Before humanism, there were two dominant theories of human nature in the field of psychology: one was Freud's view that people were mainly controlled by sexual instinct and aggressive instinct; Another view comes from behaviorism and goes to the other extreme, treating people as bigger and more complicated mice-thinking that people, like mice, only respond to stimuli in the environment without any subjective control. Both theories ignore some important aspects of human nature, such as "free will" and "human value".
The theory of humanism is different from the theory of human nature, which holds that people should be responsible for their actions. Sometimes we automatically respond to the stimuli in the environment, and sometimes we are subject to instinct, but we have free will and the ability to decide our own goals and direction of action.
Humanism is called the third force of psychology. The emphasis on individualism and individual freedom of speech in the 1960s laid the foundation for the development of humanism. Abraham maslow, an important figure in humanistic psychology from 65438 to 0967, was elected as the president of American Psychological Association, which shows that the humanistic thought of psychology has been accepted by everyone.
Chernyshevski called his materialism "humanitarianism" and his philosophical works "humanitarian principles in philosophy". Chernyshevski's humanism is against the division of soul and body into two independent entities, and against the idealistic view that the soul is regarded as primary. But the person it refers to is only a natural person in the biological sense, just an abstract ordinary person.
Humanities books
, rather than social people. He didn't study people with specific history and social practice, so he couldn't see the sociality of people.
In modern western philosophy, the word humanism has been distorted by some idealist philosophers. For example, Scheler, a German phenomenologist, and klages, a fascist theorist, described "philosophical humanism" as "humanism" or "personality" with "the unity of body and soul" as the object. Their "humanism" is an idealistic theory that promotes irrationalism and racism. [ 1]
2 Five types of origin editing
First of all, humanism is a philosophical and literary movement that originated in Italy in the second half of the14th century and spread to other European countries. It constitutes an element of modern western culture. Humanism also refers to any philosophy that recognizes the value and dignity of human beings, takes human beings as the yardstick, or takes human nature, human limitations and human interests as the theme. The former is a basic aspect of the Renaissance. Thinkers at that time reintegrated people into the natural and historical world from this aspect and explained people from this angle. In this sense, humanism is one of the basic conditions for the scientific revolution in the17th century, so it is also the condition for the birth of "scientism" to some extent. /kloc-fundamentalism since the 0/7th century and naturalism since the end of19th century are not opposed to Renaissance humanism. The humanistic movement in history is the antithesis of supernatural belief and medieval Aristotemism. Besides historical humanism, we are now discussing contemporary humanism. People usually think that contemporary humanism is "subject philosophy". Because philosophers have different understandings of "subject", in this sense, "humanism" is ambiguous. If the philosophy derived from Descartes' "I think" and Kant's transcendental self is regarded as humanism, then neo-Kantianism is a typical humanism. We don't talk about whether individual neo-Kantians belong to philosophers in humanistic thoughts. Generally speaking, neo-Kantians strive to inherit Kant's program of laying a scientific foundation, especially natural science (Marburg School) and cultural science (Freiburg School). Their self-priming is universal, unexperienced and impersonal, which is fundamentally different from the experiential self emphasized by humanists. Moreover, Neo-Kantianism pays special attention to the value of science, which is precisely the characteristic of "scientism", which is quite different from humanism that emphasizes personal value.
Secondly, as a school of "subject philosophy" or "consciousness philosophy", Husserl's phenomenology can also be called humanism. Like Kant, he took himself as the starting point and tried to lay the foundation for scientific knowledge. The difference is that he turned to "essential intuition" and completed the work of forming objectivity in a descriptive way. Early anti-psychology made him regard logical structure as "truth itself". Husserl's "I think" is different from Kant's "I think" and is not impersonal, but the transcendental basis of objectivity does not need a subject or subjectivity, but a pluralistic, inter-subjective and atomistic basis. Is this basic theory humanistic? Yes, if we regard any "subjective philosophy" as humanism. However, humanism is characterized by the primacy of human beings, and Husserl's phenomenological "reduction" of "I" in daily language and daily life. He doesn't defend philosophy for people's demands, but he cares about making philosophy a strict science. In this way, the phenomenology of idealism does not belong to the category of humanism.
