Set three thousand miles of rivers and mountains, Gao Taizu-Wang Jian
Author: the eternal Beidou
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At the beginning of the ninth century, the imperial power of Silla dynasty, which was established for more than 900 years, declined. With the decline of the Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion, Silla's rule also fell into crisis.
After Silla experienced the "Husband-sharing Rebellion", in 880 AD, Jinzhou, the center of Silla Dynasty, ushered in the prosperous time of "there was no straw house in the city" and finally declined helplessly. In 887 AD, the fifty-first generation of True Saint Empress ascended the throne. At this time, the central government's control over the localities has been very weak.
The reasons for the decline of the Tang Dynasty are similar. Since the Yuan Zong and Ainu Uprising, the peasant uprising has reached a climax. Local power factions took the opportunity to claim to be generals and spellcasters, and established an independent authority by force. Silla royal family has been eroded continuously, and finally it is only equivalent to a local regime centered on Jinzhou.
In the law of the jungle merger war, Zhen Xuan and the Bow clan stood out, cut off other forces and shared the world with Silla. Zhen Xuan, a farmer from Shangzhou, started as a soldier. At first, he was just a pawn, but later he was promoted to general by Silla court because of his accumulated meritorious military service. He assembled troops in the southwest coastal area of the Korean peninsula and prepared to send troops. In the sixth year of King Zhen Sheng (AD 892), Zhen Xuan took advantage of the peasant uprising to rally a gang of outlaws to attack Wuzhenzhou (Gwangju, Jeollanam-do). Later, according to Shanzhou (Jeollabuk-do), she stood up on her own feet. At first, she was called "Silla ruled and commanded western military forces, and held festivals in Wugong Prefecture, and stabbed ambassadors in the whole state, including Midtown and Zhu Guo." Claiming to revive Baekje destroyed by Silla, the country was named Baekje, which was called Baekje in history.
Gong Sheng, at the beginning of his independence in 899 AD, claimed to be born in Silla royal family and was the illegitimate child of King Xiankang. In the fifth year of filial piety (AD 90 1 year), the bow clan abandoned orthodoxy and made Kaicheng the king, which was called the revival of Koguryo, and was named after Koguryo in history. In 904, the title was changed to Mozhen, and Yuan was established separately. In 905, the capital was moved to Tieyuan (Tieyuan County, gangwon), and the country name was changed to Taifeng. Then he launched a fierce offensive against Silla and sent troops north, even attacking Baekje from the sea south. At that time, he was invincible and unstoppable. But the rule of the Gong family has no taste of benevolent government. Because he hated Silla, he tried to kill all Silla people. Bowers use Buddhism to maintain their rule. He calls himself Maitreya Buddha, wearing a gold plaque and a square robe, with his eldest son as a green light bodhisattva and Jizi as a divine light bodhisattva. He once described more than 20 volumes of "Buddhist scriptures", all of which were fallacies and heresies that praised his virtues. A monk named Shi Cong criticized what the Gong clan taught him as "heresy about mysterious stories". After hearing about it, the bow clan immediately arrested Shi Cong and killed him with an iron cone. Bowman, like all tyrants in the world, is full of doubts about his subordinates, and many people are killed because of his unwarranted doubts. In order to shock people's psychology, the bow clan claims to have the divine power to gain insight into other people's inner world, and as a result, their subordinates are afraid of themselves. The perversion of the bow eventually led to his downfall, and his confidant general Wang Jian stepped onto the historical stage of North Korea.
