The present situation of forest resources in China is as follows: forest area 15894. 1 10,000 hectares, forest coverage16.55%; The forest volume is 1 127 billion cubic meters; The national plantation area (excluding Taiwan Province Province) is 46.667 million hectares, with a stock of 65.438+0.0 1 100 million cubic meters, ranking first in the world.
China's official media reported on Friday (February 1 1) that the two largest oil companies in China discovered another 850 million tons of oil reserves in 2004, and China's oil reserves increased by 25%.
By the end of last year, China had discovered 4 billion tons of oil reserves. China Oil and Gas Group is the largest oil company in China. It is reported that the company discovered 520 million tons of oil reserves last year.
Another large oil company, China Petrochemical Company Limited, discovered 328 million tons of oil reserves in 2004.
The official Xinhua News Agency reported that the two companies also proved 422 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves last year.
Last year, China's economic growth rate reached 9.5%, the largest increase since 1996. Due to economic development, two-thirds of provinces in China are short of electricity, and energy shortage has become the bottleneck of economic development in China.
China's crude oil consumption last year was 288 million tons, and it will reach 320 million tons this year, making it the second largest energy consumer in the world after the United States.
Due to the soaring demand for crude oil, China Petroleum Company explored oil reserves from Tarim Basin to Bohai Bay in the east.
China has been trying to import more oil from Russia. So far, China Oil and Gas Group has signed 48 investment cooperation agreements with 20 countries. Last year, the company acquired the rights and interests of16 million tons of oil overseas.
The company's biggest overseas action is to build a 65,438+0,000 km Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline, costing 700 million US dollars. After the completion of this pipeline, the annual transportation capacity is10 million tons.
China Oil and Gas Group is also building an oil refinery in Venezuela, which can extract 6.5 million tons of oil every year.
China's coal reserves reach 600 billion tons, ranking third in the world, and its oil reserves are about 3.9 billion barrels (1997), ranking eighth in the world.
China's coal reserves reach 600 billion tons, ranking third in the world, but its per capita reserves are about 462 tons, which is far below the world average, ranking third in the world and eighth in oil reserves.
The Intelligence Bureau of the US Department of Energy even estimates that Iraq's crude oil reserves may be as high as 30 billion tons. Due to UN sanctions, the daily output of Iraqi crude oil in recent years is only 6.5438+0.5 million to 2 million barrels (barrels are generally used as the unit of measurement for crude oil in the international market, and each barrel is 0. 1.38 tons). Experts estimate that if crude oil production is resumed after the regime change in Iraq, the world oil supply will increase by 3 million to 5 million barrels per day.
China coal resources1.500 million tons. Oil reserves are1.600 million tons. China's oil reserves only account for 2.3% of the world's total, and its exploitable life is only 20.6 years, far below the world average life of 42.8 years.
Water resources in northern China
Since the spring of this year, the vast areas in northern China have been suffering from drought and lack of rain. By the end of May, the drought-affected area in China had exceeded 340 million mu, and there was a persistent drought after the worst drought in the 50 years since the founding of New China. Although there has been continuous rainfall in most parts of northern China recently, it has not been able to alleviate the drought since this spring. Therefore, the shortage of water resources is particularly obvious, and the vast rural areas are facing a serious water crisis. In this regard, we specially visited Professor Li Qiang from the Department of Sociology of Tsinghua University and asked him to analyze the current situation of rural water resources in northern China.
Due to unreasonable and uncontrolled water use and the destruction of ecological environment, the available surface water resources in rural areas in northern China are decreasing day by day. The attenuation of surface water makes more and more rural areas rely on groundwater resources. Judging from the current situation, groundwater has become the most important water source for agricultural irrigation.
From a dynamic point of view, agricultural irrigation is increasingly dependent on groundwater. According to this trend, rivers and reservoirs will further withdraw from agricultural water sources, and groundwater will be almost the only way to use water for agricultural irrigation. The accelerated decline of groundwater level is a common and serious problem in rural water use.
China's total water resources account for 7% of the world's total water resources, ranking sixth. However, the per capita water consumption is only 2400m3, accounting for 25% of the world's per capita water consumption, ranking ninth in the world11,making it one of the world's 13 water-poor countries. The temporal and spatial distribution of water resources in China is not in harmony with the distribution of population and cultivated land. From the time point of view, 70%-90% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June-September, with less winter and great interannual variation. In space, the distribution of water resources is more in the southeast and less in the northwest. The cultivated land in the Yangtze River basin and its south area accounts for only 38% of the country's cultivated land, but the water resources account for more than 80% of the country. However, the Huaihe River Basin and its northern area, which account for 62% of the country's arable land, have less than 20% of the country's water resources. Uneven distribution in time and space and great interannual changes have aggravated the flood and drought disasters. Since the 1990s, the area affected by drought has reached about 400 million mu every year, which is three times that of the 1950s.