Thirdly, M. Scheler's anti-formalism value philosophy, which originated from phenomenological "philosophical anthropology", emphasizes that personality is the center of moral action, which seems to be consistent with humanism. But individualism does not regard man as a measure of good and evil. Some individualists understand individualism as a philosophy that people often protest against being reduced to the level of ideas or things and pay full attention to the contemporary cultural crisis. This change of individualism makes it closer to humanitarianism. However, individualists still pay little attention to individuals' ability to build themselves, but pay more attention to their ability to accommodate others and open to a value order. Therefore, individualism is not a complete humanism. However, individualism or idealism (centered on Boston University) popular in the United States is often called humanism.
Fourthly, we found a truly complete humanitarianism in Sartre's existentialism philosophy. His book Being and Being is the concentrated expression of phenomenology, existentialism philosophy and humanism, and also the full development of humanism. Existentialists concluded: "There is no other world except human world and human subject world." As a typical humanism, existentialism and naturalism are incompatible.
Fifth, the methodological hermeneutics of Dilthey and his successors emphasized that social humanities need to understand the text or social and historical phenomena, which is obviously different from the natural science's explanation of the studied phenomena with general laws. Understanding and explanation are two different scientific methods. However, naturalism insists on the continuity of scientific methods, and all natural objects and phenomena, including people, can be scientifically explained by applying general laws, thinking that only in this way can real scientific knowledge be obtained. In this way, methodological hermeneutics is opposite to naturalism. Hermeneutics is also incompatible with epistemological foundationalism in denying the certainty of truth. Therefore, in the whole field of philosophy, early hermeneutics can be said to belong to the category of humanism, as opposed to scientism. [ 1]
3 psychology editor
brief introduction
Humanistic psychology is an innovative movement of American contemporary western psychology after World War II. After the establishment of the American Humanistic Psychology Association in the early 1960s, this movement has been greatly developed. 197 1 year, the Netherlands held an international conference, which affected Europe and Asia.
Definition:
Before humanistic psychology, a group of psychologists in Europe had the same views as existential philosophers, and they were named "existential psychology". They developed their psychological theory based on the theories of famous existential philosophers Nietzsche and Sartre. These existential psychologists include Binswanger, frankl and rollo may.
The focus of existential psychotherapy is to solve the anxiety of existence and the panic and fear of individuals because life is meaningless. Treatment generally includes emphasizing free choice and establishing a lifestyle that can alleviate emptiness, anxiety and trouble, and cultivating a more mature attitude towards life.
Existentialism profoundly influenced the views of some American psychologists at that time. Carl rogers is one of them. But at the same time, Rogers gradually realized that the early use of existential psychotherapy could not help patients decide what their problems were and how to solve them. Another affected abraham maslow said that we need a more convincing scientific psychology than existentialism to "think about the problems that non-scientists have solved-religion, poetry, values, philosophy and art."
Establishing a new schools of psychology to understand human behavior has become the lifelong work of Rogers and Maslow-this is the embryonic form of early humanistic psychology.
So far, there is no universally accepted definition of humanism theory in the world. This phenomenon was particularly prominent in the 1960s and early 1970s. At that time, it seemed that everyone thought he was a "humanist" and tried to popularize his theory. Thus, humanism has become a popular theory, as if it can cure all diseases. In recent years, because humanistic psychology is no longer as popular as before, the popularization of humanistic theory has also decreased, but many psychologists still think that they belong to this school. Although there is no clear standard to judge whether a psychotherapy method belongs to the category of humanism, it is generally believed that the core content of humanistic psychology has four aspects:
(1), emphasizing human responsibility;
(2) emphasize "here and now";
(3) Look at individuals from the perspective of phenomenology;
(4) Pay attention to people's growth.
visual angle
Humanistic psychologists believe that psychology should focus on the study of human value and personality development. They not only object to S. Freud's psychoanalysis that the conscious experience is a basic driving or defense mechanism, but also object to behavior that regards consciousness as an incidental phenomenon of behavior. On the issue of human value, most humanistic psychologists agree with Plato's and Rousseau's idealism, and think that human nature is good and evil, which are derivative phenomena under the influence of environment, so people can be improved through education and an ideal society is possible. On the basic theory and methodology of psychology, they inherited the tradition of W. Dilthey and M. wertheimer 19, advocated treating the particularity of psychological research objects correctly, opposed using the principles and methods of atomic physics and animal psychology to study human psychology, and advocated replacing reductionism with holism.
