Farmers can't only raise sheep by grazing, but should build simple pens that can prevent wind and rain on the idle land in the courtyard. Simply relying on grazing will lead to unstable productivity, weight gain in summer and autumn, and slow growth and development in winter and spring. It is necessary to change with the seasons. Summer and autumn don't help, and the days are short and the nights are long in winter It is necessary to supplement excellent feed and combine animal husbandry and feeding in winter and spring to prevent "scarcity in winter and shortage in spring". In addition, grazing is prohibited in mountainous areas because of returning farmland to forests, and farmers in plain areas reclaim land for farming, and the scope of grazing is getting smaller and smaller, so farmers are most suitable for raising sheep in semi-grazing and semi-shed feeding. Advantages of semi-grazing and semi-house feeding: in the grass season, sheep can eat green feed with various nutrients, which can not only meet physiological needs, but also exercise their physique and achieve the purpose of promoting health. When the grazing time reaches more than 6 hours, it is not necessary to feed the sheep except for drinking light salt water, which reduces the investment. In rainy season, winter and spring season, house feeding will play a full role, and grass and feed will be added on time to make the life of sheep regular and prevent hunger from affecting the health of sheep. ?
(2) Problems that farmers should pay attention to when raising sheep.
1. Cooperation among sheep farmers. Sporadic sheep farmers in rural areas should organize and unite to form a sheep raising consortium. The first is the problem of ram breeding. There are 3 to 5 households in the consortium, each of which raises a ram with good character to provide paid services for other farmers. The consortium can also establish relations with nearby sheep farms. In addition to learning sheep breeding technology, the sheep of the consortium members can also go to the sheep farm for artificial insemination during estrus, which avoids the loss caused by raising rams in each household, thus reducing the production cost; Then there is the problem of disease prevention and control: farmers should also pay attention to disease prevention and control when raising sheep sporadically. According to the breeding experience in this area, they should inject vaccines such as three defenses and foot-and-mouth disease on time. Farmers feel that there are few sheep and it is not worthy of immunization. In addition, once the vaccine is opened, it is a waste to throw it away. However, the consortium can purchase good quality vaccines, inject epidemic prevention, purchase insect repellent and inject them uniformly, which not only reduces consumption, but also ensures the healthy growth of sheep. In addition, farmers can pay enough attention to the aspects of buying medicine, selling sheep and learning successful breeding experience, and give full play to the role of sheep breeding consortium, thus improving the benefits of farmers raising sheep.
2. update concepts and technologies.
The biggest disadvantage of farmers' raising sheep is their low management level, and they never pay attention to sheep nutrition and disease prevention. The nutritional deficiency of sheep can be ignored in grazing season, but in the season of forage shortage in spring and summer, special attention should be paid to the nutritional problems of sheep, and the number of sheep dying of malnutrition and anemia in spring and summer is increasing gradually every year.
Preventive measures:
(1) In the lush season, harvest and dry, stack and store, pay attention to rain and mildew, and store corn stalks in autumn. Never be greedy without paying attention to preserving quality. After crushing in spring and winter, the forage was fermented with plastic bags with width of 1 m and length of 2 m and EM raw dew, and 4 ~ 6 plastic bags were divided into two groups to ferment forage alternately, which could meet the needs of sheep farmers.
(2) feeding at the right time. Feed should be supplemented in time in spring and summer, with empty ewes100 ~150g and pregnant sheep 200 ~ 450g. Ingredients should make full use of bran, sweet potato residue, bean curd residue, corn husk, corn flour, etc. 0.05g/kg of iron-containing additive, 0.8% of sodium chloride, 2% of calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc. It should be added to feed. B 12 powder and 0.8 g/kg multivitamin are given twice a month 1 week each time to prevent malnutrition and anemia.
(3) Pay attention to feeding management and scientific nutrition and health care.
(1) Insect repellent on time. Insect repellent is used every quarter 1 time, and avermectin is used twice continuously, with an interval of 7 ~ 10 days. Usage and dosage should comply with the instructions.
(2) According to the seasonal changes, traditional Chinese medicine preparations such as invigorating the spleen to stimulate appetite, clearing away heat and toxic materials, and preventing colds and cough due to lung heat are selected. Add it at an appropriate time.
Fencing sheep has become the main feeding method chosen by sheep farmers. ?
1. The selection of sheep farms and the construction of sheep houses need to be planned according to the number, development scale, financial situation and mechanization degree of existing goats. At the same time, we should give full consideration to local conditions and reduce production costs. Sheep houses should be built in places with high terrain, good drainage, ventilation and dryness, abundant sunshine and sufficient water. ?
