Dialect Yin Qing, scientific name: Amaranth retroflexus, Amaranth! Belongs to Amaranthaceae.
Traditionally, the plant kingdom is divided into four categories, namely algae, bryophytes, ferns and seed plants. ?
Among them, seed plants are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Angiosperms are divided into dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
Amaranthaceae belongs to dicotyledonous plants.
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Amaranth retroflexus: Stems erect, 20-80 cm high, branched, densely pubescent. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic-ovate, apex slightly convex or slightly concave, with small awns, both surfaces and edges pilose. Seeds round to obovate with black surface. ? Causes and harm of introduction and diffusion:1Found in Hebei and Shandong in the middle of the 9th century. It is a common weed in vegetable gardens, orchards and dry crops such as cotton and corn. In addition, the plant can be rich in nitrate, which will cause poisoning after excessive consumption by domestic animals.
Amaranth retroflexus is panicum miliaceum, with upright stems, 20~80cm high and branches, sometimes reaching1.3m; Stems erect, stout, pale green, sometimes with purple stripes, slightly obtuse, densely pubescent. Leaves alternate with long stalks, rhombic or elliptic-ovate, 5 ~ 12 cm long and 2 ~ 5 cm wide, with acute or concave apex, small convex apex, wedge-shaped base and pilose. Panicle terminal axillary, erect, 2 ~ 4 cm in diameter, with most spikes formed, and the terminal spike is longer than the lateral spike; Bracts and bracteoles subulate, 4~6mm long, white and pointed at the top; 5. Tepals, which are white, with 1 light green midvein, sharp or concave apex and small spikes. Utricle oblate, annular transverse fissure, wrapped by persistent perianth. The seeds are nearly spherical, 65438±0mm in diameter, brown or black.
Amaranth retroflexus is a typical harmful weed, which easily affects the growth and reproduction of other organisms. "To remove Amaranthus retroflexus, it is necessary to increase labor intensity, and of course it can also be eliminated by chemical weeding. Amaranth retroflexus, like many weeds, has the greatest harm that it takes a lot of manpower and material resources to remove it. "
Amaranth retroflexus is a common weed in farmland, orchard, roadside and wasteland, which often pollutes crop seeds. If it is not effectively controlled, the output of corn, soybean, spring wheat, rape and vegetables will be obviously damaged. Affected the harvest, due to the invasion of Amaranthus retroflexus, the yield of sugar beet decreased by 49% and that of soybean decreased by 22%.
Amaranth plants have the ability to accumulate nitrate in different growth periods and environmental conditions. The amount of nitrate accumulated by Amaranthus retroflexus is enough to kill domestic animals, and its stems and branches are the main tissues for storing nitrate. With the growth of Amaranthus retroflexus, the nitrate absorption rate increased continuously, reaching the maximum before flowering, and the nitrate content in leaves could reach 30%. In the competition between Amaranthus retroflexus and maize, it was found that nitrate nitrogen was the main nitrogen stored in Amaranthus retroflexus, and nitrate nitrogen might enhance the competitiveness of Amaranthus retroflexus.
Amaranthus retroflexus was used as the host in tomato field, Myzus persicae was used as the host in peach orchard and apple orchard, cucumber mosaic virus was used as the host in pepper field, and potato field was seriously infected with potato early blight. At the same time, Amaranthus retroflexus is also the field host of black cutworm, American blind grass grazing stinkbug and European corn borer.
It has been reported that Amaranthus retroflexus can cause skin allergy.
Preventive and control measures
Agricultural control: rotation of high school cultivated materials and low-density sowing crops. During the crop growth period, intertillage and weed for 3-4 times. Chemical control: 2,4-d, 25% herbicide ether, 50% prometryne and 50% ligulon wettable powder can be used.
research status
Under laboratory conditions, the effects of different concentrations of root exudates and residue extracts of Amaranthus retroflexus on the germination and growth of wheat, corn and rape seeds were studied by using the improved differential sowing cultivation method, with Descurainia sophia as the control.
The results show that:
(1) The root exudates of Amaranthus retroflexus seedlings can significantly inhibit the growth of crop root length and seedling height;
(2) Different concentrations of Amaranthus retroflexus extract can inhibit the germination of crop seeds, and the inhibition will be enhanced with the increase of concentration;
(3) Except 0.025 g * mL- 1 treatment can promote the root length and seedling height of wheat and corn, other concentrations of Amaranthus retroflexus extract can inhibit the root length and seedling height of crop seedlings to varying degrees, and the inhibition of root length is stronger;
(4) Amaranthus retroflexus has stronger inhibitory effect on crop seedlings than the malignant weed Descurainia sophia, and the quantitative analysis of risk assessment shows that Amaranthus retroflexus is a high-risk plant in Shaanxi Province.
nutritional ingredient
Amaranth: also known as human-sensitive vegetable and amaranth, it is the tender stem and leaf of Amaranthaceae plants, such as Amaranth retroflexus, Amaranth crispus, Amaranth and so on. Modern medicine has confirmed that amaranth is rich in iron, calcium, carotene and vitamin C, which is helpful to the growth and development of teenagers and the health of adults.
Seedlings and tender stems and leaves. Every100g of edible fresh stems and leaves contains 70 mg of carotene, B23.55mg of vitamin B, 0.530 mg of vitamin C/kloc-0, 5.529 mg of protein, 0.619 of crude fiber, 89 of sugar and 6 10 mg of calcium.
Amaranth does not contain oxalic acid, and its calcium is easily absorbed by human body, while rich iron can synthesize hemoglobin in cells, which has hematopoietic and oxygen-carrying functions and is known as "blood-nourishing vegetable". Amaranth contains a variety of amino acids, especially lysine, which is essential for human body, but it is less in corn, wheat, rice and other grains. Eating amaranth regularly is very beneficial to human health.
How to eat amaranth: wash it, blanch it with clear water, then mix it cold, stir fry it, make stuffing, make soup, etc.
Harvesting and processing
Collect seedlings or young stems and leaves before flowering from April to August.
Processing method: ① Wash fresh vegetables, seedlings or tender stems and leaves, stir-fry or make soup, or cook and rinse, then cool and adjust food. (2) Dried vegetables: fresh and tender stems and leaves or seedlings are directly dried, or blanched in boiling water, then taken out and drained, dried and preserved. When eating, soak it in boiling water, stir-fry it or make soup.
Resource development and protection
Amaranth retroflexus is distributed in northern and southern provinces of China, with strong fecundity and vitality, wide adaptability and easy access to seeds. It is worth mentioning that the calcium content of wild amaranth is about 3 times that of spinach and 6 ~ 10 times higher than that of bean products. It is an excellent nutrition and health care dish for children and the elderly. Wild seeds can be collected and planted on barren hills and slopes. It can provide people with food, prevent wind and fix sand, and green barren hills and slopes.
Medicinal value:
Chinese medicine believes that amaranth is cool and sweet, and has the effects of clearing away heat and improving eyesight, promoting defecation, astringing swelling, detoxicating and stopping dysentery, diminishing inflammation and stopping bleeding. Can be used for treating hematuria, internal hemorrhoid hemorrhage, tonsillitis, acute enteritis, etc.
Amaranth is rich in nutrition and has high medicinal value. However, due to its cold nature, people with spleen deficiency in loose stool should use it with caution and should not eat with soft-shelled turtle.