Planting management method of potted tomato
Temperature condition
Tomato is a warm vegetable, generally speaking, it can adapt to the growth of tomato in the temperature range of 15~35℃. The optimum temperature for assimilation is 20~30℃. When the temperature is as high as 33℃, the growth will be affected; When it reaches 40℃, it will stop growing; When it reaches 45℃, there will be high temperature. When the temperature drops below 10℃, the growth is slow and stops at 5℃. Tomato will freeze to death at-1~2℃, but cold-tolerant seedlings can tolerate -2℃ for a short time. The optimum ground temperature for tomato growth is 20~23℃. When the ground temperature drops to 6℃, the root system stops growing.
Different stages of tomato development require different temperatures.
The optimum temperature of seedling stage is 20 ~ 25℃ in the daytime and 10 ~ 15℃ at night. Too high or too low temperature at seedling stage will easily lead to weak seedling growth, poor flower bud differentiation and development, and poor flower quality, which will easily lead to falling flowers and fruits during flowering and fruiting.
Flowering period is sensitive to temperature, and the optimum temperature is 20 ~ 30℃ during the day and 15 ~ 20℃ at night. When the flowering period encounters low temperature or high temperature above 30℃, pollen grains germinate, pollen tube elongation is poor, fertilization is poor, and it is easy to drop flowers and fruits.
The optimum temperature of fruiting period is 24~26℃ in the daytime and 12~ 17℃ at night.
The optimum temperature of fruit coloring period is 20~25℃, and coloring is not good above 30℃.
The growth and development of tomatoes need a certain temperature difference between day and night, especially in the fruit-bearing period. Tomato plants produce nutrients by photosynthesis during the day, and proper cooling at night is beneficial to the transport and accumulation of nutrients, promoting the growth of roots, stems, leaves and fruits, thus improving yield and quality. Therefore, tomato production in greenhouse in winter is often caused by excessive heating at night.
Suitable temperature conditions of tomato at different stages
The relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse should be kept at 60 ~ 65% in the early growth stage. The relative humidity of air should be kept at 45 ~ 55% in the middle and late growth period.
Lighting conditions
Tomato is a light-loving and short-day crop, but most varieties do not require high sunshine and do not need a specific photoperiod. As long as the temperature is suitable, it can be cultivated all year round. Generally speaking, tomatoes grow well under 16 hours of light. The light saturation point of tomato is 70000 lux, and it can develop normally at 30000 ~ 35000 lux.
No light is needed for germination;
The seedling stage requires strict illumination, and insufficient illumination delays the differentiation of flower buds, which increases the node position of flower formation, reduces the number of flowers and reduces the quality of flower buds.
Insufficient light at flowering stage is easy to cause falling flowers and fruits;
In the fruiting period, under strong light, there are many fruits, and the single fruit is also large. In weak light, the fruit setting rate is low, the weight of single fruit is reduced, and empty fruit and rotten fruit are easy to appear.
Humidity condition
Tomato has lush stems and leaves on the ground, and its transpiration is relatively strong. The transpiration coefficient is about 800, so it needs more water. However, tomato has developed roots, strong water absorption capacity, semi-drought-tolerant water demand, and the suitable air relative humidity is 45~50%.
In different growth periods, tomatoes have different water requirements.
Rapid growth at seedling stage. In order to avoid excessive growth and diseases, soil moisture should not be too high, and irrigation should be controlled properly.
Before the first inflorescence set fruit, there was too much soil moisture, which easily caused the plants to grow white and the roots to develop poorly, leading to flowering.
After the fruit of the first inflorescence expands, the water demand increases obviously.
During fruit expansion, the water absorption of each tomato is 1 ~ 2 liters/day. According to soil transpiration, water moderately, lightly and frequently. Watering interval is 5 ~ 7 days in full fruit period.
Watering principle
① The root system of tomato is very developed, so it is very important to control the growth of tomato. First of all, ridging should be done to prevent flooding and ensure the normal growth of crops, without water shortage, dead roots and rotten stems. Ridge height is generally 22~25 cm high, divided into large and small rows. The width of the big line is 80 cm, and the width of the small line is 60 cm. v？ Glyph, 5~7 days before planting, irrigate a ridge with a height of 25 cm until it reaches 18~20 cm. The faster you water, the better. This is called moisturizing. After planting seedlings in the water level line of the ridge for 5-7 days, water the planted seedlings to ensure that the seedlings are at the same water level, and then water them slowly after 5-7 days.