2. Generally, the width of the architectural sheephouse is 4 ~ 6m and the height is 2 ~ 3m. The length depends on the number of sheep raised. The sheephouse area is calculated according to each adult sheep1.2 ~1.5m2.. A playground was built next to the sheepfold, and trees were planted around it for shade. The floor slab is nailed with battens, bamboo sticks or thin sticks to form a bed surface with a spacing of 1 ~ 1.5 cm, so that feces and urine can fall to the ground. Sheep beds can be separated by columns or made into movable boards. ?
3. The requirements and design of the shed are divided into a ram pen, a ewe pen, a lamb pen and a fattening sheep pen by a movable wooden fence, and there are grass racks, feeding troughs and drinking water equipment in the pen. A straw frame was built with wooden strips against the wall in the shed. The height of straw rack is about 1 m, and the width of feed inlet is15cm. The sink can be made of cement or wood. Generally, the upper width is 25 cm, the lower width is 22 cm and the depth is 10 ~ 15 cm. The bottom of the tank is arc-shaped, and it is best to leave an outward water outlet. Arrange drinking water equipment along the wall. You can choose to install automatic drinking fountains or wash basins every 3 meters.
4, medicinal bath should be built near the pigsty, medicinal bath pool into a long and narrow pool, the depth is not less than 65438 0 meters, the bottom of the pool is 30 ~ 60 cm wide, and the upper mouth is 60 ~ 80 cm wide; The entrance end is inclined to facilitate the sheep to enter the pool; A step with a certain slope is built at the outlet end, so that the liquid medicine on the sheep can flow back to the pool.
5. Preparation of sheep before departure. Before the sheep set out, according to the local agricultural production, forage, geographical location and other factors, the characteristics of several breeds of sheep and their adaptability to the local area were investigated, and then what breed was introduced, goat or sheep? For example, in the south of the Yellow River, it is suitable for goat breeding, in the cold north, it is more suitable for sheep breeding, and in mountainous and hilly areas, it is also more suitable for goat breeding. We should reasonably determine the number of imported sheep according to our own financial resources, so as to have both money to buy and money to raise sheep. Before you prepare to buy sheep, you should prepare enough forage, repair the sheephouse and equip it with necessary facilities. ?
6. Choosing the time for herding sheep The most suitable season for herding sheep is spring and autumn. This is because the temperature in the two seasons is neither too high nor too low, and the weather is neither too cold nor too hot. Introduction in summer is the most taboo, and the weather is hot and rainy from June to September, which is not conducive to long-distance transportation. If the distance between sheep and goats is less than one day, the season of sheep can be ignored. As for the introduction of local sheep, most of them are concentrated in the hands of farmers, so we should try to avoid the summer harvest and busy farming season in Sanqiu. At this time, most farmers have no choice but to sell sheep, and it is difficult to introduce good sheep. ?
7. The choice of sheep is the key to the smooth development of sheep industry. If farmers want to take their sheep to the sheep farm, they must first know whether the sheep farm has the production license for breeding livestock and poultry, the certificate of breeding sheep and the registration of pedigree ear number issued by the animal husbandry department, and whether the three are complete. If it is purchased from farmers in the main producing areas, you should take the initiative to contact the local animal husbandry department, or you can entrust the animal husbandry department to handle it and let them control the quality. When selecting, it depends on whether its appearance characteristics conform to the characteristics of this variety. Ram should be 1 ~ 2 years old, and it should be elastic to touch the testicles with your hands. Most people who feel pain in their hands are orchitis, moderately fat, but not too fat or too thin. Most ewes are about one year old. Most of these sheep are in the breeding period. A ewe should be strong with large and even nipples. The number of rams should be determined according to the size of the group. The general ratio is 1: 15 ~ 20. The smaller the population, the more rams can be properly increased to prevent inbreeding. ?
8. Reduce the cost of feeding. Sheep are herbivores. Compared with edible animals, pigs and poultry, their growth and development speed is slow and their production efficiency is low. Therefore, reducing the feeding cost is the key to the success of large-scale sheep farm. Where the price of high-quality peanut seedlings, sweet potato seedlings and bean seedlings is above 0. 1.5 yuan/kg, the technology of planting grass to raise sheep or silage should be adopted to ensure the reduction of forage cost. For example, planting high-quality pasture can better solve the problems of insufficient high-quality straw for raising sheep in agricultural areas, and the high price of high-quality straw restricts the development of large-scale sheep raising. In addition, advanced straw treatment technologies such as micro-storage, ammoniation and alkalization are also key technologies to improve the utilization rate of low-quality straw and reduce feed cost. For example, using fermented straw powder and bran and adding some corn grits for feeding, there is no need to add bean cake feed, which is more significant for reducing feed cost. ?