Wang Jian, born in Song Yuejun (Gyeonggi Province), was born in Ganfu, Tang Xizong for four years (AD 877). Wang Jian served as the commander of Song Yue and the magistrate of Tieyuan under the command of the Bow clan, and became the most effective general of the Bow clan because of his outstanding exploits. He commanded the water army in the southwest waters and his strength gradually increased. There are different opinions about the origin of Wang Jian in Historical Records, and there are many omissions. The book "Korean Descent" records many legends about Wang Ancestors circulated in the Korean era. This book is a bit cloudy. Mao Wang Jian's first name was Hu Jing, and he called himself General of the Sacred Bone. Kang Sheng is in a tiger scene, and Zhongkang has a son, who is talented and good at repairing different mountains. Baoyu's daughter, surnamed Tang Gui, was born as Emperor Jian. In her later years, she lived in the distant cape temple and often read Buddhist scriptures. Jiandi's son, named, is the ancestor and father of Mao. At that time, there was a road in Tongli Mountain, and we met our ancestors like old friends. We went to Guling Mountain to study the context of mountains and rivers, looked up at astronomy and geography, and built a new place in Song Yue. It is predicted that the three Koreas will be unified and the British Lord will be born. However, this statement actually comes from Jin Kuanyi's Chronicle written by the Korean emperor Zong Yi, which is a forgery of later generations. According to Song Jingzhi, Jin Yongfu and Jin Kuanyi were courtiers. The chronicles and records written by Kuan Yi were adopted by Yongfu. His son also said that Kuan Yi visited and collected all the furniture and livestock documents, and later Min Shui wrote A Compendium of Chronology because of Kuan Yi's theory. Li Qixian is the only one who refutes his fallacy with Lu Shengyuan Genealogy. Qi Xian's generation of famous Confucian scholars, don't they all talk about the lineage of the current monarch if they have nothing to look at? Records of Taizu was written by Huang, a scholar. Zhou was the dynasty of great-grandfather Sun Xianzong. Mao's current affairs are in the eyes and ears, and posthumous title presented them and told them truthfully. Taking harmony and truth as the match of the country, I thought that three generations had no words, while Kuan Yi was a small official in Sejong and went to Taizu for more than 260 years. Can I give up the records at that time and believe in the evil books published in later generations? ("Song Jingzhi" Volume 7)
According to modern scholars' research, Wang originated from Licheng Port in the lower reaches of Licheng River in the west of Kaesong. In the 8th and 9th centuries, it was the hub of land and water transportation, a metropolis where businessmen gathered, and the starting point of Korean Peninsula's trade with Chinese mainland. Now it is estimated that Wang was originally a giant businessman who started from trade, and later gradually grew into a powerful man in Kaesong. Wang Jian's father, Wang Jianlong, took control of Kaesong and used it as a stronghold. In 896, Wang Long and his son Wang Jian joined the Bow clan, and Wang Jian became the right-hand man of the Bow clan. In the second year of the new king Luo Jingming (AD 9 18), the subordinate officers of the Bow clan revolted, and Wang Jian's trusted riders Hong Ru, Pei Xuanqing, Shen Chongqian and Park Qianzhi expelled the Bow clan and supported Wang Jian Wang Wei (the Bow clan was killed on the way to death). Dong Jian Volume XII and Korean History? In the second year of Emperor Mao, he moved the capital to Song Yue County, and promoted the county to Kaizhou, where he built the Que. Wang Jian also claimed to be Goguryeo's successor, with the title of Korea and Tiancai. At this point, the situation of the last three countries on the Korean peninsula was formally formed. North Korea and post-Baekje quickly fell into confrontation and war.
