Microorganisms; ? Human beings; ? Advantages and disadvantages
Microorganisms are a large class of organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and some small protozoa. They are small individuals, but they are closely related to human life. Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature, and they can be found in our external environment and body. They are not only widely distributed, but also the types and quantities are beyond our imagination. We always have to deal with microorganisms inevitably.
Microorganisms are harmful to human beings. They can corrode industrial equipment, deteriorate food and raw materials, and even cause human poisoning, illness, cancer and death through the medium of food. They are also beneficial to human beings and can play an irreplaceable role in food, pharmacy, metallurgy, mining, petroleum, leather, light chemical industry and other industries. Therefore, human life has to intersect with the microbial world, and microorganisms are the old partners of human beings who will always "love each other and kill each other".
First, the relationship between microorganisms and food
Microbial products can be seen everywhere in human daily life. Foods such as wine, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate, as well as drugs such as antibiotics, hormones and vaccines, are all made by microbial fermentation.
At present, alcohol fermentation is mainly used to convert monosaccharides such as glucose into edible alcohol, which is the main substance in alcoholic food. Yeast is a facultative anaerobic microorganism. Breathing oxygen when aerobic, directly consuming glucose, generating more energy, vigorous metabolism, facilitating large-scale reproduction and improving production efficiency. Under the condition of anoxia and proper temperature, yeast will breathe anaerobically, suck monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose and mannose into cells, and decompose monosaccharides into ethanol and carbon dioxide under the action of internal enzymes, which is called fermentation.
Metabolites of some bacteria can improve the flavor of wine, rice wine and wine. In the fermentation process, proper introduction of bacteria can also overcome the shortcomings of insufficient aftertaste of liquor. Bacteria commonly used in the brewing industry include lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria and butyric acid bacteria.
Saccharifying bacteria are a kind of bacteria that can convert starchy raw materials into glucose, and are widely used in wine-making industry. Starch glucoamylase and proteolytic enzymes produced by glucoamylase can promote digestion and activate the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. It has the advantages of strong saccharification, rapid propagation, good thermal stability, acid resistance and alcohol resistance, and no or less pectinase production, which can reduce methanol production. Aspergillus, Rhizopus, endospore, Monascus and Mucor are commonly used strains in wine industry.
Kimchi is an invention of China people and a popular folk food. It is a fermented pickled product. Kimchi is simple to make, low in cost, delicious, conducive to preservation, and deeply loved by the public. In the process of kimchi production, many kinds of bacteria participate in fermentation, but lactic acid bacteria play a major role. Lactic acid bacteria are heterotrophic anaerobic bacteria, which decompose glucose into lactic acid and a small amount of ethanol under anaerobic conditions. These substances interact to form many aromatic substances, which make kimchi have a unique flavor. At the same time, lactic acid bacteria can effectively preserve vitamins in kimchi. Therefore, kimchi is a kind of food with unique flavor and rich nutrition. The common lactic acid bacteria are Streptococcus lactis and Lactobacillus, among which Lactobacillus is often used to make yogurt.
There are many foods like this, such as vinegar, fermented bean curd and soy sauce, all of which apply the principle of microbial fermentation, so I won't describe them in detail here. It is worth mentioning that with the rapid development of modern science and technology, microbial spices, nutrients and perfumes have gradually turned from dreams into reality and entered the lives of ordinary people, bringing great innovation to the manufacturing industry.
However, microorganisms also have adverse effects on human beings. For example, microorganisms can lead to the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases, leading to mildew and rot of food, clothes and leather. These are all negative effects caused by poor protective measures.
Second, microorganisms and human health
There are many beneficial microorganisms in human intestine, including bacteria, viruses, eukaryotes and so on. They can interact with other microorganisms in the intestine and immune system to synthesize various vitamins and amino acids, such as riboflavin and vitamin K, to meet the needs of human body, and form a complex biological system with human body, which has an important impact on human health.
2. 1 Disasters brought by microbial pathogens to human beings
Microbial pathogens can bring diseases to people, animals and plants, and pose a serious threat to human health and life. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/4th century, Yersinia pestis caused one third of the deaths in Europe. Before liberation, China experienced a similar disaster. Even now, human society is still threatened by diseases and disasters caused by microbial pathogens. AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and cholera are making a comeback and spreading on a large scale. Emerging diseases such as mad cow disease, legionnaires' disease, Ebola virus disease, Escherichia coli 0 157, cholera 0 139, SARS virus, West Nile virus, avian influenza virus and swine flu virus are bringing new diseases and disasters to mankind.
2.2 the relationship between microorganisms and human beings
In daily life and production, microorganisms also exist in food, medicine, cosmetics, other products and articles, drinking water and sewage, ambient air and internal and external organisms. These microorganisms have both advantages and disadvantages to our health, and have an important impact on our production, life and health. Microorganisms related to human health include all microorganisms existing in nature, and known or even unknown microorganisms in the universe may have an impact on human beings; Including pathogenic microorganisms and non-pathogenic microorganisms, microorganisms harmful and beneficial to human body. Pathogenic microorganisms can cause various diseases, affect people's health, life and quality of life, and even be fatal, which reflects the harmful effect of microorganisms. On the other hand, microorganisms are beneficial to human body and production and life. As the host of microorganisms, human beings are the largest micro-ecological space and one of the best territories for microbial reproduction.
