First, do a good job in soil balance management.
Root system determines nutrient absorption, and soil determines root system. To achieve nutrient balance, the premise is that crops should have good roots, and the premise of good roots is good soil. If the soil environment is not good, there will be no good roots to absorb nutrients, and the rebalanced nutrients will be difficult to be absorbed. Therefore, creating a suitable soil environment for grape growth is the basis to ensure the nutritional balance of grapes.
The reason why Japanese agriculture is doing well is that it attaches great importance to soil management. If you visit Japanese agriculture, you will find that they are particularly good at two things. First, the soil organic matter content is very high; Secondly, Japanese soil is very soft, while China soil generally has serious problems such as low organic matter content, soil hardening and salinization. So, what is the problem? What measures should be taken to adjust?
Ideal soil structure
1. Current problems of vineyard soil in China
(1) Water-gas imbalance
Soil consists of four parts: air, moisture, organic matter and inorganic matter. As can be seen from the above figure, air and moisture determine the gap of soil, which is what we call water-gas balance. If there is more air and less water in the soil, grape plants will have drought symptoms; On the contrary, the absorption of grape roots will also be inhibited.
(2) Organic-inorganic imbalance
Organic matter and minerals determine the hardness of soil. When the content of organic matter in the soil reaches 5%, such soil solids are relatively balanced, and this balance is generally broken in most of our vineyards. We often see that grapes turn white only because the application of excessive inorganic fertilizers exceeds the normal demand of grapes, and all inorganic fertilizers are essentially salt, which is brought into the soil surface through evaporation of water and will form salt spots over time. Once the soil is salinized, grapes can easily burn their roots. Salt damage will occur in the soil with too much inorganic matter, and the quality of grapes will decline if there is less organic matter. Therefore, to achieve soil balance, we must first balance water and air, and balance organic matter and inorganic matter.
Good soil is the foundation of grape planting.
2. Measures for soil balance in vineyards
Grapes have strong adaptability to soil conditions. No matter what kind of soil conditions, soil management should be done well, which is a basic and important management content in grape cultivation, generally including ridging and ditching, mulching, deep tillage, intertillage weeding, soil intercropping and improvement.
(1) ridging, ditching and covering
Ridge and furrow cultivation can increase the contact area between soil and air and adjust the water-gas balance. The more sticky the soil, the higher the ridging should be. Generally, the ridging height is 20~40 cm, and there is enough gravity drainage. When the water goes, the air will come in.
Another important management measure is mulching, and different mulching methods can be selected according to soil characteristics. Plastic film with good water retention performance can be selected for sandy land; Clay can cover gardening cloth, grass, straw, etc. Through mulching, the evaporation of water in the soil can be reduced, and the excess fertilizer in the soil will not be brought to the surface with the evaporation of water, which will reduce the content of inorganic fertilizer in the root zone of grapes, thus achieving the organic-inorganic balance in the root zone.
Covering vineyard soil
(2) Deep ploughing
Deep tillage can ripen the soil, promote the growth and development of grapes, and have a good effect on the early fruit and yield increase of grapes. No matter young or mature vineyards, deep ploughing should be done 1~2 times in late summer and early autumn every year.
The first deep ploughing is generally in the middle and late July, with 25 ~ 30cm deep ploughing between rows and 15 ~ 25cm deep ploughing in planting ditch, shallow turning around the plant and gradually deepening outward, cutting off the surface root system. Mechanized farming can be used in areas where conditions permit.
The second deep ploughing is generally carried out from late September of 10 to early October of 10. This kind of deep ploughing should thoroughly plough rows and planting ditches, which can prevent the roots from freezing, improve the stress resistance of plants and ensure the safe overwintering of plants
Deep ploughing can not only improve the soil water-holding capacity, but also transfer weeds, germs and eggs into the soil, preserve moisture and remove pests and diseases, and promote the root system to extend deep.
(3) intertillage weeding
The function of intertillage weeding is to prevent evaporation of soil moisture, eliminate weeds, improve low temperature, prevent salt from rising, promote the activity of microorganisms in soil and increase the availability of soil nutrients. Intertillage weeding is mainly carried out in the early stage of grape growth, and the depth of intertillage is about 10 cm, and it is carried out 5~7 times a year. Tillage in early spring is beneficial to the early thawing of soil, can improve the microclimate in the orchard during berry coloring period, promote early coloring and early maturity, and improve the quality of grape fruit.
(4) Soil improvement
For the vineyards that have been planted, it is necessary to continuously improve soil fertility and lay the foundation for high yield and high quality. Especially in sandy soil, clay and saline-alkali soil, we should pay more attention to soil improvement, and achieve the goal of organic-inorganic balance through gradual improvement. The main measures of soil improvement are deep ploughing and increasing application of organic fertilizer.