Here is a brief summary of the main points of humanistic psychology:
1, human responsibility;
People themselves are ultimately responsible for what happens, which is the basis of humanistic personality theory. It can explain why we often say "I have to", such as "I have to go to work", "I have to take a shower" and "I have to listen to the boss's instructions". Actually, we don't have to do these things. We can even choose to do nothing. At some point, behavior is just everyone's own choice.
Freud and behaviorism say that people can't control themselves, while humanistic psychologists, on the other hand, regard people as active builders of their own lives and can change themselves freely. If they can't change, it's only because of physical limitations. The main goal of humanistic psychotherapy is to make visitors realize that they have the ability to do what they want, but, as Fromm said, there are many freedoms that are terrible.
2. At this moment;
There are always many people in life who are nostalgic or unable to extricate themselves from the past. They often recall the good old days, or repeatedly experience embarrassing experiences or painful lovelorn. There are also some people who are always planning their future life, regardless of their present life. From the perspective of humanistic psychologists, nostalgia or daydreaming every day costs you N minutes. You should have enjoyed these N minutes to breathe fresh air, enjoy the sunset or do something more meaningful.
According to the humanistic point of view, only by living as you are can you become a truly perfect person. Only by living in the present can people fully enjoy life. Humanistic psychologists will often tell you that "today is the first day of the rest of your life".
3. Individual phenomenology;
Humanistic psychology holds that no one knows himself better than you. They encouraged themselves to overcome temporary difficulties.
4. Human growth;
According to humanistic psychology, meeting all needs at once is not the whole of life. When all people's immediate needs are met, they will not feel satisfied or happy, but to be satisfied or happy is to always actively seek development, which is people's "self-improvement." Humanistic psychology believes that unless there are difficulties that hinder us, we will continue to move towards this state of satisfaction.
Humanistic therapists let visitors overcome their own difficulties and continue to grow.
initiator
As a movement, humanistic psychology was initiated by many psychologists with similar views, including: personality psychologists allport, Murray and Murphy; New psychoanalysts Hani and Fromm; May, an existentialist psychologist; Biological theorist Gordesch Tain; Development psychologists Biller and Bugenta; Maslow, a comparative psychologist and social psychologist; Psychological counselor and educational reformer Rogers, etc. Among them, Maslow, Rogers and Mei are recognized as the leaders of this movement.
rise
The rise of humanistic psychology has a long brewing process. The study of American personality psychology, new psychoanalysis and organism theory in the 1920s and 1930s was the early theoretical preparation. Allport believes that man is a unity formed by the interaction of many factors. Every adult is different from others and treats the world in his own unique and harmonious way. This view is in direct opposition to the behaviorism theory that excludes conscious experience. Based on personality theory, allport later became a key figure in establishing the Department of Social Relations of Harvard University, which created conditions for the separation of humanistic psychology and experimental psychology in the college. Murray and Murphy also published important personality theory works during this period. They combined the biological factors of personality with social factors, which laid the foundation for the development of humanistic theory. Honeye and Fromm disagree with Freud's view of exaggerating factors, and regard the social problems brought about by the development of American industrial society as social factors leading to mental disorders, which is one of the main differences between humanistic psychology and traditional psychoanalysis. Goldshtajhn's On the Body published in 1939 is considered as the cornerstone of the main theory of psychology, that is, the theory of self-realization. He first discusses self-realization from the perspective of the development of physical potential, and uses empirical research in psychology to strengthen this concept originally put forward by philosophy.
