China's strategic policy of modernization. 1In May 1995, the Central Committee of China and the State Council made the Decision on Accelerating Scientific and Technological Progress and decided to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. To rejuvenate the country through science and education is to fully implement Deng Xiaoping's thought that science and technology are the primary productive forces, adhere to the education policy, put science and technology and education in an important position in economic and social development, enhance the national scientific and technological strength and the ability to transform it into practical productive forces, improve the scientific and technological cultural quality of the whole nation, shift economic construction to the track of relying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of workers, and accelerate the realization of national prosperity. Implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education is the fundamental measure to ensure the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, the inevitable choice to realize the grand goal of socialist modernization and the only way to revitalize the Chinese nation. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the focus of the Party's work has shifted to economic construction, and the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education has been further deepened and developed to a higher stage, which will surely make a new leap in productivity. The 15th National Congress of communist party, China held in September reaffirmed the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. 1In March 1998, the new government announced that "rejuvenating the country through science and education is the biggest task of this government".
1. Develop science, technology and education to revitalize the country.
2. rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country through science and technology.
"rejuvenating the country through science and education" is a development strategy put forward by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council of China * * * Production Party. It scientifically analyzes and summarizes the development trends and experiences of economy, society and science and technology in modern times, especially in the contemporary world, fully estimates the great influence of the development of science and technology, especially high technology, on the comprehensive national strength, social and economic structure, people's life and modernization process in the future, and strives for the grand goal of socialist modernization according to China's national conditions.
"rejuvenating the country through science and education" refers to comprehensively implementing the idea that science and technology are the primary productive forces, adhering to the principle of education, placing science and technology and education in an important position in economic and social development, enhancing the national scientific and technological strength and the ability to transform it into practical productive forces, improving the scientific and technological cultural quality of the whole nation, shifting economic construction to the track of relying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of workers, and accelerating the prosperity of the country. The theoretical basis of the thought of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" is Comrade Deng Xiaoping's thought that science and technology are the primary productive forces. 1977, Deng Xiaoping put forward at the symposium on science and education: "Where should China start to catch up with the advanced world level? I think we should start with science and education. "Without science and education, there will be no hope for the four modernizations, and it will become an empty talk." Clearly, the development of science and education is the forerunner of developing the economy and building a modern and powerful country, and it is placed at the top of our development strategy. From the late 1970s to the early 1990s, Comrade Deng Xiaoping adhered to the core idea that "science and technology is the key and education is the foundation", which laid a solid theoretical and practical foundation for the formation of the development strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education".
1992, at the 14th National Congress of the * * * Production Party in China, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out: "Economic construction must be shifted to the track of relying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of workers".
1The Decision of the Central Committee of the State Council on Accelerating the Progress of Science and Technology promulgated on May 6, 1995 put forward the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education for the first time. Jiang Zemin pointed out at the meeting: "rejuvenating the country through science and education is to fully implement the idea that science and technology are the primary productive forces, adhere to education-oriented, put science and technology and education in an important position in economic and social development, enhance the national scientific and technological strength and the ability to realize the transformation of productive forces, and improve the scientific, technological and cultural quality of the whole nation." In the same year, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th China Producers' Party listed the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education as one of the important policies to accelerate China's socialist modernization in the construction of the ninth five-year plan for national economic and social development and the long-term goal of 20 10.
From 65438 to 0996, the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress formally put forward the ninth five-year plan for national economic and social development and the long-term goal of 20 10, and "rejuvenating the country through science and education" became China's basic national policy.
In order to fully implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, agriculture, industry, national defense, finance and trade and other industries and departments have put forward the development strategy of relying on science and technology to revitalize industry. All provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions, prefectures (cities) and counties (cities) have also formulated development strategies and policies to revitalize provinces, cities and counties through science and education. From 65438 to 0988, Jiangsu Province took the lead in putting forward the strategy of "rejuvenating the province through science and education" and decided to change the mode of economic growth from relying mainly on cheap resources and cheap labor in the past to relying mainly on the level of science and technology and the quality of workers. As a national strategy, "rejuvenating the country through science and education" has accelerated the development of local science and technology and economy. 1996 set up a national leading group for science and technology, and then set up a local leading group or a leading group for rejuvenating provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) through science and education. By1June 1997, 26 provinces (municipalities directly under the central government, autonomous regions) and cities under separate state planning had established leading groups for science and technology. According to statistics, by the end of 1997, more than 20 provinces and more than 200 cities in China had made plans to promote economic development through science and technology.