(1) Deep tillage and soil improvement
After the grapes are harvested, the soil around the root distribution of the plants is deeply turned about 80 cm, and organic fertilizer or green manure and straw are applied in layers, which is beneficial to root binding and deep extension, and its high yield and high quality effects are good and lasting.
Sandy soil or clay can be improved by adding clay or sandy soil during deep tillage, or by adding organic fertilizer and planting green manure; Desulfurized gypsum, sulfur powder and organic fertilizer can be added to the combination of saline-alkali land and deep tillage, which can effectively reduce the saline-alkali content of soil.
Nutrient content of different kinds of organic fertilizers
② Increase the application of organic fertilizer.
The reasonable organic matter content of vineyard soil is 2%~4%, but through a large number of experiments, it is found that the organic matter content of many soils in the field is only about 1%, or even less than 1%. So how much organic fertilizer should be applied to increase the organic matter in grape root zone 1%? This is a topic that many fruit farmers are most concerned about, and the following formula can be applied:
Kilograms of organic fertilizer per mu = (mu of trees? 0.6? 1.2? 1%)? Percentage of organic matter%
0.6 is the cubic number of soil in the root zone, 1.2 is the bulk density of soil, and 1% is the organic matter content to be improved.
Calculation of Fertilization Amount for Increasing 1% Organic Matter in Root Zone of 200 Grapes per mu
(5) Soil intercropping
Mature vineyards can be planted with trampling-resistant green manure crops. If there is enough water, grass can be planted, and the content of organic matter in the soil can be increased by cutting and covering rows regularly.
A good vineyard must first adjust the soil to a balanced position, which is also the basis of water and fertilizer management. Only with good soil can we talk about effective absorption. Without good soil, water and fertilizer absorption can't achieve the effect at all.
Water management of grapes
Second, do a good job in water balance management of grapes.
The humidity of soil and air is too low or too high, which will be unfavorable to the growth and development of grapes. If the soil is too dry, there will be phenomena such as falling flowers and fruits, small fruit grains, poor coloring and poor quality, which may even lead to wilting and death of plants. If there is too much water, it is often the main cause of fruit cracking in some varieties. In addition, if the soil accumulates water for a long time, the roots of grapes will suffocate and die, and too much water will inevitably lead to excessive humidity, which will also create conditions for fungal diseases. The demand of grapes for water is between 10%-30%, and the general water content is 25%.
Soils with different water contents
1, detection method of soil water content
There are two methods to detect soil moisture: manual detection and instrument detection. It is suggested that instruments can be used for testing when conditions permit, which is the most scientific management method.
(1) Manual detection
If you don't have tools, you can roughly measure it by hand, dig about 10 cm from the ridge surface, take soil and knead it by hand. If the soil cannot be kneaded into dough, it means that the soil is very dry and needs to be replenished in time. If you can knead it into a ball by hand and pat it with your hand, it means that the water is suitable, and you can temporarily stop watering or water it properly. If it can be kneaded into a ball, but it can't be scattered, it means that the soil is full of water, and it is not necessary to replenish water, so just replenish fertilizer directly.
(2) Instrument testing
It is the most scientific to detect with moisture detector, especially in large vineyards. We need to manage water more scientifically on the basis of experience. In the water management of grapes, the bigger problem is not water shortage, but often watering too much. Most fruit farmers still rely on experience to replenish water, which often leads to too much or too little watering and has a negative impact on the growth of grapes.
Soil moisture suitable for grape growth
2. Scientific water management measures
After understanding the determination method of soil water content in vineyards, we need to understand the water demand law of grapes. Only in this way can we manage water resources scientifically and reasonably.
Determine the watering time
As can be seen from the table of grape water demand, the maximum period of grape water demand is in the expansion period. Therefore, in the process of grape planting, the water must be sufficient in the expansion period, and the water supply should be properly controlled in the shoot-out period, flowering period and hard core period. Irrigation cycle and time are roughly as follows:
Before germination: Irrigation before grape germination can promote germination and new shoot growth. Before flowering: Generally, watering 7~ 10 days before flowering can promote the growth of new shoots and inflorescences and create good water conditions for flowering and fruit setting. Berry expansion period: young fruits enter the rapid expansion period after flowering and fruit setting, and there must be sufficient water supply at this time. From the late growth stage to the early ripening stage of berries: watering at this stage can increase the volume of berries, and at the same time, it is also conducive to promoting the maturity of berries and improving the quality of berries. It should be noted that watering should be stopped before harvest 15~20 days, otherwise too much water will affect the coloring and sugar accumulation of grapes, which will seriously cause fruit cracking and pests and diseases. Water requirement of grapes in different periods
(2) Determine the watering amount
Grape needs different water at different development stages, so how much water should be properly supplemented? In addition to considering the law of grape water demand, we should also comprehensively consider the characteristics of soil, because the wilting water content and maximum water content of different soil textures are different (as shown in the following figure). For example, the field water capacity of sandy soil can only be kept at 5% at most, while only about 3% of the truly effective water can be absorbed by crops. No matter what kind of soil, it is enough for us to supplement the water content of 10%. Therefore, excessive hydration will lead to loss and waste; Secondly, it will take away fertilizer; Thirdly, too much watering will also cause poor permeability of cohesive soil.