China's oil resources still have great potential.
China is rich in oil resources. According to the statistics of BP in 2003, among the global 103 oil-producing countries, China's total recoverable oil resources and remaining recoverable reserves rank at 1 1 0 respectively. By the end of 2003, the proven rate of petroleum recoverable resources in China was 43%, which generally belonged to the middle and mature stage of petroleum exploration. Based on the comprehensive analysis of resources and exploration potential, it is predicted that China's oil reserves will still be in a period of rapid and stable growth in the next 15-20 years, and the average annual increase of recoverable oil reserves will be around1400,000-1800,000 tons, basically maintaining the current level of reserve growth.
At the 2005 (Beijing) Petroleum and Petrochemical Economic Forum held recently, Yan, Director of Development and Research Department of China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group Company, said that the main areas of oil reserves growth in China in the future will be the west and the sea. Judging from the recent exploration and resource potential analysis, oil exploration should mainly focus on foreland basins, large uplift belts, stratigraphic and lithologic oil and gas reservoirs, shallow layers of Bohai Bay basin, marine carbonate rocks and sea areas (including beaches). These will be the main target areas for further exploration in China, and also the main battlefields for discovering large and medium-sized oil fields and increasing oil reserves in the future.
In addition, Nansha sea area is rich in oil resources. According to a preliminary estimate, the recoverable oil is about 6543.8+000 billion tons, of which 70% is within the discontinuous national boundary of China. It is reported that neighboring countries have proven oil reserves of 860 million tons, and China's intermittent border is in the South China Sea, and established a crude oil production capacity of over 50 million tons. Yan pointed out that China should adopt the strategy of "sovereignty belongs to me, disputes are shelved, and * * * joint development", and the three major companies should join hands with the support of diplomatic and military forces to gradually develop and utilize the oil and gas resources in this region. This is of great strategic significance to the sustainable development of China's oil resources.
Of course, experts also pointed out that although China's oil resources have great potential, with the gradual deepening of the overall exploration level, the types of oil and gas reservoirs in China are becoming increasingly complex, the quality of resources is obviously worse, and the exploration is becoming more and more difficult.
Respondent: Dong Zhe-Senior Manager Grade 710-1419: 59
China is a country with severe drought and water shortage. China's total freshwater resources are 2.8 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 6% of the world's water resources, ranking fourth in the world after Brazil, Russia and Canada. China's per capita water resources are only 2,300 cubic meters, which is only 1/4 of the world average, and it is one of the poorest countries in the world. However, China is the country with the largest water consumption in the world. In 2002 alone, the national fresh water consumption reached 549.7 billion cubic meters, accounting for about 13% of the world's annual consumption, and about 1.2 times of the 470 billion cubic meters of fresh water supply in the United States.
The amount of coal buried underground with development and utilization or potential utilization value is called coal resources. After some geological exploration, it is determined that the coal resources that meet the national reserve calculation standards and have certain industrial development and utilization value are called coal reserves. Therefore, it can also be considered that coal reserves are discovered coal resources, while undiscovered coal resources are generally called predicted coal resources, and the sum of them is called total coal resources.
The prediction of coal resources is based on the systematic analysis of coal geological characteristics, coal-forming conditions and coal-forming laws, and the coal resources are estimated by using coal geological theory. According to the sufficiency of prediction basis, it is generally divided into three levels: reliable prediction, possible prediction and inferred prediction.
Coal resources are non-renewable limited resources. Only with the improvement of coalfield geological theory and detection technology, with the accumulation of exploration data and the deepening of understanding of coal-forming conditions, people will gradually approach the reality of coal resources. Since the founding of New China, the competent department of coal industry has completed the national coal prediction work twice in 1959 and 198 1, and is currently conducting the third time. Compared with the first time, the second time has many new understandings and new progress, and the prediction of coal resources is more realistic than the first time.
Under normal circumstances, coal reserves are obtained by selecting the best ones for geological exploration on the basis of predicting coal resources, and they are increasing year by year. It is predicted that after the coal resources increase to the coal reserves, the quantity will decrease. However, the reduced predicted coal resources may not be completely equal to the obtained coal reserves, thus causing changes in the total coal resources. Therefore, the total coal resources, predicted coal resources and coal reserves are all dynamic quantities. When using, the deadline for statistical summary should generally be indicated.
