
Originally, the Westernization Movement was to learn and understand the West, so it was necessary to translate Western works. However, once they moved to Japan as teachers, people's motivation to learn western languages decreased. Learning from Japan is nothing more than hoping to learn from the West indirectly by learning from Japan. At that time, the ruling and opposition parties generally believed that this could get twice the result with half the effort. However, Yan Fu, China's first translator in modern times, resolutely opposed this upsurge of learning from Japan. In the "Letter to the Host" published in the Diplomatic Journal, he wrote:
When I hear something academic, I must seek the first place and then get the truth. I will try my best to get what I saw in two rooms and the one above it. Secondly, the spirit of begging is spread through simple strategies and taught by teachers and friends. However, both are, and there is no doubt that the text that must be used for its original purpose is also. At the bottom is the translation of seeking, which is far from the truth. At present, there are few translators who have tasted science and technology in our country. In other words, what Japan has worked so hard for is just not what it has, and there is no need for my neighbors to avoid it. He has only been away for thirty years. Japan, from 2000 to 3000, has been seeking the academic achievements of Taixi, and it took 30 years of hard work to gain. Although there are translations, its name can be determined to be uneasy, and its textual research can be predicted to be unclear. Just because I am close to you, I attract scholars all over the world to follow. What about those who have no ambition and are not good at learning? The dwarf asked if he was taller than the repairman and believed it because they were more self-sufficient. What you do is different.
Yan Fu emphasized that in order to deeply understand western thoughts and academics, we must read the original works directly. With the help of translation, it is a last resort. With the help of translation, there will be more dust and further truth. He believes that Japan's translation of western concepts is inaccurate, so it cannot be borrowed unconditionally. For example, he opposed Japanese translation of "economy" and replaced it with "Ji Xue", and explained the reason in the translation example at the beginning of Fu Yuan: "Ji Xue, whose western name is Ye Konomi, is Greek. Yeke, the keynote speaker. Naomi, this statement is regular for Niemo's turning point. If you keep your promise, its meaning begins with managing the family. Quote and apply, expand and fill all the things stored by the material broker, and serve the country with raw food. Make its training sprout public, translate Japanese into economy and Chinese into financial management. If you look forward to it, the economy is too wide and financial management is too comfortable. If you do it yourself, you must learn from it. "
He believes that the original meaning of the word "economy" is broader than the western word "economy", so it is not suitable for translation. For another example, he refused to borrow the Japanese translation of "society", but insisted on translating the western translation of "society" into "group" and "sociology" into "group study". In addition, Das Kapital translates "capital" every day and strictly translates "mother wealth"; The Japanese translation of "evolution" is "evolution" and strict translation is "natural expression"; "Philosophy" translates Japanese "philosophy" and "Neo-Confucianism" in a strict sense; Metaphysics is translated as Metaphysics in Japan and Metaphysics in Japan. ...
Fourth, tangible quantity and intangible influence.
The number of Japanese "loanwords" in modern Chinese is amazing. According to statistics, 70% of the nouns and terms in the social and cultural fields we use today are imported from Japan. These are Japanese translations corresponding to western words, which have been firmly rooted in Chinese since they were introduced into China. Most of the concepts we use to speak loudly, think hard and say "East" and "West" every day are actually invented by the Japanese.
In fact, without Japanese "loanwords", we can hardly speak today. Even if I write this article about Japanese "loanwords", I must use a lot of Japanese "loanwords", otherwise I can't write it at all. In recent years, this issue has been discussed in different ways from time to time. For example, Mr. Rey wrote in the article "golden decade" introducing American scholar Ren Da's book "The New Deal Revolution and Japan":
These new words involve almost all kinds of subjects, either newly created in modern Japanese or endowed with new ideas by using old words. Now they have been borrowed by intellectuals in China, which greatly enriched Chinese vocabulary, promoted the changes of Chinese in many aspects, and laid a very important cornerstone for China's modernization movement. At present, some basic terms and vocabulary we commonly use are mostly imported from Japan. Such as service, organization, discipline, politics, revolution, government, political party, principle, policy, application, solution, theory, philosophy, principle, etc. In fact, they are all "foreign words" from Japanese, as well as things like economy, science, commerce, cadres, health, socialism, capitalism, law, feudalism, harmony and aesthetics.
Every time I think that 70% of the concepts we use to think, speak and write were created by the Japanese, I wonder: How did this matter really affect the thinking of China people in the past 65,438+000 years?
It can be said that the influx of Japanese "loanwords" has definitely influenced the thinking of China people, the culture of China and the historical process of China since 100. However, it is very difficult to think about this influence in modern Chinese as a whole. Because when thinking about the influence of Japanese "loanwords", we must use Japanese "loanwords", which is just like a snake biting its tail. -this should be an excellent topic for western sinologists.
Although we can't talk about the influence of Japanese "loanwords" as a whole, we can still give some concrete examples.