Wilting water content and maximum water content of soils with different textures
If drip irrigation is used, we can calculate the watering time by the following formula:
Hours of watering = (Tree? 0.6? 10%? 1000)? (666/ line spacing? Number of drops per line? Number of drippers per meter? Hourly flow)
0.6 is the cubic number of soil in the root zone, and 10% is the supplementary water content.
Calculation of watering time
Third, do a good job in the balanced management of grape fertilizer.
With the balance of soil and water as the guarantee, let's talk about balanced fertilization technology.
1, the correct formula: balanced nutrition.
Pay attention to the formula when fertilizing. Every fruit grower has different fertilization habits, some like to use 45%, and some like to use 5 1%. No matter what fertilizer is used, it can be divided into three categories: the first category is a large number of elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium); The second category is organic matter; The third category is medium and trace elements.
It's like people. Our food includes rice, vegetables and fruits. Rice with rich elements is grapes, organic matter is dishes, and medium and trace elements are like fruits. People need a balanced nutrition when they eat food, and so do grapes. Whether in seedling stage, fruit expansion stage or discoloration stage, long-term nutritional balance is needed to grow healthily and vigorously.
(1) Organic-inorganic balance: Fertilization is a habit.
Organic matter determines the flavor of grapes, while inorganic matter determines the yield and sugar content, both of which determine the quality and yield of grapes. Moreover, different organic matter has different functions in different periods.
Balance of Nitrogen and Potassium —— The Key to Balance of Nutrition and Reproduction
(2) Balance of nitrogen and potassium: the key to balance of nutrition and reproduction.
In different periods, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium will affect the growth of grapes. The demand for phosphorus in grapes is relatively stable throughout the growth period, and there is not much difference. However, from the early stage to the late stage, the demand for nitrogen and potassium of grapes in different periods is very different. For example, nitrogen and potassium will determine the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of grapes. Different proportions of nitrogen and potassium will regulate the growth of grapes in different periods, leading to the development of grapes in two directions. The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be accurately determined by analytical instruments, and then fertilization can be guided.
(3) Supplement medium and trace elements: calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc and iron.
Magnesium deficiency is common in acidic soil, and magnesium fertilizer is used to supplement roots from bamboo shoot drawing stage to expansion stage, which increases the photosynthetic rate. In addition, if magnesium fertilizer is not mixed with high phosphate fertilizer, precipitation will occur.
At present, there is a problem of calcium deficiency in soil, and even some soils require more calcium than phosphorus. Although irrigation water contains a lot of calcium, grapes often lack calcium. Why? We can truly understand the absorption of calcium by grapes. Fertilizer absorbs water and nutrients through roots, and then through xylem to all parts of grape plants, while sugar enters through phloem.
The calcium absorbed by grapes is transported to the leaves through evaporation of water, so the leaves of grapes are least prone to calcium deficiency. However, it is difficult for calcium in leaves to move to grapes through fruit stalks, because the fluidity of calcium ions is very poor, which is why water contains a lot of calcium, and leaves are not deficient in calcium, but grapes still show calcium deficiency.
How can calcium enter grape fruit? Calcium chelates with sugar alcohol calcium, and sugar can easily enter the fruit through phloem, thus achieving the effect of supplementing calcium to the fruit. Therefore, when adding calcium to grapes, it is necessary to divide calcium into leaves and fruits, and pay attention to the effect of fruit calcium supplementation will be higher.
Transportation mode of grape absorbing nutrients
2. Appropriate concentration: balance of fertilizer and water.
When the types of fertilization are determined, we should also pay attention to the balance of fertilizer and water. If the concentration is too high, it is easy to cause root burning and soil salinization. On the contrary, if the concentration is too low, the fertilizer utilization rate is low. What is the appropriate concentration of fertilizer and water? The most scientific method is to measure the conductivity of fertilizer water, because fertilizer is eventually absorbed by grapes in the form of charged ions, and the concentration of fertilizer water can be accurately measured by the ratio of conductivity. Through a large number of experiments, it is found that 2 ms/cm