1April 1998, China scholars announced that the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress in China reached 3 1.65% from 19865438 to 1997. In May of the same year, in order to strictly implement the Education Law and the Science and Technology Progress Law, implement the provisions on education and science and technology investment in the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China and the Decision of the Central Committee and the State Council on Accelerating Science and Technology Progress, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Further Improving the Budget Arrangement of Education and Science and Technology Funds to Ensure the Timely Payment of Teachers' Salaries. The circular requires the financial departments of governments at all levels to ensure that the growth rate of budget allocation for education and science and technology is higher than the growth rate of recurrent fiscal revenue. For the first time, the "Notice" clarified the budget surplus, and it is necessary to increase the investment in education and science and technology accordingly to ensure that the annual budget implementation results reach the growth rate stipulated by law.
1998 with the approval of the central government, the national leading group for science and technology education was established and held its first meeting on June 9. Premier Zhu Rongji of the State Council presided over the meeting. He pointed out that it is necessary to thoroughly implement the spirit of Comrade Jiang Zemin's important instructions on the construction of knowledge economy and innovation system, increase financial support for the pilot project of knowledge innovation, and increase investment in science, technology and education.
The Proposition and Development of Deng Xiaoping's Thought of Rejuvenating the Country through Science and Education
In the great practice of building a Socialism with Chinese characteristics, Comrade Deng Xiaoping has always regarded educational development and scientific and technological progress as fundamental issues related to the overall situation of socialist modernization and the historical destiny of socialism, made theoretical thinking and put forward strategic ideas. As early as 1977, when the "Cultural Revolution" just ended and the historical task of China's modernization was re-examined, Comrade Deng Xiaoping put forward at the symposium on science and education work: "Where should China start to catch up with the advanced world level? I think we should start with science and education. " ① Clearly regard the development of science and education as the forerunner of developing economy and building a modern and powerful country.
From 65438 to 0978, at the National Science Conference and the National Education Work Conference, Comrade Deng Xiaoping profoundly expounded the relationship between rapid economic development and scientific and technological progress, which in turn depends on education, and strategically emphasized the importance of vigorously developing science, technology and education. 1982 when discussing the key points of China's development strategy in the next 20 years, Comrade Deng Xiaoping emphasized: "I think it is the key to run education and science well. No talent and no knowledge. " ② 1985 at the national conference on scientific and technological work, Comrade Deng Xiaoping reiterated: "The most important thing in the reform of the economic system, and what I am most concerned about, is talent. To reform the science and technology system, I am most concerned about talents. " (3) In the same year, at the National Education Work Conference, Comrade Deng Xiaoping called on party committees and governments at all levels to attach importance to education, pointing out: "The prosperity, national strength and the stamina of economic development of our country depend more and more on the quality of workers and the quantity and quality of intellectuals."
(4)1988, Comrade Deng Xiaoping profoundly pointed out: "Marx said that science and technology are productive forces. Facts have proved that this assertion is correct. In my opinion, science and technology are the primary productive forces. " ⑤ This epoch-making conclusion creatively develops Marxist productivity theory and reveals the historical inevitability of implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. 1992, Comrade Deng Xiaoping once again pointed out in his important speech of inspecting the south: "To develop the economy faster, we must rely on science, technology and education." He called on the whole party and society to make joint efforts and do more practical things to accelerate the development of science, technology and education in China. Deng Xiaoping's scientific theory of rejuvenating the country through science and education, which was formed and developed in the late 1970s and early 1990s, laid a solid theoretical foundation for putting forward and implementing the development strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. According to this strategic thought of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Decision on the Reform of Science and Technology System and the Decision on the Reform of Education System in 1985, respectively establishing the strategic policies of "economic construction must rely on science and technology, and scientific and technological work must face economic construction" ⑦ and "education must serve socialist construction, and socialist construction must rely on education".
1992 On the basis of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China defined the main tasks of China's reform and construction in the 1990s. Comrade Jiang Zemin profoundly pointed out at the meeting that "economic construction must be shifted to the track of relying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of workers". Pet-name ruby1993 The Central Committee of China and the State Council issued the Outline of Education Reform and Development in China, which clearly stated in the main principles of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics's education system that "education is the foundation of socialist modernization and education must be given priority." Attending to put forward major measures to implement the strategic position of education. 1994 the central Committee of the communist party of China and the State Council held a national conference on education to implement the spirit of the 14th national congress of the communist party of China and the third plenary session of the 14th central Committee, further implement the strategy of giving priority to the development of education, and mobilize the whole party and society to conscientiously implement the outline of China's education reform and development.