In 920 (the third year of Han Ziran's gift), Wang Jian first sent a joint secret message to King Jingming of Xinluo, and hired an envoy to Xinluo. In the same year, Zhen Xuan captured daye city in the west of Silla and marched into Jinli City in the south of Korea. Silla asked Wang Jian for help. Then began the 16 year unification war. At the beginning of the war, the two sides won and lost each other, forming a distance. Both sides actively seek outside help. In 922 AD, Baekje sent an envoy to Japan, hoping that Japan would join the Peninsula War, but Japan refused. So Zhen Xuan went to the later Tang Dynasty, in exchange for "dispatch troops visited Wudu and other states, stabbed Haidong in the west, commanded the military and horses, and so on. Baekje King ate 2,500 households, and the proofreader awarded Baekje." In addition, archers sent envoys to wuyue as early as 900 A.D. (in fact, in 896 A.D., they sent envoys to Qian Liu, our time in eastern Zhejiang, who was not king at that time). However, the diplomatic activities after Baekje did not help it gain an advantage in the war. (At that time, the strength of the Central Plains Dynasty itself was very limited, and the so-called titles were just a dead letter, while the strength of the separatist regime in the south of the Yangtze River was even weaker. )
In 926 AD, an unprecedented decisive battle was launched between Korea and Baekje. After September, Baekje went straight to Jinzhou and fell into the city in June. 10. When the city fell, King Ai of Jing and his concubines were visiting the Baoshi Pavilion and having a water banquet. As a result, they were all won by the Baekje soldiers. Wang Jian personally led the troops to help, and he was really defeated. Wang Jiancai survived. King Ai Jing committed suicide. Although Zhen Xuan won, he also paid a considerable price, so in 65438+February, Zhen Xuan proposed a truce to Wang Jian. Wang Jian agreed in March of the following year. Zhen Xuan spent several months stepping up preparations for the whole army and got a breathing space. In May, there will be another war in the north of Gyeongsangbuk-do and the south of Chungcheongbuk-do. After 929 AD, Baekje developed rapidly in Gyeongsangbuk-do. In the same year, Zhen Xuan turned to Japan for help again and was rejected.
From 930 AD, North Korea launched a counterattack. This year, Wang Jian was defeated by Baekje in Guchang County. In 933, Wang Jian sent envoys to the later Tang Dynasty to be hired, and was named King of Korea. In the same year, Wang Jian gave up his independent title "Tian Jian" and began to adopt the name "Changxing" given by the later Tang Dynasty. Wang Jian, who was canonized by the Central Plains Dynasty, gained the name of orthodoxy and could justly replace Silla's unified peninsula. In 934 AD, the North Korean army went south to Chungcheongdao, and Zhen Xuan once again proposed a truce to Wang Jian in the name of "pro-marriage". At that time, most generals in the army thought they were lonely, demanded peace, and suggested that Wang agree to "kiss", but veteran Wan Qian insisted on fighting. Wang Jian took Qian Qian's advice and sent thousands of elite cavalry. After the raid, the Baekje army won a total victory. North Korea won a decisive victory over post-Baekje in Yunzhou, and the land north of Jinxiong entered North Korea.
After 935 AD, Baekje experienced civil strife. Zhen Xuan's eldest son Excalibur, together with his second son Liang Jian and his third son Stegosaurus, imprisoned his father in the "Golden Mountain Buddhism", murdered Zhen Xuan and became the king of King Kong, the fourth son of Chu Jun. In the summer and June of 935 AD, Zhen Xuan took his youngest son "Go to Luozhou, please enter the DPRK" and bowed to his old rival Wang Jian. Another great event happened this year, and there is a record about it in Korean history: "... In October, Wang Jinfu was sent to Silla (65438+1 October 30), and assistant minister Jin Feng was sent to North Korea ... 1 1 month Wu Jia (65438+February/. A few days ago (26th), King Luo wrote a letter saying,' Our country has been in danger for a long time, and its history is poor, so it is hopeless to protect its inheritance. "I hope you can be polite!" Not allowed. For twelve years (29th), the ministers played:' There are no two days in the sky and no two kings on the earth; One country and two kings, how can the people be inferior? I am willing to listen to the invitation of King Luo!' ..... except Silla for Gyeongju. What is recorded here is the historical fact that Wang Jingshun and Wang Jinfu surrendered to Wang Jian in the last years of Silla. Nine years ago, King Ai Jing, who was born in park geun-hye, was killed by Zhen Xuan. After that, Baekje King burned and looted in Jinzhou, but Silla did not perish. He helped Jin Fu, the descendant of the Kim family, ascend the throne of Silla King. As a puppet, Jin Fu saw that the land was getting worse and worse, leaving only the corner of Golden State, and decided to surrender to Wang Jian. His son objected, "We should work with loyal ministers and upright people to win the hearts of the people and defend the country to the death." (reflection? However, after all, Silla's mountains and rivers are irreversible, but Jin Fu and Silla's royal family were treated by Wang Jian after submission. Wang Jian betrothed his eldest daughter, Princess Le Lang, to Jin Fu as his wife, and made Jin Fu king of Le Lang, still ruling Gyeongju, the old capital of Silla.