② Cover with plastic film in advance to prevent water loss. The plastic film must be white, and the black plastic film will affect the root growth. When the temperature is high, when the plastic film is covered, don't spread it on the edge of the small ridge to prevent the high temperature from hurting crop leaves. Don't water for 20~25 days, and water and fertilize after the first ear fruit grows to eggs or the third ear flower grows. When the seedlings grow to 40 cm high, at the hottest noon, press the seedlings aside in the direction of re-ridging to prevent the seedlings from growing in vain, and then hang them up when the seedlings stand up. The fallen part will not be lifted up, and many adventitious roots will be born in the future, which will increase the speed of fruit expansion in the later stage and increase the yield.
land
Tomatoes have low requirements for soil, so it is best to choose fertile loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich organic matter. During the growing period, tomatoes need to absorb a lot of nutrients from the soil. To produce 5,000 kilograms of fruit, it is necessary to absorb 33 kilograms of potassium oxide, 10 kilograms of nitrogen and 5 kilograms of phosphorus from the soil. 73% of these elements are distributed in fruits, and 27% exist in vegetative organs such as stems, leaves and roots.
illuminate
Reasonable layout: When transplanting and planting tomatoes, try to make the seedling size consistent, the plants grow neatly, and reduce the shading between plants. At the same time, it is best to plant the border in the north-south direction, so as to accept the sunshine as much as possible and avoid the phenomenon of shielding each other as much as possible.
Keep the shed film clean: Water drops, dust and other sundries on the shed film will reduce the light transmittance by about 30%. Dropless film is recommended.
Expose the straw curtain reasonably: under the premise of good thermal insulation, generally, open the curtain at 0.5 ~ 1 hour after sunrise and cover it half an hour before sunset. Especially on rainy days when it stops raining, the curtains should be properly opened to make full use of the scattered light of the sun.
Setting reflective curtain: Hanging reflective curtain of aluminum-plated film with a width of 2m and a length of 3m on the north side of the greenhouse to make it vertical to the ground can brighten the ground by about 40% and raise the temperature of the greenhouse by 3℃ ~ 4℃. In addition, laying silver-gray plastic film on the ground can also increase the light intensity between plants.
Do a good job in plant arrangement: timely carry out field management such as pruning, threshing, tying vines and threshing old leaves, so as to facilitate ventilation and light transmission in the shed.
The role of various fertilizer elements
① Nitrogen fertilizer: increase the speed of crop nutrition, make internodes longer, petioles longer and leaves larger, so it is limited to use. Excessive use of crops will make the internodes longer, the stems thinner, the petioles longer, the leaves bigger and thinner, the leaves are yellowish, the fruit will expand slowly, which will affect the yield and reduce the disease resistance (chicken manure and compound fertilizer must be used less in old sheds). The cold resistance is also greatly reduced.
② Calcium superphosphate: Calcium fertilizer contains phosphorus and calcium, which can increase cell division of crops, make flowers and fruits swell, make flower organs robust, improve pollination rate and reduce abnormal fruits. When the ground temperature is low, the root system grows slowly and it is difficult to absorb calcium, which will cause fruit deformity and rotten fruit due to calcium deficiency. Remedies include coating calcium nitrate with water. When each ear grows to the size of peanuts, spraying calcium nitrate once per ear can prevent it.
(3) Phosphate fertilizer: promote the growth of crop roots, determine the number of root growth, and reduce the number of phosphorus-deficient taproots, thus affecting the transport of nutrients to crops. Phosphate fertilizer must be used well in the early stage of ploughing, with deep roots, which will deliver nutrients to crops well, increase the ability of cold resistance and drought resistance, reduce watering times, and prevent serious diseases from happening due to excessive watering and high humidity.
(4) Potassium fertilizer: potassium sulfate, strong stalks and swollen fruits should be used to turn over the ground, so that the fruits have good color, bright surface, good hardness and good transportation resistance.
⑤ Magnesium fertilizer: increase the chlorophyll content of crops and promote photosynthesis. When magnesium fertilizer is insufficient, irregular macula will lose its green color. The distribution of various trace elements is directly related to magnesium.
⑥ Zinc fertilizer: It can accelerate the nutrient movement of crops, make the growing points grow rapidly, and play a role in photosynthesis, without yellowing or shrinking.
⑦ Iron fertilizer: after being absorbed by crops, it inhibits the growth of bacteria, forms a protective film on the surface of crop leaves, and improves the disease resistance of crops. Without iron, the leaves of plants turn yellow and the disease resistance decreases.
(8) Boron fertilizer: increase cell division of crops, promote flower bud differentiation, and improve the balance between reproductive growth and vegetative growth of crops. Without boron, buds will not form or become smaller.
⑨ Copper sulfate: In order to improve the disease resistance of crops, a layer of wax is formed on the surface of crop leaves and straws, so that bacteria cannot invade.
Each element has a certain amount, and excessive use of each element will affect the absorption of other elements.