When a person is born, there are microorganisms on the surface of his body, which are in a body cavity with the outside world, which will be accompanied by the end of human life. Bacteria in human intestine depend on the digestive tract to provide living environment, while the host can get nutrition from the normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract, such as vitamin B(B 1, B2, B6 and B 12), pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid and vitamin K. Carbohydrate [microorganisms have almost as many carbohydrate enzymes as the host, some of which (such as cellulolytic enzymes) are lacking in the host (ruminants), and polysaccharides are degraded into nutrients by bacterial enzymes], and protein (bacteria) participates in the metabolism and absorption of the host (bacterial B- glucuronidase and sulfatase play an important role in the intestinal-hepatic circulation of many compounds; Intestinal bacteria participate in most enterohepatic circulation, such as bilirubin, bile, estrogen and cholesterol; The nutrients synthesized in the process of microbial growth and reproduction will eventually be digested, absorbed and utilized by the host); Participate in host immunity (normal microbial communities have an indispensable immune stimulating effect on people and animals); Play a biological antagonistic role (against the settlement of foreign flora). From the above facts, it can be seen that in the host environment, normal microorganisms and foreign microorganisms must compete for living space and food and prey from the environment. They live in the host and cooperate with the host, which is mainly a mutually beneficial relationship. It can be said that without microorganisms, people and animals cannot survive, and vice versa.
2.3 the application of microorganisms in medicine and human health
As we all know, the law of nature is that the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated. Since human history, our ancestors have accumulated rich experience in fighting trauma, diseases and plagues to promote health, and established and developed preventive health care medicine and clinical medicine. Medicine is the technology and science of diagnosing, treating, preventing and controlling diseases and keeping healthy. At present, many microorganisms are used to produce various drugs, such as antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, enzyme preparations, enzyme inhibitors, bacterial preparations and microbial surfactants, which are synthetic metabolites produced in the process of microbial life activities or manufactured by microorganisms themselves. Although biotoxin is harmful to human health, we also use it as a medicine to treat human diseases. For example, botulinum neurotoxin produced by botulinum is the first microbial toxin drug used to treat human muscle diseases such as strabismus, torticollis and hemifacial spasm; Marine biotoxins such as tetrodotoxin and conotoxin also show good application prospects. Microbial toxin is a "double-edged sword", which is both an enemy and a friend of human beings.
Three. Microbes and Agricultural Ecological Environment
3. 1 2 1 century agricultural eco-environmental problems
2 1 century is the century of ecological civilization. People push the pursuit of harmony between man and nature to the position of social development theme. It marks that mankind is about to enter a brand-new era of civilization, that is, the era of ecological civilization construction. In the process of modern agricultural development, a series of problems have been encountered. First, the use of chemical fertilizers has increased year by year, and the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and the benefit of increasing production of chemical fertilizers have decreased; Second, the use of pesticides is increasing year by year, causing environmental pollution and threatening the safety of agricultural products; Third, soil fertility declines and soil degradation intensifies; Fourth, the soil ecological environment deteriorated and the soil ecological function declined.
3.2 Measures to solve the problems of agricultural ecological environment
3.2. 1 Effective Microbial Technology
The development and application of effective microbial technology is particularly important for the sustainable development of facility agriculture in China. It plays an important role in improving and maintaining soil fertility, transforming nutrient elements, improving fertilizer utilization rate, promoting crop growth, antagonizing soil-borne diseases, purifying the environment and balancing ecosystems. We should make full use of the above functions of microbial fertilizer to serve facility agricultural production and sustainable agricultural development. Developing facility agriculture is a strategic measure to intensively use resources, increase farmers' income and improve agricultural competitiveness. In recent years, with the vigorous development of protected agriculture in China, protected cultivation has not only achieved economic and social benefits, but also changed the soil ecological environment. At present, microbial technology is playing an increasingly important role in facility agriculture and the development of new fertilizers, and has gradually become the main force in China's national ecological demonstration zone and green organic agricultural products base. It has played more and more obvious economic, social and ecological benefits in the production of protected agriculture.
3.2.2 Microbial fertilizer
Microbial fertilizer is a kind of fertilizer used in agricultural production, which promotes crops to obtain specific fertilizer effects through microbial life activities. The use of microbial fertilizer can reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer. The use of microbial fertilizer can also make full use of renewable resources, improve soil fertility, help crops absorb nutrients, enhance plant disease and drought resistance, stimulate and control growth, reduce or alleviate pests and diseases, and have a good impact on crop quality. According to the function and mechanism of microbial fertilizer and the specific microbial species in its products, it can be divided into different types, but the efficacy of biological fertilizer is mainly related to the source and effectiveness of nutrient elements, or to the absorption of nutrients and water and disease resistance of crops.