After the summer and June of 936 AD, the history of the Three Kingdoms came to an end in a dramatic event. Zhen Xuan took the initiative to ask Wang Jian for soldiers to crusade against his three unfilial sons. He said, "I am willing to beat Ling Wei to punish evil and promote good" (Biography of Korean History). Wang Jian certainly can't miss the opportunity. He and Zhen Xuan "led the three armies to Tianan and made good progress. "Excalibur led the civil and military bureaucrats to surrender. If you violate the minister, you can be punished for several crimes. " ("A Brief History of Eastern Countries?" "Koryo Ji") I beat my son to make other people's world perfect. Such a thing is also rare on the stage of world history. However, Wang Jian used the Excalibur to absolve him of the crime of "being blackmailed and begging for mercy". Soon, Zhen Xuan "worried and gangrenous, and died in Huangshan Buddhist Temple for several days". Wang Jian exiled Liang Jian and Stegosaurus to Jinzhou and soon killed them. At the same time, Zhen Xuan's son-in-law, Park Ying, was appointed as Zujue Zuocheng to show his kindness to Zhen Shi.
After the reunification of the peninsula, Wang Jian faced the test of two major problems: how to consolidate the rule of the Korean dynasty internally; How to Face the Newly Rising Strong Neighbor-Qidan? Referring to the laws and regulations of Taifeng, Silla and Zhongyuan dynasties, Wang Jian initially established the framework of the emerging central government of the Korean dynasty. South Korea is divided into three provinces: Neiyi, Guangping and Neifeng, among which Guangping is the most important. It can be said that there are six officials in charge of election, soldiers, punishment, ceremony and industry in this province, and they are in charge of various affairs of the country, which can be said to be the center of the Korean dynasty. The highest military organ in South Korea is the headquarters, and the army consists of government soldiers recruited from yeomen. In addition, the six troops stationed in Jing Kai, the capital, have the status of the Royal Guard and are directly controlled by the king. Judging from the imperial structure of the Koryo Dynasty, on the surface, it completely inherited the centralization of authority of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the Central Plains. However, the superficial similarity can't hide the great difference between Koryo Dynasty and China. In the final analysis, the Korean dynasty established by Wang Jian was established with the support of local tycoons (in fact, Wang Jian's family is also a member of many tycoons), and the degree of unification of the Korean kingdom cannot be compared with that of the Central Plains dynasty.
The rise of local aristocratic forces is directly related to the establishment of military towns around Silla in the later period. Silla imperial court set up a military town in order to guard strategic locations and defend the country. In the early days, military towns were mainly located in the northern border to defend the Bohai State. However, with the increasing threat of piracy to maritime trade, the Silla court began to build a series of fortresses in the southern coastal areas. Qinghai Town guarded by Zhang Baohao, Guancheng Town in Nanyang today and Xuekou Town on Jianghua Island are the three most important towns. Like Zhang Baohao, the armed forces that these towns will master are mostly private soldiers with family members as the core. In fact, they have controlled most of Silla land far from the capital Jinzhou for generations. These local nobles built cities on their own territory, so they were also called "city lords". Most of these city lords were stationed in one side in the name of government forces and recruited soldiers from their own people, so they were often called "generals" in history books. The social background of the stockade owner is very complicated. It goes without saying that Zhang Baohao started from scratch, and some castellans are also from Beijing with noble background. Some of these nobles in Jinzhou came from real nobles, and some came from six-headed goods with low status. They were expelled from Beijing for committing crimes or failing in political struggle. However, more castellans are local tycoons. After the powerful families put the surrounding land and people under their control, their power expanded greatly. These two types of casters gradually replaced local officials appointed by the imperial court and became local "local emperors".