magnum opus
The first batch of representative works systematically discussing humanistic psychology were published in the forties and fifties, including Maslow's Theory of Human Motivation (1943) and Motivation and Personality (1954); Rogers's Patient-centered Therapy (195 1) and On Human Growth (1961); Existence: A New Perspective of Psychiatry and Psychology (1959) edited by Mei. Maslow pointed out that human needs and motives are a hierarchical structure, and the generation of high-level motives depends on the satisfaction of low-level needs. He also used the data of comparative psychology to prove that the basic needs and motivations of low-level and high-level are instinctive or similar in nature, that is, they tend to pursue satisfaction spontaneously, while the high-level needs and motivations, such as friendship, cognition, aesthetics and creative satisfaction, are the realization of human values or the self-realization of human nature. Rogers demonstrated people's inner constructive tendency with the experience of psychotherapy and psychological consultation, and thought that although this inner tendency would be hindered by environmental conditions, it could be eliminated through doctors' unconditional care, empathy and active guidance for patients, and mental health could be restored. He also applied this theory to education reform, emphasizing the importance of establishing close teacher-student relationship and relying on students' self-guidance ability in education. Mei introduced European existential psychology and existential psychotherapy into American humanistic psychology, thinking that although people's situation is tragic, they can move towards a bright future through the cultivation of courage, the overcoming of anxiety and self-choice.
develop
Since 1980s, the humanistic movement has been further deepened. The self-realization theory with Maslow and Rogers as one side and the self-choice theory with existential psychologists such as Mei as the other side say that after Maslow's death, Mei and Rogers began an open debate on human nature. May disagrees with Rogers that evil is caused by the environment. He believes that there are both evil and good in human nature, which is human potential. We can't face up to the fact that evil has had a profound and harmful impact on the humanistic movement.
In addition, the self-realization theory, which represents the mainstream of humanistic psychology, has different development trends. The Rogers School still insists on the research centered on individual psychology, but others have begun to study transpersonal psychology and explore how individual consciousness transcends itself and merges with the broad world.
Finally, the construction of methodology. Maslow once pointed out that traditional scientific methods are not enough to solve the complex problems of human psychology, while humanistic methodology does not exclude traditional scientific methods but expands the scope of scientific research to solve the problems of human beliefs and values that were excluded from psychological research in the past. At the end of 1970s, there was an attempt to strengthen humanistic psychology with scientific methodology, with Rizick as the representative. He believes that humanism reintroduces teleology into psychology and replaces the old paradigm with a new paradigm, but only through dialectical methods and strict logic can this change be completed.
Humanistic psychologists not only experienced the vigorous development of the socialist system in the world, including the victory of the Soviet anti-fascist war and the establishment of socialist countries in China and Eastern Europe after the war, but also saw the problems in the development of socialism, especially the Stalin problem in the Soviet Union and the anti-rightist problem in China.
While preaching Marx's humanitarian view, the left-wing humanist also had doubts and worries about whether the system implemented in socialist countries at that time could promote the realization of full humanity.
Although most people-oriented theorists generally do not discuss social system, they all emphasize human dignity and value, attach importance to personality and its development, and advocate that social reform, management, education and psychotherapy should be based on good interpersonal relationships.
When mankind is striding towards 2 1 century, if we look back, everyone will be surprised by the great changes in the world today. But what about people's own changes?
Obviously, people's cognitive ability has been greatly improved, and people seem to be extremely smart. This is mainly manifested in people's understanding of the outside world is much clearer. However, the understanding of people's internal problems does not seem so clear. People lack scientific understanding of their feelings and virtues and the ability to control their blind impulses. Even geisha messengers of contemporary human beings will inevitably make big mistakes. Compared with the changes in the external world, the changes in people's hearts are far from satisfactory.
The inner construction of human beings mentioned here is also what we usually call the construction of human spiritual civilization. It used to be discussed in philosophy, ethics and social sciences, but now it has also become a problem discussed by psychological institutions, especially humanistic psychology. [2]
4 common therapy editor
At present, the most effective humanistic therapy is:
Helper-centered therapy has also been translated into client-centered therapy and visitor-centered therapy, which is the main representative of humanistic psychotherapy. Humanistic psychotherapy is a new type of psychotherapy that appeared in the 1960s. Its guiding ideology is humanistic psychology that appeared in the United States after World War II. This kind of therapy was not created by an outstanding leader of a certain school, but practiced by some people with the same views, including patient-centered therapy, existentialism therapy and gestalt therapy.
Among various schools of humanistic therapy, the client-centered therapy initiated by Rogers has the greatest influence and is the main representative of humanistic therapy. The client-centered therapy holds that under normal circumstances, anyone has unlimited positive and self-affirming growth potential. If people's own experience is blocked, or the consistency of their own experience is lost, suppressed, and conflicts occur, so that people's growth potential is weakened or hindered, it will be manifested as mental illness and adaptation difficulties. If we create a good environment for him to communicate with others normally, we can give full play to his potential and change his bad behavior.