For decades, historians have been debating whether there was a sprout of "capitalism" in ancient China. But the struggle is essentially an ideological struggle, and the difference lies in the understanding of the concept of "capitalism". The same historical fact, some people think it can explain the germination of "capitalism", others think it can't. Whether there is a dispute about the budding of capitalism boils down to why it is a dispute about capitalism, and the words "capital" and "ism" were invented by the Japanese, who also used capitalism to translate capitalism in western languages. If "capitalism" is translated into another Chinese word, will this controversy still occur? Even if it happens, will the expression be different?
Since 1980s, the so-called "ugliness appreciation" has appeared in the field of aesthetics in China. "Ugliness" is relative to "aesthetics". "Aesthetics" is Chomin Nakae's translation of "aesthetics" in western languages. But the original meaning of "aesthetics" is "sensibility". If there is no translation of "aesthetics" from the beginning and it is translated into other forms, such as "sensibility", can the so-called "ugliness" still be established?
Today, we call fictional works as short as hundreds to millions of words novels, but there is a difference between novels and short stories. The naming of novels and short stories only points out the difference of length, and the others are not explained. So there is a research and debate on whether there is an essential difference between novels and short stories in aesthetic sense. Some people say that it refers to different aesthetic ways, while others say that there are only differences in the number of words. In fact, the concept of "novel" we use today is the translation of English "novel" by Japanese modern writer Hirauchi Xiaoyao in The Essence of Novel, while English "novel" originally refers to a long work, while short works are expressed as "short stories". Two different names emphasize the difference. It should be said that the translation of "novel" with "novel" failed to fully convey the original intention. If we don't call novels and short stories "novels" but have different titles, will our understanding of them be different from the beginning? Will there still be a dispute between long stories and short stories?
Five, the old don't go, the new.
There are many other examples. Finally, I want to say: Because the western concepts we use are basically translated by the Japanese, there will always be a Japan between China and the West.
I don't know if this statement can be established.
Six, Japanese loanwords are divided into the following categories:
[1] modifier+modifier
(1) adjective+noun
Examples: human rights, treasury, privilege, philosophy, appearance, aesthetics, background, fossils, battlefield, environment, art, medicine, admission tickets, sewers, notaries, classification tables, imbeciles.
(2) Adverb+Verb
Examples: reciprocity, exclusion, communication, coercion, concession, denial, affirmation, voting, farewell, arbitration, delusion, probation, parole, suspended animation, hypothesis.
[2] Synonym complex examples:
Liberation, supply, explanation, method, * * * identity, ism, class, openness, * * * harmony, hope, law, activity, command, knowledge, synthesis, preaching, teaching, dissection and struggle.
[3] Verb+Object
Examples: breaking off diplomatic relations, leaving the party, mobilizing, missing, voting, truce, fighting, investing, speculating, protesting, standardizing, moving, and taking photos.
[4] Compound words composed of the above words
Examples: socialism, liberalism, extraterritoriality, civil engineering, arts and crafts, natural science, natural elimination, offensive and defensive alliance, air defense exercise, political economy, historical materialism, arteriosclerosis, neurasthenia, enterprise consortium, public international law, ultimatum, economic panic.
Others are:
[verb]
Obey, examine, support, distribute, overcome, dominate, and ration cooking.
[Basic concepts of natural science and social science]
Philosophy, psychology, ethics, ethnology, economics, finance, physics, hygiene, anatomy, pathology, hydraulic engineering, civil engineering, river engineering, electrical communication, architecture, mechanics, bookkeeping, metallurgy, gardening, acoustics and arts and crafts.
[Conclusion]
(1): unification, diversification, generalization, automation, modernization, etc. (2): mobile, simple, equation, Japanese, new, etc.
(3) Inflammation: pneumonia, gastritis, arthritis, bronchitis, dermatitis, etc. (4) Strength: productivity, motive power, imagination, labor force, memory, etc. (5) Sex: possibility, inevitability, contingency, periodicity, habit, etc. (6) Popularity, nationality, scientificity, absoluteness and openness. Standard type, experience type, etc. (9) Feeling: aesthetic feeling, good feeling, superiority, sensitivity, feeling after reading, etc. (10) point: key point, focus, viewpoint, starting point, blind spot, etc. (1 1) Viewpoint: subjective, objective, pessimistic, optimistic, and outlook on life. Warning line (13) rate: efficiency, productivity, growth rate, interest rate, frequency, etc. (14) methods: dialectical method, inductive method, deductive method, analytical method, constitutional law, civil law, criminal law, etc. (15) Degree: progress, depth, breadth, etc. Souvenirs, etc. (17): author, reader, translator, laborer, founder, advanced worker, etc. (18) Functions: assimilation, alienation, photosynthesis, psychological function, side effects, etc. (19) problems: population problems, social problems, ethnic problems and education problems. The (2 1) society in the old society: primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, socialist society, international society, etc. (22) ism: humanism, humanism, wave slowness, realism, imperialism, xenophobia, etc. (23) Class: landlord class, bourgeoisie, middle class, proletariat, etc.