The unification of Wang Jian marked the end of the dynasty war, but the casters and castles in various places still maintained an independent and semi-independent position, just like in the post-Three Kingdoms period. As early as the beginning of Wang Jian's accession to the throne, many aristocratic families came to attach themselves. According to the last record of Mao in Korean history on February 13th, "At that time, the coastal counties and tribes east of Silla came to surrender. From Weizhou to Fu Xingli, more than 100 cities. " For Wang Jian, who was weak at that time, the joining of these noble families was undoubtedly a timely help, so after he decided to win the world, he couldn't help but give it back. In addition, the local forces of the generals who fought side by side with Wang Jian were recognized by the imperial court, and Mao's local rule depended on them. In order to appease the local gentry and bring them into the ruling system of the dynasty, Wang Jian took some effective measures. The strategy of marrying the local rich is to consolidate the relationship between the royal family and the rich and contribute to the consolidation of the Korean regime and social stability. Wang Jian has affinity with more than 20 ethnic groups in China, such as Liu, Fan, Park and Wang in Pingshan. On the other hand, according to the contribution of local tycoons to the dynasty and the size and number of cities they led, Wang Jian set the territory of the country's tycoons as counties, and the officials in charge of these counties were still the original tycoons, so that they were included in the North Korean state machine by Wang Jian, and the county system in South Korea came from this (the local administrative regions in South Korea followed the Tang Dynasty in China, including Dao and Fu). Despite Wang Jian's efforts to win over local gentry, they were still unwilling to behave (Wang Jian Two years after Wang Jian's death, the "Gui Wang Rebellion" broke out, which hardly overthrew the Korean dynasty. This rebellion declared the failure of Wang Jian's appeasement strategy.
If Wang Jian adopted a strategy of appeasement and kindness when dealing with domestic tycoons, it is in stark contrast to Wang Jian's aggressive strategy in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. In Wang Jian's overall northward strategy, Pyongyang's important position is worth mentioning. Since the invasion by Tang Jun in 668 AD, Pyongyang was gradually abandoned. Wang Jian upgraded Pyongyang to Xijing on the grounds of defending against nuzhen intrusion, and appointed his younger brother Wang Shilian as a leading official. In the early days of the Koryo dynasty, the governor of Xijing Pyongyang had great power. He is only responsible to the king himself, and the appointment and removal of subordinate officials is entirely decided by the governor. At the same time, Wang Jian adopted the strategy of emigrating to the real border, and moved a large number of people from the south of the peninsula to the north. These measures taken by Wang Jian have strengthened the border defense forces in northern Korea and greatly expanded the land area.