5 psychologist editor
Maslow is an American psychologist, a genius with IQ as high as 194, a pioneer of the third generation psychology, a great prophet and a Jew. He put forward humanistic psychological aesthetics which combined psychoanalytic psychology and behavioral psychology. His major works include Motivation and Personality, Exploration of Existentialist Psychology, and The Realm of Human Nature. He has no aesthetic monograph, and his aesthetic thoughts are integrated into his psychological theory.
Maslow's humanistic psychology provides a psychological basis for his aesthetic theory. The core of his psychological theory is that people can meet the multi-level needs system through "self-realization", reach "peak experience", regain the value of people who have been rejected by technology and realize perfect personality. He believes that people, as an organic whole, have many motives and needs, including physiological needs, security needs, belonging and love needs, self-esteem needs and self-realization needs. Among them, the need for self-realization is transcendent, and the pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty will eventually lead to the shaping of perfect personality, and peak experience represents the best state of human beings.
Motivation and personality (1954)
Exploration of Existential Psychology (1962)
Psychology of science (1967)
The field of human performance 1970
Rogers (1902- 1987)
American psychologist. 1902 1.8 was born in Oak Park, Illinois, USA. I majored in agriculture in my early years and later turned to history. 1924 graduated from the university of Wisconsin and entered Sheikh theological seminary in new york in the same year. After that, I transferred to the Teachers College of Columbia University to study clinical psychology. He got a master's degree from 65438 to 0928, and then he was hired as a staff member of the Children's Research Office of Rochester Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse. 1930 served as the director of the room. 193 1 year, and obtained a doctorate from Columbia University after working. From 65438 to 0940, he became a professor of psychology at Ohio State University. 1945 transferred to the University of Chicago to teach. 1957 returned to his alma mater, professor of human psychology and psychiatry in Wisconsin. 1962-1963, a researcher at the Center for Advanced Research in Behavioral Science, later worked at the Institute of Behavioral Science in Western California and Harvard University. 1946-1947 was the president of the American Psychological Association, 1949-1950 was the president of the American Association of Clinical and Abnormal Psychology, and the first president of the American Association of Applied Psychology. 1956 was awarded the Outstanding Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association.
Rogers has also brought an important influence on educational psychology, and his views are widely regarded as humanistic views in educational psychology. He also developed the theory of experiential learning, which is contrary to what he called cognitive learning.
His main works are: Counseling and Psychotherapy: Recent Concepts and Practices; Customer-centered therapy: practice, application and theory: therapy, personality and interpersonal relationship developed under the framework of patient-centered; Free study; Personal formation theory: my view on psychotherapy: carl rogers's understanding group theory; The essence of Rogers' works. Luo Luomei was born in 1909, and was born in Ada, Ohio, USA. He had a difficult childhood, his parents divorced and his sister was mentally ill. His educational experience led him to enter Michigan College, majoring in English and Oberlin College, and obtained a bachelor's degree (BD). He taught in Greece for a period of time, entered the United Theological Seminary during 1938 and obtained a bachelor's degree in theology. Finally, he entered the Teachers College of Columbia University during 1949 and obtained a doctorate in clinical psychology. Rollo may is the founder and senior member of Sebrook Graduate School and Research Center. In the last few years of his life, he lived in San Francisco Bay in Tiburon and died there on 1994+00. Rollo May
1934- 1936 worked as a student counselor at Michigan state college. Later, new york United Theological Seminary was improved to study the prevailing existential philosophy, aiming at exploring the significance and value of human existence. 1938 graduated with a bachelor's degree in theology. During this period, he first accepted existentialism from German Protestant theologian paul tillich, and later they established a profound friendship. Since then, he has worked as a student counselor in new york City University, studying psychoanalysis. 1946 started private psychotherapy and studied at Columbia university. During this period, Mei was dying of tuberculosis and had to stay in a nursing home for three years, but the disease became a turning point in her life. Facing death, Mei read many books, especially works by Kierkegaard, an existential religious thinker. After leaving the hospital, I went to White College to study psychoanalysis and met Sullivan and E Fromm, who had close contacts. In his illness, he studied the anxiety discussed in psychoanalysis and existentialism. After recovering from his illness, he put forward a paper entitled "The Significance of Anxiety" and obtained the first doctor of philosophy degree in clinical psychology from Columbia University on 1949. Since then, he has worked as a researcher in new york Institute for New Society, lectured in Harvard, Yale, Princeton and other universities as a visiting professor, and served as a training and chief analyst at White College. Mei devoted her life to introducing existential psychology to the United States until her death.