9. Choose excellent varieties. The male parent should choose varieties with large size, fast growth, wide recipes, good meat production performance and quality, high slaughter rate and strong adaptability. Saneng dairy goat is often used as the male parent of 1 and Boer goat as the second male parent in production.
10, determine the way of hybridization There are three ways of goat hybridization: binary hybridization, ternary hybridization and progressive hybridization. If local goats are raised by large-scale farms or large-scale breeders, Saanen goats or Boer rams can be introduced for binary hybridization, and all hybrid rams are fattened. Hybrid ewes can be fattened or bred before crossing with Boer goats. Among them, the hybridization between Saben binary ewe and Boer ram is called ternary hybridization, and all the hybrid offspring are fattened; The cross between Bourbon dual ewe and Boer ram is called progressive dual cross, while Bosaben ternary cross ewe and Boer ram cross into progressive ternary cross. From the perspective of hybridization effect, ternary hybridization is better than binary hybridization, and progressive ternary hybridization is better than ternary hybridization. ?
1 1, Adjusting Lambing Season to Improve Lamb Survival Rate Some countries, such as the United States, attach great importance to breeding season and mass production in mutton production. Their experience is intensive lambing in March and listing in July ~ 165438+ 10. China's Hebei, Guizhou and other provinces have also done some research in this field and summarized some useful experiences. According to the specific situation of our country, synchronous estrus mating technology can be used to adjust the mating season to September ~ 10, and concentrate on lambing in February ~ March of the following year, which can effectively reduce the lamb mortality.
12, timely immunization deworming sheep house should be cleaned frequently inside and outside, and disinfected regularly with bleaching powder and chlorpyrifos. In spring and autumn, sheep were treated with broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs such as chlordimeform, levamisole and trichlorfon, and according to the local epidemic situation of sheep diseases, three or five vaccines, sheep pox, inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine and infectious pleura pneumonia vaccine were selected for regular or irregular epidemic prevention.
13. Grasping the appropriate scale of mutton sheep breeding depends on many factors such as farmers' investment ability, market price, forage area, feeding management conditions, male-female ratio and so on. Practice shows that the minimum size of breeding ewes should not be less than 20, and 40 ~ 50 is appropriate. It is appropriate to control the breeding scale of lamb fattening professional large households at 100 ~ 150. ?
14. Reasonable group feeding Because of the different production purposes of breeding sheep, pregnant ewes and lambs, the requirements for forage quality and feeding management conditions are different. Mixed feeding is easy to cause nutritional deficiency of lambs, prolong fattening period and increase feeding cost; Ram promiscuity, promiscuity, affects their utilization rate, and even leads to the overall degradation of sheep. Therefore, farmers should reasonably group sheep according to the purpose, requirements and age structure of production.
15. Building a high-bed sheepfold with leaky floor has the advantages of dryness, ventilation and easy removal of feces, which can greatly reduce the occurrence of sheep diseases. The height of the leaky floor from the ground is 30 ~ 50 cm, and the wooden board can be made of wood strips and bamboo pieces, and the distance between them is about 3 cm. In winter, put a wooden sheep bed on the leaking floor and let the sheep lie down. At the same time, it is necessary to train goats to excrete feces at fixed points and keep the sheep bed clean and dry. ?
16. The purpose of fattening lambs in house is to improve daily gain and feed utilization rate. On the premise of ensuring sufficient green feed or hay, supplement minerals and concentrate. Farmers can buy goats to pick licking bricks and hang them in the sheepfold to let them lick freely. The concentrated solution can be made of corn, bean cake and other raw materials. Its formula is: 55% corn, 25% wheat bran, 4% rice bran, 8% rapeseed cake and 8% bean cake.
17. The suitable slaughter weight of goat meat should be comprehensively judged according to the daily gain, feed utilization rate, slaughter rate and other production performance indicators and market demand. The slaughter weight is too low, the growth potential of goats is not fully exerted, and the meat yield is also low; The slaughter weight is too high, although the meat yield increases, but the feed utilization rate decreases. The growth peak of hybrid sheep is later than that of local sheep, and its suitable slaughter weight should be greater than that of local sheep.