In the eighth year (AD 925), Emperor Gao Taizu was ordained, and Yelubai, the Emperor of Liao Taizu, mobilized troops to destroy the Bohai Kingdom and established the "Dongdan Kingdom" in the hometown of Bohai, with Yelubai as the emperor. By 928 AD, due to the need of Qidan's expedition to the Central Plains and the constant resistance of the adherents of Bohai Sea, the "Dongdan Kingdom" moved to Liaodong, and the vast hometown of Bohai Sea became empty for a time. The demise of the Bohai Sea made the relationship between North Korea and Qidan tense rapidly, and the pact between Qidan and Post-Baekje forced Wang Jian to plan ahead. It is in this context that South Korea began to actively absorb the adherents of the Bohai Sea. Since the eleventh year of God's gift (AD 928), in March, "Golden God and other 60 Bohai families came to vote", Bohai people have been pouring into North Korea. Among them, the most famous ones are: in the seventeenth year of Tiancai (AD 934), the Prince of Bohai led tens of thousands of people to vote; Four years later, Park Sheng, a Bohai native, voted for it with more than 3,000 households. In the fourth year of Xianhe Wang (AD 979), the number of people in Bohai came to vote. In 942 AD, the Khitan once again sent an envoy to North Korea to make a final effort to repair diplomatic relations, and the result failed. According to Korean history? "Taizu Family" contains: "In the winter of the twenty-fifth year of Renyin, the Qidan sent an envoy to keep fifty camels. The king tried to make peace with the Khitan in Bohai, but suddenly he became suspicious and betrayed the alliance. It has nothing to do with this, and being a neighbor is not enough, so I broke up with you. It made 30 people on the island hungry under Wanfu Bridge. "As a result, the relationship between Korea and the Khitan was completely broken. At the same time, the pace of Wang Jian's strategy of going north has not stopped for a moment. By the end of his reign, the northern border of Korea had reached the south bank of Qingchuan River south of Yongxing and Jingxian Road, and its territory greatly exceeded Silla.
A major feature of Korean culture is the prosperity of Buddhism, which is completely different from the Li Dynasty, which only respected Confucianism. Since Korean Buddhism is mentioned, Jane's enthusiasm for Buddhism cannot be ignored. According to "Dong Jian" Volume 10 and "Korean History? According to Records of Emperor Mao, in the second year of Emperor Mao's reign, he moved the capital to Song Yue County, promoted the county to Kaizhou, and turned it into a palace. Ten temples, including Wangfa, Ciyun, Wang Lun, Neidi Stone, Ashe, Tianchan, Xinxing, Manjusri, Tong Yuan and Dizang, have been built in Beijing, which is the beginning of official temples in North Korea. During Wang Jianyi's reign, he built temples and pagodas all over the country, the most famous of which was the seven-story pagoda built in Jing Kai and the nine-story pagoda built in Pingyou. The reason why Wang Jian worships Buddhism is not only his personal religious belief, but also the consideration of maintaining national stability. Li Qixian's "Rebuilding the Founding Temple" records: "In the eighteenth year of God's grant, Taizu built the Founding Temple with the words of craftsmen, recruited soldiers as disciples, and broke the structure of the pier, which shows that the soldiers were at ease. "This shows that Wang Jianyou has the intention of using religion for his own use. In his later years, Wang Jian became a devout Buddhist because of his fear of death. There is a saying in the deeds of the Inner Courtyard Temple in Baiyun Mountain: "Taizu ordered the states to build as many as 3,500 jungles, temples and stupas. "If it weren't for sincere faith, wang jian's move is very difficult to do.
At the end of the Jin Dynasty, in the eighth year of Tianfu (AD 943), Wang Jianqi, the great founder of Korea, was 67 years old. Wang Jian passed on ten teachings to Wang, and now he copied one or two as follows:
On the one hand, the great cause of our country must be guarded by Buddhas, so we set up Zen temples and sent abbots to burn and repair them, so as to govern all walks of life. Treacherous court officials in later generations are in power, so it is good for monks to expose them, and various temple fairs compete to take them, so they should be banned.
Secondly, all monasteries are created by occupying mountains and rivers. Tao and cloud, I occupy the position, and chaos will damage the virtue of the land and make a short career. I miss the later kings, princes, queens and courtiers, and each advocated a palace of wishes or created more, so I can worry. At the end of Silla, we struggled to build pagodas, and the virtue of declining the land died at the bottom. How can we not quit? (History of Korea, Volume II)
It can be seen that Wang Jian is not ignorant of the harm of Buddha rites, but his descendants will eventually pay for it. However, there is nothing Wang Jian can do about it, because this good king with both civil and military skills has rested in peace.