Fertilize soil or land
Full application of base fertilizer: the base fertilizer is mainly decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer, with 2500~3000kg per mu. According to the maturity and cultivation period of tomato varieties, a proper amount of chemical fertilizer is added.
25~30 kg of calcium superphosphate, 0/5 ~ 20 kg of potassium sulfate and 0/0 kg of urea/kloc were applied per mu for early-maturing varieties.
For late-maturing varieties, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled.
Generally speaking, the distribution of nitrogen fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in plastic film tomato cultivation is suitable for spreading base fertilizer and topdressing.
In addition to phosphate fertilizer, full-layer fertilization can also be implemented, so that fertilizer and topsoil can be evenly mixed, and soil and fertilizer can be blended. Calcium superphosphate and organic fertilizer are fully mixed and applied to planting holes to reduce the fixation of phosphorus in soil. After the tomato seedlings are put into the planting hole, 500 kilograms of decomposed manure is poured immediately to stabilize the seedlings. In addition, in order to make tomato roots grow normally and increase sugar, it is very effective to apply a small amount of boron fertilizer when sowing.
Rational topdressing: 7 ~ 10 days after planting, combined with watering, topdressing the fruit-promoting fertilizer once, with the dosage of 500kg per mu. When the first ear begins to swell, apply urea 10 ~ 15 kg with water. The first ear of fruit is about to be harvested, and when the second and third ears of fruit expand, the plant enters a prosperous period. It is better to apply about 1000kg of manure or available nitrogen fertilizer per mu, and it is better to apply manure and nitrogen fertilizer alternately for three consecutive times, which can achieve the purpose of strengthening seedlings, preventing premature aging and improving fruit quality. In each topdressing stage, with 200~300 times of sea elf biostimulant, it can play a variety of roles, such as rooting and strengthening seedlings, balancing nutrition, and protecting flowers and fruits.
Spraying fertilizer in time: in the middle and late stage of tomato growth, the growth of stems and leaves began to slow down. In order to strive for the middle and late yield and prevent premature aging, spraying 500~880 times of phosphorus and potassium source pool on leaves has a good effect on promoting fruit development.
Scientific fertilization
Pay attention to organic fertilizer: organic fertilizer contains comprehensive nutrients. Fertilizer efficiency is slow and time is long. The organic fertilizer used must be fermented well, otherwise it is easy to produce harmful gases.
Generally, 4000 ~ 5000 kilograms of high-quality organic fertilizer is applied per mu. Microbial agents can also be applied, with a dosage of 2 ~ 3 kg per mu.
Balanced application of chemical fertilizer: chemical fertilizer has high nutrient content and fast fertilizer efficiency, which can make up for the deficiency of organic fertilizer and some nutrient elements in soil. As long as the balanced application will not cause harm to plants and the environment.
Commonly used fertilizers are: urea, superphosphate, potassium sulfate, borax, zinc sulfate and ternary compound fertilizer.
Topdressing principle of tomato in protected field
What is the general principle? One control, two promotion, three spraying and four taboos?
One control: during the period from tomato planting to fruit setting, it is necessary to look at the top dressing of seedlings and control the amount of top dressing. Too much topdressing is easy to cause plants to grow white and even lead to falling flowers and fruits. Therefore, in the case of serious fertilizer deficiency in plants, the amount of topdressing should generally be controlled, and dilute manure water or biochemical organic fertilizer solution can be slightly applied.
Promotion: Tomato should be topdressing at fruit expansion stage and harvest stage to promote its growth and development. When the first ear of fruit grows to the size of walnut, the quick-acting fertilizer should be applied quickly 1 ~ 2 times. Generally, 30% human manure or 5% sulfur-containing compound fertilizer leaching solution should be applied to ensure that plants do not lose fertilizer. After the young fruit enters the expansion stage, in order to meet the needs of plant growth and avoid late fertilization, what measures should be taken? Chasing the murderer? Methods: Generally, 40% human excrement or 5% sulfur-containing compound fertilizer extract was applied every 10 day in sunny days.
Three spraying: When soil topdressing cannot be carried out during the fruit growth period, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed 2-3 times, which can spray 300-500 times of foliar sea elf biostimulant and 500 times of phosphorus and potassium source pool to improve tomato quality.
Four bogeys: First, it is forbidden to thresh leaves when the soil is wet and the temperature is high at noon; Second, avoid excessive centralized fertilization, because centralized fertilization is easy to make plants grow white and cause harm; Third, avoid fertilizing when the soil is wet, otherwise physiological diseases such as falling flowers, leaves and fruits will easily occur; Fourth, it is forbidden to apply fertilizer at high temperature, otherwise the water evaporation of plant leaves will be large, which will affect the fertilizer efficiency and should be applied in the morning or evening.