1995, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the "Decision of Central the State Council on Strengthening Scientific and Technological Progress" and held a national conference on science and technology, which formally put forward the development strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education for the first time. Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out at the National Conference on Science and Technology: "To rejuvenate the country through science and education is to fully implement the idea that science and technology are the primary productive forces, adhere to education-oriented, put science and technology and education in an important position in economic and social development, enhance the country's scientific and technological strength and its ability to transform into real productive forces, and improve the scientific and technological cultural quality of the whole nation.". It is reiterated that "economic construction should be shifted to the track of relying on scientific and technological progress and improving the quality of workers in order to accelerate the prosperity of the country." In the same year, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee listed the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education as one of the important policies to accelerate China's socialist modernization from the next15th century to the whole 2 10/0th century. From 65438 to 0996, the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress formally adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the long-term goal of 20 10, and rejuvenating the country through science and education became the basic national policy of our country.
Theoretical significance and practical characteristics of rejuvenating the country through science and education
2 1 century is a century full of challenges. At the turn of the century, China decided to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, which is of great significance. The implementation of this strategy will enable the ancient and civilized Chinese nation to take off again in the 2 1 century and stand among the world's powerful scientific and technological countries. Implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education is an important cross-century strategic decision of our country and an important part of Deng Xiaoping's theory of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is of great theoretical and practical significance for us to explore and understand the theoretical connotation, operational mechanism and practical characteristics of this strategic decision.
First, the new operating mechanism of national development
Rejuvenating the country through science and education is a strategic decision to promote national prosperity. Its theoretical significance lies in building a new operating mechanism and promoting national development. For this new operating mechanism, I understand that it generally includes the following four basic points.
1. Take scientific and technological progress as the driving force and process of operation.
Scientific and technological progress refers to the phenomenon and process that science and technology itself grow into economic and social activities and produce benefits. It is driven by the liberation of scientific and technological productive forces; Take science → technology → economy and society as the whole process. Its theoretical basis was highly summarized by Comrade Deng Xiaoping as: "Science and technology are the primary productive forces".
Where is the source of wealth for the country's prosperity, and by what power is wealth created? This is an issue that has been attracting people's attention since the birth of economics. The physiocrats think it is agriculture, while the mercantilists think that trade is the real source of wealth. First, the founder of classical economics? Smith pointed out that all material production departments create wealth. According to western traditional economic theory, economic development is driven by the law of "invisible hand" market, and science and technology are only "exogenous forces" and "godsend".
Second, the whole society acts in unison.
The strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education is not a slogan, but a long-term practice. This activity involves many factors and is a systematic project, which requires the joint action of the whole nation and society. It is embodied in the following four effective behaviors:
1. government's determination and effective organization
Government behavior plays a decisive role in implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. Only when the government has the power of unified organization and supervision can it ensure long-term and lasting implementation. In this way, the government's determination and the effectiveness of its actions determine the effectiveness of this strategy. Of course, we can't talk about the effectiveness of government actions without considering the country's economic and social foundation.
Since 1970s, many countries have been strengthening the government's leadership in scientific and technological work and promoting the combination of science and technology with economy. The United States, Russia, Japan, Britain, Germany, South Korea, Poland, Australia, India, Egypt, Hungary and other countries have successively established national science and technology committees or other scientific and technological decision-making bodies chaired by presidents or prime ministers. From 65438 to 0995, China decided to set up a national leading group for science and technology. Leaders of many countries have made public speeches to promote the development of science and technology and promote the combination of science and technology with economy. In 1988, Comrade Deng Xiaoping clearly put forward the conclusion that "science and technology are the primary productive forces". Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher delivered a speech: "Countries that do not attach importance to intellectuals and technology will inevitably perish." Former US President Ronald Reagan said: "Technology is the source of American economic vitality", while current US President Bill Clinton said: "Technology has created new employment opportunities, established new industries and improved our living standards. So it is the engine of economic growth. " Former Prime Minister of India, the late British? Mrs Gandhi said: "The key to the economic prosperity of modern countries lies in the effective combination of technology, raw materials and capital, among which technology is the most important ..."