3.2.3 Soil microorganisms
Soil is rich in microorganisms, which changes with the change of environment and time. The screening of new strains will greatly improve the application efficiency of microorganisms in agriculture. It will become an important research direction to isolate and clone functional gene fragments of new strains by modern molecular biology technology and artificially construct and shape new bioactive strains. Using microorganisms to control pollution and improve the environment will become the theme of the times. However, with the destruction of soil, the habitat of microorganisms is gradually destroyed, so it is particularly important to protect soil microbial resources. From pesticide to feed, from fertilizer to food, soil microorganisms have broad application prospects.
3.2.4 Microbial circular agriculture
Recycling agriculture with microorganism as the core refers to the recycling process of decomposing, digesting, absorbing and synthesizing new nutrients from agricultural products such as crop straws, animal and plant processing leftovers, human and animal manure, urban and rural organic garbage, and putting them into agricultural production. Developing circular agriculture with microorganisms as the core can not only promote the transformation from traditional "two-dimensional agriculture" of plant production and animal production to "three-dimensional agriculture" of plant production, animal production and microbial production, but also improve agricultural quality and efficiency, reduce resource waste, maintain ecological balance, increase social employment and improve the quality of workers, which has far-reaching economic, ecological and social significance.
Microbial engineering measures can effectively improve soil environment and quality, reduce pollution to ecological environment, and improve crop yield and quality. It is very important for human health to let people live in a relatively healthy and pollution-free environment and eat green and pollution-free healthy food.
Fourth, microorganisms and industrial production.
Some microorganisms are widely used in industrial fermentation to produce ethanol, food and various enzyme preparations. Some microorganisms can degrade plastics and treat wastewater and waste gas. , and has great potential of renewable resources, known as environmental microorganisms; Some microorganisms can survive in extreme environments such as high temperature, low temperature, high salt, high alkali and high radiation, and some microorganisms still exist. It seems that many microorganisms have been discovered, but in fact, due to the limitation of technical means such as culture methods, the microorganisms discovered by human beings today only account for a small part of the existing microorganisms in nature.
Industrial microorganisms involve many industries, such as food, pharmacy, metallurgy, mining, petroleum, leather and light chemical industry. Antibiotics, butanol and vitamin C were produced by microbial fermentation, and some flavor foods were prepared. Some special microbial enzymes are involved in leather depilation, metallurgy, oil extraction and mining, and even directly used as additives such as washing powder. In addition, some microbial metabolites can be widely used in agricultural production as natural microbial pesticides. By studying the genome of Bacillus subtilis, a series of genes related to antibiotic production and important industrial enzymes were found. As an important microecological regulator, lactic acid bacteria participate in the food fermentation process. The research on the genome of lactic acid bacteria will help to find the key functional genes, and then transform the strain to make it more suitable for industrial production. The genome research of Gluconobacter oxydans, a key strain in two-step fermentation of vitamin C in China, will find important metabolic functional genes related to vitamin C production on the premise of genome sequencing, and realize the construction of new engineering strains through genetic engineering transformation, simplify production steps, reduce production costs, and then greatly improve economic benefits. Through the genome research of industrial microorganisms, new special enzyme genes and important metabolic processes and functional genes related to the production of metabolites have been continuously discovered and applied to the production and transformation of traditional industries and processes, which has promoted the rapid development of modern biotechnology.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Microorganism and environment
Microbes are the most important decomposers in nature, and play an extremely important role in maintaining material circulation and high ecological balance and decomposing biological residues. Some autotrophic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria and some planktonic microorganisms, are the starting point of the food chain; Some microorganisms can decompose toxic substances, which is of great significance to sewage treatment and natural self-purification. Up to now, only microorganisms can decompose hydrocarbons such as oil and play an important role in dealing with oil pollution. In some places where there is no sunshine, autotrophic microorganisms are the foundation of the whole ecological chain. For example, sulfur bacteria in submarine hydrothermal pore ecology.
Pathogenic microorganisms can control the number of hosts, even affect the evolution direction of hosts, and play an important role in the whole ecological balance.
Some animals and plants have living microorganisms. If they lack these microorganisms, their growth will be affected to varying degrees, such as fungi, rhizobia and lichens in leguminous plants.
6. Conclusion and prospect of microbiology
In short, microorganisms have a far-reaching impact on the development of human society and human health. Facing the 2 1 century and looking forward to the future of microorganisms, we can see that the research on microbial genome and post-genome will be carried out in an all-round way, the research on microbial diversity will be further developed, the importance of microbial and environmental governance will be paid more attention, and the research on microbial pathogenicity and host immune mechanism will continue to be paid attention to and strengthened. Understanding the relationship between microorganisms, between microorganisms and other organisms, and between microorganisms and the environment can control pollution more effectively, deeply understand the biological relationship between microorganisms and higher animals, and improve plants. It can be predicted that in 2 1 century, microbiology will still be a leading discipline and will make greater contributions to human health and social and economic development.
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