Improve soil and prevent continuous cropping
Because of continuous planting, the soil is prone to continuous cropping, which affects the yield. Can soil improvement make the land return to farming? Live broadcast? Get up, make crops grow normally and achieve the goal of high yield. The key to soil improvement is to cultivate the number of beneficial bacteria in the soil, help decompose fertilizers in the soil, accelerate transformation and help crops absorb them better.
It shows that spraying sea elf biostimulant can effectively loosen soil, improve soil acidity, increase soil organic matter and stimulate root development.
Skillfully dipping flowers to improve tomato quality and yield
Impregnation concentration: 2,4-d 2ml water 1 ~ 1.5kg, 2ml water 1.3 ~ 1.6kg, and the optimum point temperature 18 ~ 26℃.
Methods and skills of dipping flowers: Tomato dipping flowers is skillful, which can improve the yield and quality of tomato, make the size of tomato fruit uniform, and several fruits on one ear swell and change color at the same time. Adjusting the dipping time plays a key role in the fruit uniformity of tomato.
When tomatoes bloom, if the first flower in each ear blooms too early and there are many flowers behind, remove the first flower and abnormal flowers.
If two flowers bloom at the same time, leaving no deformity, don't dip or spray flowers immediately. Two days later, we wait for the buds behind to spread slightly and dip or spray flowers together, so that the buds are stimulated by hormones at the same time and pollinate and expand together, making each ear uniform in size. If the first two flowers are treated in advance, it will lead to the rapid capture of nutrients, delay the flowering time of the later flowers, make the flowering time longer and the results uneven, and even the later flowers will become stiff and not long due to malnutrition.
Cultivation method of potted tomato
Variety selection
Because cherry tomatoes, that is, cherry tomatoes, are more delicious than tomatoes, and the fruits are more beautiful when they are ripe, so we choose varieties that are dwarf, diseased, early-maturing and easy to set fruit.
Sowing and seedling raising
Soak the seeds with warm water of 50 degrees before sowing, and continue to soak for 5 hours after natural cooling.
The next step is to accelerate germination, the temperature is about 28 degrees, and it can be wrapped with wet cloth to give the seeds enough temperature and humidity environment. Wash the seeds once a day to prevent mildew.
After 2 days of accelerated germination, white buds are usually exposed. At this time, you can plant it in a flowerpot with a planting depth of about 0.8CM, and put three seeds in a pot.
Make a final selection (of seedlings)
Two seedlings can be left in a pot of plants. When three seedlings are planted, the weaker one can be removed. Choose the best seedlings.
Current management
Daily management is nothing more than watering and fertilizing. In summer, when the weather is hot, water is usually poured once a day, preferably in the morning or at night. Dig the soil frequently before hanging the fruit, but not too deep, so as not to hurt the roots. After hanging fruit, topdressing some fertilizer or nutrient solution.
decrease
Dwarf varieties generally do not need pruning, but some varieties with long life need pruning to increase air permeability and light transmittance. All the branches and buds under the first inflorescence are removed, and after leaving five inflorescences, the top is pinched to ensure the nutritional supply of the fruits below.
Disease prevention and pest control
Spraying rice vinegar once a week 100 times can not only prevent insects, but also prevent diseases, and can also be used as foliar fertilizer.
Picking and harvesting
If you are greedy, you can pick your own things and wash them, and eat them as soon as the fruit turns red. If you want to see it, you need to be patient. When all the fruits are red, it will be a beautiful harvest.
Tomato planting requirements
Temperature requirements, below 15℃, tomato seed germination, pollination and fertilization and tomato turning red are affected: below 10℃, growth is slow, reproductive development is inhibited, stems and leaves stop growing at 5℃, suffer from freezing injury at 2℃ and freeze to death at 0℃. When the temperature is higher than 35℃, reproductive development will be affected, and when the temperature is higher than 40℃, physiological disorder will lead to thermal death. Adequate illumination and suitable temperature difference are beneficial to nutrient accumulation and maturity, promote healthy plant development, prevent overgrowth, enhance tomato's disease resistance and stress resistance, and increase yield.
Humidity requirements: For moisture requirements, in addition to proper moisture control before planting, flowering and ripening, adequate water supply should be ensured at all other stages.
Fertilizer and water management, tomatoes generally do not need to be watered in summer and autumn rainy season, but when 2-3 ears of fruit are ripe, they should be properly watered. According to the growth of tomato plants, timely topdressing can promote fruit development and protect flowers and fruits. Generally, Gymboree microbial fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, Gymboree seedling strengthening agent and Gymboree sweetener can be used as topdressing to make it look more beautiful and delicious. Conditional topdressing can be applied with cake fertilizer such as bean cake and cottonseed cake.