2 Classification, classification and calculation depth of coal reserves
The Code for Geological Exploration of Coal Resources issued by the National Mineral Reserves Committee 1986 clearly stipulates the classification, grading and maximum calculation depth of coal reserves, which are briefly summarized as follows:
(1) Classification of coal reserves Coal reserves are divided into two categories. The first category, available reserves: refers to the reserves that meet the current economic and technical conditions of coal mining; Second, reserves are temporarily unavailable: due to mining technical conditions such as small coal seam thickness, high ash content (or low calorific value) or particularly complicated hydrogeological conditions, it is difficult to mine reserves at present.
See Table 2.2.3 for the calculation standards of reserves in general areas and areas with poor coal resources.
(2) Classification of coal reserves According to the degree of exploration and research, coal reserves are divided into four levels: A, B, C and D, of which A and B are called advanced reserves.
(3) The maximum depth of reserves calculation generally does not exceed the vertical depth of 65,438+0,000 for the proposed large-scale (annual coal production capacity is more than 654.38+200,000 t) and medium-sized (annual coal production capacity is 450,000 t to 900,000 t) mines, and 0,000 is only applicable to small wells (annual coal production capacity is 300,000 t and below), and generally does not exceed the vertical depth of 600m; The depth of the old mining area generally does not exceed the vertical depth 1 200m. Table 2.2.3 Calculation Standard of Coal Reserves
China's oil resources are concentrated in Bohai Bay, Songliao, Tarim, Ordos, Junggar, Pearl River Mouth, Qaidam and great basin on the East China Sea shelf, with recoverable resources of 1.72 billion tons, accounting for 81.3% of the whole country. Natural gas resources are concentrated in Tarim, Sichuan, Ordos, East China Sea Shelf, Qaidam, Songliao, Yinggehai, Qiongdongnan and great basin in Bohai Bay, and the recoverable resources are 18.4 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 83.64% of the whole country.
According to the depth distribution of resources, 80% of China's petroleum recoverable resources are concentrated in shallow (< 2,000m) and middle-deep (2,000m ~ 3,500m), with less distribution in deep (3,500m ~ 4,500m) and ultra-deep (< 4,500m). Natural gas resources are relatively evenly distributed in shallow, medium, deep and ultra-deep layers.
Geographically, 76% of China's oil recoverable resources are distributed in plains, shallow seas, Gobi and deserts, and 74% of its natural gas recoverable resources are distributed in shallow seas, deserts, mountains, plains and Gobi.
In terms of resource grade, high-quality resources account for 63%, low-permeability resources account for 28% and heavy oil accounts for 9% of China's recoverable oil resources. Among the exploitable natural gas resources, high-quality resources account for 76% and low-permeability resources account for 24%.
By the end of 2004, China's proven recoverable oil reserves were 679,654.38+billion tons, the recoverable resources to be proved were nearly 65,438.044 billion tons, and the proven degree of petroleum recoverable resources was 32.03%, which was in the middle of exploration, and the discovery of reserves in the near-middle period was in a steady growth stage. The proven recoverable reserves of natural gas are 2.76 trillion cubic meters, and the recoverable resources to be proven are 19.24 trillion cubic meters. The proven degree of natural gas recoverable resources is only 12.55%, which is in the initial stage of exploration, and the discovered reserves are expected to increase rapidly in the near and medium term.
Since the early 1950s, China has explored oil and gas in 82 major large and medium-sized sedimentary basins, and discovered more than 500 oil fields. The following are the main oil-producing areas on land in China.
Daqing Oilfield:
Located in the west of Heilongjiang Province, in the middle of Songnen Plain, in Harbin and Qiqihar. The oilfield is 0/40km long from north to south and 70km wide from east to west, with a total area of 5,470 square kilometers. 1960 In March, the CPC Central Committee approved to launch an oil battle, and in June, 45438+0963, the production capacity was 6 million tons, and the crude oil produced in that year was 4.39 million tons, which played a decisive role in realizing China's oil self-sufficiency. 1976, the crude oil output exceeded 50 million tons, making it the largest oil field in China. At present, the output of crude oil in Daqing Oilfield has remained above 50 million tons by adopting new technologies and new processes.
Shengli Oilfield:
The Yellow River Delta, located on the Bohai Sea in northern Shandong Province, is mainly distributed in 8 cities and 28 counties (districts) including Dongying, Binzhou, Dezhou, Jinan, Weifang, Zibo, Liaocheng and Yantai. The main mining area is about 4.4 square kilometers, which is the second largest oil field in China.
