In the practice of mental health work, people often combine the research results of experts and adopt the following criteria to evaluate mental health.
1, statistical method
According to the statistical normal distribution curve, it can be considered that people within the overall average standard range are psychologically normal, while those who deviate from this range are psychologically abnormal. Normal and abnormal are a continuous curve, and its vast middle zone is normal, while its two ends are deviated. Most people are concentrated in the middle area, and their mental health level is generally normal. A few people are above or below the general mental health level, and very few people are extremely healthy or mentally ill. The psychological level is not completely out of touch, and each level is interrelated.
This comparison of statistical standards is also directly used in psychological measurement to determine the level of mental health of individuals. For example, Minnesota Polyvalence Test and Eysenck Personality Test are all based on the normal distribution of mental health, and set the overall average standard (norm) of mental health of a certain population. Then, according to the differences between the measurement results of different individuals and the reference standards, we can judge the mental health level of an individual. This method is objective, but it must be implemented by professionally trained psychological testers. In addition, because this method is an average, it will also list "very" and "very" people in the exception list.
2. Adaptive judgment method
(1) will adapt to the decision.
The judgment method of social adaptation is based on the individual's social adaptation and social ethics, and measures whether the individual's behavior meets the social requirements. If a person's behavior is not recognized by society, it will be considered abnormal. This method is only suitable for the identification of abnormal phenomena, and it has obvious social and cultural characteristics.
(2) Adaptive judgment
The judgment method of life adaptation is to judge whether a person's psychology is normal according to whether the individual shows feelings, words and behaviors consistent with the life scene, especially whether the individual's behavior is aggressive or interferes with others. For example, some children with ADHD are easily judged to be abnormal because of fidgeting, being naughty, fighting and lying all day. This method is similar to the social adaptation method, intuitive and easy to identify anomalies. In practical application, we should pay attention to distinguish between accidental behavior and long-term behavior to ensure the accuracy of the method.
3. Value judgment method
The value judgment method holds that the so-called normality is good and valuable; Anomalies are bad and worthless. What is in the average range is not necessarily normal, and what is deviated is not necessarily abnormal, which depends on a kind of values. For example, under severe natural disasters, most people will feel anxious or depressed, and a few people may be calm. For another example, in the hysteria attack group, there is always an individual who is not sensitive. This is because the company believes that it is worthless to bow to disaster or be controlled by others.
This method of following the value principle is a subjective evaluation method.
4. Method for determining symptoms
Symptom judgment method is to judge whether it is normal or not by observing the symptoms and pathogenic factors of a psychological disease by myself or others. Such as paralytic stupidity, drug poisoning psychological disorder and other phenomena must not exist in ordinary people. Another example is the discovery of Treponema pallidum in some people. This is an abnormal foundation.
This method is widely and objectively used in clinic, but its application scope is narrow.
The above standards have their own advantages and disadvantages, and people often combine them for application. If personal behavior is highly evaluated by the above methods, it can be called mental health, and vice versa.
Some scholars have put forward more specific mental health standards, including the following seven aspects.
First, mental development is normal; Second, the emotional response is mild; Third, the quality of will is sound; Fourth, the personality is unified and complete; Fifth, self-awareness is correct; Sixth, interpersonal coordination; Seventh, the society adapts well. The first four aspects, starting from the psychological system, summarize the mental health standards considered in psychological aspects; The latter three aspects focus on the comprehensive cognition and mutual adaptation of themselves, people and society, which can be regarded as mental health standards from the social and psychological aspects.
1. Normal intellectual development
Intelligence is the synthesis of human perception, memory, thinking ability and operation ability, which belongs to general ability. Generally speaking, people with strong ability are efficient and easy to adapt to the environment. Normal intelligence is the most basic psychological condition for people to live, study and work normally, so it is the first condition for mental health. People often use IQ to indicate the level of intellectual development in intelligence tests. Those with IQ below 70 are mentally retarded, and those with IQ above 130 are excellent. A mentally healthy person should have normal intellectual development and an IQ of at least 80 (see table 1-2).
IQ level
intelligence quotient
Percentage of population
kind
/kloc-above 0/30
2.2
extraordinary refined
120- 129
6.7
excellent
1 10- 1 19
16. 1
Upper middle
100- 109
50. 1
medium
80-89
16. 1
Midsummer
70-79
6.7
Critical voiced sound
Over 69 years old
2.2
amentia
In addition to normal intelligence, people with mental health have further requirements, that is, they should have the correct ability to perceive things, strong logical thinking ability and strong creativity, and make full preparations for correctly understanding themselves, others and society and actively adapting to the environment.
2. Moderate emotional reaction
People's mental health is not only dominated by cognition, but also directly influenced by emotions. Positive emotions can improve the level of activity and benefit physical and mental health; Negative emotions will reduce the level of activity and be harmful to physical and mental health. Therefore, we regard positive emotional state as an important symbol of mental health. Mentally healthy people in a positive emotional state have two obvious specific characteristics: from the attitude point of view, they should be optimistic and in a good mood; Judging from the performance of its neural mechanism, it should be emotional stability and moderate response.
(1) Optimistic and in a good mood
People who are psychologically optimistic, optimistic and cheerful, love life and are extremely motivated. In general, they can always maintain a satisfactory good mood (a weak, calm and lasting happy emotional state). This is not to say that people with healthy hearts will not have negative emotions. The difference between mental health and mental health lies not in whether negative feelings are generated, but in the duration of negative emotions and their proportion in the whole emotional life. Mentally healthy people have positive emotions, but they don't last long. They can control, adjust and transfer negative emotions, and are good at avoiding the harm of negative emotions to themselves.
(2) Emotional stability and moderate reaction
Emotional stability shows that the excitement and inhibition of a person's central nervous system are in a relatively balanced state, and it shows moderate emotions, such as being ecstatic, worrying, winning without arrogance, and losing with grace, that is, maintaining a "normal heart" in daily life.
Moderate response means that the intensity of emotional response can be consistent with the objective situation, such as "when you are happy, you are happy, when you are worried." People with mental health will never be happy and sad for no reason, nor will they be excited by a trivial matter, nor will they be nervous when they encounter problems. The imbalance between objective stimulus and emotional response is often a harbinger of psychological abnormality. If a person cares nothing about others, he is either furious, depressed or even sleepless at night; Or laughing at things that are not funny, or being sad at things that are not sad, all indicate psychological problems.
3. Sound will and quality
People's will quality mainly includes: consciousness, persistence, self-control and decisiveness. These qualities show the following specific characteristics in mentally healthy people:
First, independence. Mentally healthy people have goals and plans, can take the initiative to control their own actions, never rely too much on others and blindly follow others, nor give in to the environment and pressure.
Second, strong frustration tolerance. Mentally healthy people will persist in overcoming difficulties in the process of achieving their goals, and at the same time, they can change or give up their original decisions and make new adjustments when they fail. They can face setbacks correctly and constantly enhance their endurance.
Third, good self-control. Mentally healthy people are good at controlling their behavior, being responsible for the consequences of their actions, and better restraining the outbreak of excitement, indignation and rage. Neither willful nor timid.
Fourth, decisive. Mentally healthy people are good at distinguishing right from wrong quickly, making decisive decisions and implementing them, and will not be indecisive. On the contrary, people who are mentally unhealthy are hesitant and half-hearted. After making a decision, I cringed, looked around, delayed action, and even hesitated after the action began.
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