The admiration and concern of many heads of government and politicians for the great role of science and technology has opened up a new era. Many analysts believe that during the 20 years from 1968 to 1987, technology changed people's previous ideas. Professor Paye, President of the Club of Rome, once regarded 1989 as a historical turning point of our time. Its symbol is: "Heads of state, policy makers and resource politicians are taking science and scientists seriously and treating them as experts in solving special problems".
2. Coordinate actions in all fields of society
The consistency of the actions of the whole society is a reliable guarantee for implementing the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. But it is not easy to achieve unity, because this is a systematic project, which needs to be strengthened and coordinated from all aspects. The first is to invigorate the national spirit and enhance cohesion. Rejuvenating the country through science and education is cooperation in various fields, which have their own norms and values for thousands of years. For example, science pursues discovery, technology pursues invention, and enterprises pursue profit. Because of the different value orientation, each field is often independent, and its actors work in their respective fields to gain prestige and interests. In this way, if we want to act in a unified way, we must have a unified value, that is, to strengthen the cohesion of the nation for the prosperity and strength of the country. Therefore, former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher called for: "Scientists should have industrial concepts and industrialists should have scientific minds."
Secondly, the combination and coordination of various social reforms. Historical practice tells people that social revolution should be combined with technological revolution, so as to achieve the function of interaction and mutual promotion. Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "The new economic system should be conducive to technological progress, and the new scientific and technological system should be conducive to economic development." Similarly, the new education system should be a system conducive to economic, technological and social development. Therefore, it is very important to synchronize the reform of education system with the reform of economic system and scientific and technological system.
The third is to form a social environment that respects knowledge and talents. The close combination of science and technology and talents has become a key factor to promote social development and ensure human survival. The new development of international politics and economy and the new trend of world scientific and technological progress show the value of talents. In this situation, countries all over the world pay more attention to the important position of talents than ever before. Scientific and technological personnel have never been regarded as valuable strategic resources as they are today. The United States has taken two major measures, namely, introducing and cultivating heavily. The Japanese motto is "knowledge is the most important thing". Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher announced that "portraits of outstanding scientists in the past and present will be hung in a prominent position in the Prime Minister's Office in Downing Street" in recognition of their extraordinary contributions.
3. Implement key planning and concentrate on key breakthroughs.
A strategic action is just a general statement and there is no key breakthrough. /kloc-Britain's machine revolution in the 0/8th century and Germany's motor revolution and chemical revolution in the 0/9th century were both major key breakthroughs, which played a significant role in promoting the development of world science, technology and economy.
Since the 1940s, many successful countries have participated in launching major scientific and technological development plans. For example, the German missile plan, the American "Manhattan Plan" and "Apollo Landing on the Moon" plans, the former Soviet Union's artificial satellite plan, and China's "two bombs and one satellite" plan. Since the mid-1980s, many countries have regarded high technology as the commanding height of strategic competition. The United States launched the "Star Wars" program, Japan launched the VLSI program, Europe launched the "Eureka" program, and China launched the "863" program.
In 1990s, many countries launched a series of large-scale high-tech development plans. The United States has high-performance computer and communication plans, cutting-edge technology development plans, biotechnology research plans, new materials research plans, and national information infrastructure research action plans; Japan has put forward the Sixth Generation Computer Plan and the New Sunshine Plan for Asia. Canada implements key technical support plan and green plan; South Korea has put forward the high-tech and development plan (G-7), the latest plan and the medium and long-term plan for developing nuclear energy. China put forward plans such as "Super 863", "Torch", "Spark" and "Climbing".
In fact, modern high-tech products contain unprecedented human knowledge and technical labor, which will make profound changes in the formula that determines major national policies. It tells people that whoever occupies the commanding heights of high technology in the global technological competition war erupted by the new technological revolution will effectively grasp the key to understanding today and grasping tomorrow, and who will win 2 1 century. Therefore, the implementation of the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education must have its own core project as a breakthrough and foundation.
Step 4 overcome all kinds of difficulties and obstacles
The strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education is a great undertaking, which needs rationality, art, certain investment and time to complete. Meanwhile, it must overcome many difficulties and obstacles. Rejuvenating the country through science and education should break through the three fortresses of ignorance, superstition and poverty. We should solve the conflict between different cultures. Natural science is the spiritual product of people's understanding of nature and a rational process full of creative spirit. It doesn't worship idols, and it has no ideological peak.