Liaohe Oilfield:
Mainly distributed in the middle and upper reaches of Liaohe Plain, eastern Inner Mongolia and Liaodong Bay beach area. Twenty-six oil fields have been developed and constructed, and nine production bases have been built, including Xinglongtai, Shuguang, Huanxiling, Jinzhou, Goldman Sachs, Shenyang, Ciyutuo, Lengjia and Horqin, covering 32 counties (banners) in Liaoning Province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 13 cities, with a total area of 654.38 million square kilometers and the output ranking third in the country.
Karamay Oilfield:
Located in Karamay, Xinjiang. In the past 40 years, the 19 oil and gas fields have been discovered in Junggar basin and Tarim basin, mainly in Karamay, and the 15 oil and gas fields have been developed to produce 7.92 million tons of crude oil (6.031889 million tons of thin oil and 0/889 million tons of heavy oil). Since 1900, the onshore crude oil production has been increased.
Sichuan Oilfield:
Located in Sichuan Basin with a history of 60 years, 12 oil fields have been discovered. There are four gas zones in the basin: south, southwest, northwest and east. At present, natural gas production accounts for nearly half of the country, making it the largest gas field in China.
North China Oilfield:
Renqiu City is located in the central plain of Hebei Province, including oil and gas producing areas in Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi and Mongolia. During the period of 1975, Renqiu Oilfield, the largest carbonate buried hill oilfield in China, was discovered in Ren4, an exploratory well in Jizhong Plain, and a high-yield industrial oil flow with a daily output of 1000 tons was ejected. 1978, the crude oil output reached17.23 million tons, which made an important contribution to the breakthrough of the national crude oil output in that year. Until 1986, the annual output of crude oil remained at 100000 tons10 year. At present, the output of crude oil is about 4 million tons.
Dagang Oilfield:
Located in Dagang District, Tianjin, it has a vast exploration area, including Dagang Exploration Area and Xinjiang Yurdusi Basin, with a total exploration area of 34,629 square kilometers, including Dagang Exploration Area 18628 square kilometers. At present, Dagang exploration area has completed and put into operation 15 oil and gas fields and 24 development zones, forming an annual production capacity of 4.3 million tons of crude oil and 380 million cubic meters of natural gas. At present, hundreds of millions of tons of oil-bearing structures, such as Qianmiqiao, have been discovered, which has opened up new oil and gas areas for increasing reserves and production in old oilfields.
Zhongyuan Oilfield:
Located in Puyang, Henan Province, found in 1975. After 20 years of exploration, development and construction, 455 million tons of petroleum geological reserves, 39.57 billion cubic meters of natural gas geological reserves, 77.23 million tons of crude oil and 0/3.38 billion cubic meters of natural gas have been proved. Now it is one of the important oil and gas production bases in eastern China.
Jilin Oilfield:
Located in Fuyu area of Jilin Province, it has carried out oil and gas exploration and development in great basin, Jilin Province, and successively discovered and proved 18 oil fields, among which Fuyu and Xinmin oil fields are large oil fields with reserves exceeding 100 million tons, and the oil field output reaches more than 3.5 million tons/year, forming a super-large enterprise production scale with a crude oil processing capacity of 700,000 tons.
Henan Oilfield:
The mining area is located in Nanyang Basin in the southwest of Henan Province, spanning Nanyang, Zhumadian and Pingdingshan, and distributed in 8 counties such as Xinye and Tanghe. A total of four oil fields/kloc-0 have been discovered, with proven petroleum geological reserves of 65,438+700 million tons and oil-bearing area of 1 17.9 square kilometers.
Changqing Oilfield:
The exploration area is mainly in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Basin, with a total exploration area of about 370,000 square kilometers. The exploration, development and construction of oil and gas started at 1970, and 22 oil and gas fields were discovered successively, including 19 oilfield, with a cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserve of 5418.88 million tons (including proven natural gas reserves of 233.008 billion cubic meters). At present, it has become the main natural gas producing area in China and the main natural gas transportation base in Beijing.
Jianghan Oilfield:
It is an important comprehensive oil base in central and southern China. The oilfields are mainly distributed in seven cities and counties, including Qianjiang and Jingsha in Hubei Province, Shouguang and Guangrao in Shandong Province, and Hengyang in Hunan Province. Twenty-four oil and gas fields have been discovered successively, with proven oil-bearing area of 139.6 square kilometers and gas-bearing area of 710.04 square kilometers. The cumulative production of crude oil is 210/87,300 tons and natural gas is 954 million cubic meters.
Jiangsu Oilfield:
The oil areas are mainly distributed in eight counties and cities such as Yangzhou, Yancheng, Huaiyin and Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, and 22 oil and gas fields have been put into development. At present, the main target of exploration is Dongtai sag in Subei basin.