In the history of psychology, Mei is a bridge between existential psychology and humanistic psychology. In the book Being: A New Face of Psychiatry and Psychology, published by 1958, German philosopher M Heidegger's existential thought was introduced to the United States for the first time, which established his existential psychotherapy system and laid the foundation for the future development of humanistic psychology. Mei's contribution to psychology mainly lies in the following two concepts he advocated:
1. In the view of human nature of free will, Mei, like other humanistic psychologists, emphasizes free will and opposes determinism. Mei believes that everyone is born with innate potential to grow into a person, and everyone will try to show their innate potential in order to realize self-realization. However, people are different from other creatures. Other creatures grow up by natural conditions, but people can become people through their own choices. An oak seed contains the potential to grow into a big oak tree in the future. Once it takes root, it will naturally grow into an oak tree as long as the growth environment is suitable. People don't grow up like this. What kind of person a person becomes depends not on natural conditions, but on his own choice. Only in this way, even if people's world environment is similar, their growth still has great individual differences. Mei believes that although the essence of human nature is so, in reality, personal choice may not be appropriate, and it may not be satisfactory after the choice. Therefore, when people grow up, it is inevitable that they will feel pain because of improper choices. The purpose of existential psychotherapy is to help visitors know themselves and choose again.
2. Freedom and Anxiety 1950, based on the doctoral thesis, published the first psychological monograph "The Meaning of Anxiety". The book systematically puts forward the concept of universal anxiety for the first time, aiming to make the word anxiety go beyond the limitation of psychopathology proper nouns and introduce it into the category of general psychological phenomena, so as to describe how the development of modern science and technology has completely changed the overall living conditions of human beings and led to psychological and emotional problems of modern people. Mei observed that the key to the inner emptiness of modern people is that the old ethical forces of love and will have been seriously bruised. In Mei's psychological thought, anxiety and freedom are two core concepts. He believes that in reality, individuals can freely choose according to their own conditions, and their potential will be fully developed, which means that free choice is the premise of personal self-realization. This thought is consistent with the thoughts of Maslow and Rogers, the main leaders of humanistic psychology.
6 China Culture Editor
Humanistic psychology and China traditional culture, in the comparative study of Chinese and western cultures, the popular view is to focus on the differences in the historical development of Chinese and western cultures. However, from the point of view that human beings have the same nature, and from the point of view that both philosophy and science seek truth, do the development of Chinese and western cultures have the same side?
Some scholars in China and the West have also emphasized this point. Differences and similarities are of great significance. Only when the two sides are different is it necessary to learn from each other; Only with convergence can we have a similar foundation and enhance our confidence and desire to learn from each other.
From the similarity of nature to the difference of differentiation and then to the convergence now, it seems to be the inevitable development law of human civilization as a whole. Therefore, it is not only necessary but also inevitable for human beings to learn from each other between different cultures.
This law has been reflected in the development trend of contemporary western humanistic psychology. Humanistic psychology is a new development of western traditional culture, which is different from China ancient culture. However, with the development of western civilization today, its convergence with China's ancient culture has become more and more obvious. This has become an important trend in the development of contemporary human civilization.
There are many brilliant works and ideas in ancient China culture, among which the Taoist thought of Laozi, Tao Te Ching, and the Confucian thought of Confucius, The Analects, enjoy high popularity in the world.
From the comparison, we can see that the humanistic psychological training theory in contemporary western countries not only has some viewpoints similar to those in China's ancient culture, but also the overall structure of the debate on human nature caused by it seems to be a contemporary replica of the contention of a hundred schools of thought in China's ancient philosophy.
Of course, this does not mean that the development of contemporary western psychology is following the old road of China traditional culture. We should not only see the convergence of human civilization development, but also see the differences between Chinese and western civilizations. But the difference is the difference in the same, and the same is the convergence in the different. [3]