Traditional humanities tend to analyze cases and are good at explaining what happened in a non-scientific way. Therefore, between the non-mode thinking of humanities and the mode thinking of natural science, and between the mystery of inspiring humanistic culture and the openness of rational scientific culture, there is often opposition. With the progress and setbacks of science and technology, this opposition is constantly changing. Great science and technology advocates that all social phenomena related to science should be the objects of scientific research, and scientific methods can be an effective tool to reveal the laws of social movement.
Conservative economists have always restricted the application of scientific achievements in production. They believe that the rapid utilization of scientific achievements will cause rapid changes in industry and disrupt the existing economic order. The reason is that technological progress brings unemployment; Product upgrading brings high depreciation expenses; Causing economic instability. The worldwide scientific and technological progress has widened the gap between developed and underdeveloped areas. This gap is mainly manifested in the huge differences between the rich and the poor and the level of scientific and technological development. In today's world, technology and science are usually controlled by highly organized research and development industries, most of which are located in western developed countries, and a considerable part of them are located in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. For the vast number of third world countries, most of them are marginal and subordinate to the low-level division of labor. Limited research and development capabilities. According to the statistics of 1983, developed countries account for 72.7% of global R&D funds, of which the United States accounts for 33.4%, Europe accounts for 20.9%, Japan accounts for 12.6%, and the former Soviet Eastern European Group accounts for 24.2%.
Third, explore the road with China characteristics.
The strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education has distinct characteristics of the times and national conditions. Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out: "The scientific cause is an important part of the great cause of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics. We should base ourselves on our own national conditions and learn from the successful experience of foreign countries to explore a road of scientific and technological progress with China characteristics. " At present, I understand that China's strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education has the following characteristics:
1. Adopt the limited strategy of "catching up and not catching up"
China is a developing country. After more than 40 years of rapid development, it has made great progress and occupied a place in the field of world science and technology development. Developing countries have strong scientific and technological strength, but compared with developed countries, their scientific and technological strength is obviously backward.
First, the total number of scientific and technological personnel in China is 6.5438+0.86 million, ranking first in the world, but there are less than 500 scientists and engineers engaged in research and development per million people, which is almost the same as that in major developing countries such as India and Brazil, while there are more than 654.38+0.000 in South Korea and Singapore, and more than 2,000 in the United States, Japan, Britain and Germany.
Second, the investment in science and technology is low. 1 The total R&D expenditure in China in 1994 was 1 9.6 billion yuan, equivalent to $2.253 billion, which was only 1/7 1 in Japan and/kloc-0 in Germany. It is also lower than that of Taiwan Province Province (US$ 2.54 billion) and India (US$ 2.327 billion).
Third, the scientific papers published by China rank 12 in the world. Only more than 30,000 patents come out every year, while there are 654.38+10,000 patents in developed countries. As the basis of scientific research and innovation, the instruments and equipment have been seriously aging, and the level of experimental equipment has remained at the level of the 1970s and 1980s. There are 53 research institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences that have not been supported by any instrument update. The above situation shows that China's scientific and technological development strategy can only adopt a limited strategy of "catching up and not catching up". It is impossible to catch up completely, and tracking strategy is adopted in most fields. Therefore, in the Decision of Central the State Council on Accelerating Scientific and Technological Progress, it is clearly pointed out that basic research should follow the principle of "catching up and not catching up". Aim at national goals and the forefront of world science, concentrate on tackling key problems, and strive for a major breakthrough in areas where China has advantages.
2. Take the realization of the new liberation and great development of scientific and technological productive forces as the strategic focus.
China's science and technology lags behind developed countries and domestic economic construction. If there is no great development of science and technology, it will inevitably lag behind economic construction, which will definitely restrict future economic development. Therefore, to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, we should take the new liberation and great development of scientific and technological productive forces as the strategic focus and fully implement the idea that science and technology are the primary productive forces.
In order to highlight this strategic focus, the decision of the Central Committee and the State Council on accelerating scientific and technological progress stipulates that "solving major problems in economic and social development is the primary task of scientific and technological work." "At present, basic research should put national goals in an important position, take providing impetus for national economic and social development as the central task, focus on solving basic theoretical and technical problems of future economic and social development, and create new technologies and methods." This requires:
To develop high technology, we should closely combine the needs of national economy and national defense construction, grasp the development trend of high technology in the world, adhere to limited goals, highlight key points, and take improving the ability of independent innovation and economic competitiveness, mastering intellectual property rights and realizing industrialization as the main goals. Vigorously promote the scientific and technological progress of enterprises and promote enterprises to gradually become the main body of technological development. It is an important content of modern enterprise system construction to enhance the vitality of enterprises in applying advanced technology and improve their technological innovation ability. Large and medium-sized enterprises should generally establish and improve technology development institutions and carry out various forms of cooperation with scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning.