Qinghai Oilfield:
Qaidam basin in the northwest of Qinghai province. The basin area is about 250,000 square kilometers, the sedimentary area is 6.5438+0.2 million square kilometers, and the oil and gas prospect in Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary areas is about 96,000 square kilometers. At present, 16 oil fields and 6 gas fields have been proved.
Tarim oilfield:
Located in Tarim basin in southern Xinjiang. East-west length 1400 km, north-south width of 520 km, with a total area of 560,000 square kilometers. It is the largest inland basin in China. In the middle is the Taklimakan Desert, known as the "Sea of Death". 1988 After the high-yield oil gas flow was ejected from Lunnan 2 well, after 7 years of exploration, 9 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields and 26 oil-bearing structures have been proved, with a cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserve of 378 million tons and an annual output of 5 million tons of crude oil. Resource guarantee of 65.438+100,000 tons of condensate gas and 2.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas.
Tuha Oilfield:
Located in Turpan-Hami basin of Xinjiang, responsible for oil exploration in Turpan-Hami basin. The basin is 600 km long from east to west and 130 km wide from north to south, with an area of about 5. 30 thousand square kilometers. 199 1 February, the oil exploration and development campaign in Turpan-Hami was in full swing. By the end of 1995, * * discovered 14 oil and gas fields and 6 oil-bearing structures in Shanshan and Wenjisang, with proven oil-bearing area of 178. 1 square kilometer, with accumulated proven petroleum geological reserves of 208 million tons and natural gas reserves of 73/kloc-0.
Yumen Oilfield:
Located in Yumen City, Gansu Province, with a total area of 1 14.37 square kilometers. The oilfield was put into development in 1939, and the crude oil produced in 1959 reached1402,900 tons, accounting for 50.9% of the national crude oil production in that year. 600,000 tons in 1970s and 10 in 1980s were achieved. Known as the cradle of China's oil industry.
In addition to land oil resources, China is also rich in marine oil and gas resources. A series of sedimentary basins with a total area of nearly one million square kilometers have developed in the offshore of China, which has rich oil and gas prospects. From north to south, these sedimentary basins include Bohai Basin, North Yellow Sea Basin, South Yellow Sea Basin, East China Sea Basin, Okinawa Trough Basin, Taixi Basin, Southwest Taiwan Province Basin, Taidong Basin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, Beibu Gulf Basin, Yinggehai-Qiongdongnan Basin and South China Sea Basin. Offshore oil and gas exploration in China is mainly concentrated in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea.
From 65438 to 0966, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East investigated the seabed resources in eastern China, including Diaoyu Island, and concluded that the continental shelf of the East China Sea may be one of the richest oil fields in the world, and the waters near Diaoyu Island may become the "second Middle East". According to 1982, China scientists estimate that the oil reserves in the waters around Diaoyu Island are about 3 billion to 7 billion tons. It is also reported that the submarine oil reserves in this sea area are about 80 billion barrels, exceeding 654.38+0 billion tons.
The South China Sea is a treasure house of oil. The sea area explored by China in the South China Sea is only 6.5438+0.6 million square kilometers, and the discovered oil reserves reach 5.22 billion tons. The exploitable value of oil and gas resources in the South China Sea exceeds 2 billion yuan. As long as it develops by 30% in the next 20 years, it will contribute 65.438+0 ~ 2 percentage points to China's GDP growth every year. According to some data, the total oil reserves of Zengmu Basin, Sabah Basin and Wan 'an Basin in the South China Sea are nearly 20 billion tons, which are large oil reservoirs to be developed in the world, and more than half of the reserves are distributed in the sea areas that should be under the jurisdiction of China. According to preliminary estimation, the petroleum geological reserves of the whole South China Sea are roughly between 23 billion and 30 billion tons, accounting for about one third of China's total resources. It belongs to one of the four offshore oil and gas gathering and transportation centers in the world and is known as the "second Persian Gulf". According to CNOOC's 2003 annual report, by the end of 2003, the company's net proven oil reserves in the western and eastern South China Sea were 606,543.8 billion barrels, accounting for 42.53% of CNOOC's proven reserves.
Up to now, seven hundred million-ton oilfields have been discovered in Bohai Bay, among which Penglai 19-3 Oilfield in the middle of Bohai Sea is the largest offshore oilfield in China and the second largest comprehensive oilfield in China, with proven reserves of 600 million tons, second only to Daqing Oilfield. By 20 10, the output of offshore oil fields in Bohai Sea will reach 55.5 million tons of oil equivalent, which will become the main body of oil and gas growth in China.