3. Establish a new system of science and technology that adapts to the socialist market economy and the development law of science and technology itself.
The reform of scientific and technological system is a broad and profound revolution to liberate scientific and technological productive forces. By the end of this century, China will initially establish a new scientific and technological system that adapts to the socialist market economic system and the development law of science and technology itself, and form a dynamic operating mechanism.
In the past, under the planned economy system in China, the process of science and technology entering the economy was divorced from the market, which led to the separation of science and technology from the market, so the progress of science and technology was slow and the effect was not great. The reason is that under the planned economy, the plan is issued by power, and the production of enterprises has been going on for decades, which has greatly hindered the adoption of new technologies and the development of new products, making the knowledge of scientific and technological personnel gradually aging and the innovation ability of enterprises gradually weakening. In the field of science and technology, although new technologies can be introduced, it is difficult for enterprises to absorb them and quickly transform them into real productive forces.
The establishment of the socialist market economic system will push enterprises to the market in an all-round way, thus mobilizing the enthusiasm of enterprises to adopt advanced technology to win in the competition. At the same time, the market economy separates government from enterprises, making scientific and technological development institutions and enterprises independent legal persons, and they can be directly combined. Enterprises become the only place where scientific and technological achievements can be transformed into real productive forces, and then enterprises and scientific research institutions have a mutually attractive combination relationship.
The core of scientific and technological system reform is to promote research and development in accordance with market rules, serve market demand, and make scientific and technological system an organic part of economic system. At the same time, this reform must conform to the development law of science and technology itself, that is, the development process and dynamic mechanism. In this way, the market economy system, science and technology system and economic system can be unified.
4. Establish a policy of scientific and technological talents to adapt to the socialist market economy.
Building a team of high-level scientific and technological talents is both the foundation and the goal of rejuvenating the country through science and education. At present, China's scientific and technological talents are facing some problems, which seriously restrict the development of science and technology. It should be carefully analyzed and solved. For example, at present, there is a downward trend in basic research, and the environment that breeds major breakthroughs in basic research is being seriously impacted. Due to the long-term shortage of scientific research funds, the slow updating speed of instruments and equipment, and the difficulty in stabilizing young talents, the first and second prizes of natural science have been significantly reduced in recent years, and systematic and significant theoretical achievements have been made, with few breakthroughs in scientific frontiers. 1983—11989, * * * awarded 13 first prizes and 58 second prizes. From 1990 to 1993, * * * out of 1 first prize, 28 second prizes. The first prize of this project is the work of flora classification, which is the result of long-term accumulation. During the period of 1993, 400,000 scientific papers were published worldwide, while only 20,000 were published in China.
5. Establish a scientific input system for science and technology.
Investment in scientific and technological funds is a necessary condition for scientific and technological progress. Due to various reasons, the overall strength of China's investment in science and technology is still weak, and the ratio of R&D to GND is low, hovering around 0.5 ~ 0.7% for many years. During the period of 1994, this index of China was only 0.5%, which was not only behind the developed countries, but also in the lower-middle level in developing countries. There are many reasons for this. First, the government's financial support is insufficient; Second, the diversified investment system of the whole society has not been formed; Third, the policy and mechanism of science and technology investment do not meet the requirements of market economy, so the ability to absorb all kinds of funds by using market mechanism is quite weak; Fourth, there are various contradictions and conflicts and unclear responsibilities in the investment of science and technology funds. Such as risk-taking and technology pricing. No dynamic mechanism has been formed.
For a long time, enterprises have not formed the main force of scientific and technological investment. There are few R&D institutions in the industry itself, so that the share of the industry in China's scientific and technological investment is less than 30%. In developed countries, the proportion in industry is as high as 60 ~ 80%. In view of the above problems, decisive measures need to be taken. At present, the key is to establish a diversified and multi-level investment system for science and technology in the whole society according to the national conditions. This system is attracted by effective policies and guaranteed by dynamic operating machines, which truly realizes equal emphasis on government investment and enterprise investment; There are grants and loans; There are direct investment of funds and indirect investment of policies; There are domestic funds and overseas investments. Through the efforts of all parties, a strong synergy will be formed.