1, the cause of hematuria
In fact, intermittent painless gross hematuria is often an obvious danger signal of urinary system tumors, especially kidney cancer and bladder cancer. Bladder cancer ranks first in the incidence and mortality of urinary system tumors in China. Most of these cancers occur in middle-aged and elderly people over 40 years old. Because early hematuria is often ignored, when hematuria is aggravated, it has reached the late stage, and doctors can do nothing. Many patients or their families regret it because they see that the patient is painless, sometimes good and sometimes bad, and careless, resulting in later treatment. Especially renal cell carcinoma, once hematuria occurs, it is generally advanced. Therefore, when people have painless hematuria in middle age, they must be vigilant. From the first appearance of hematuria, it is necessary to find the cause in time and take treatment measures as soon as possible.
The bleeding amount and duration of hematuria are related to the malignant degree, size, range and quantity of the tumor, but they are not necessarily proportional. Sometimes a small tumor will produce a lot of hematuria. After hematuria, if the tumor is suspected by B-ultrasound, intravenous pyelography, pelvic CT and cystoscopy should be further performed, and the surgical plan should be determined according to the location, nature and size of the tumor. If the tumor is low-grade malignant, most of them can be treated by transurethral resection of bladder tumor, followed by bladder perfusion with anticancer drugs to prevent recurrence. Bladder cancer is a disease that is easy to recur. Therefore, we should insist on regular review after operation. If the tumor recurs unfortunately, we can still perform transurethral resection of bladder tumor again. After the operation, the patient can still maintain a normal quality of life.
If it is moderately or highly malignant, total cystectomy should be performed. After total cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstruction, patients can still maintain a basically normal quality of life. In order to consolidate the curative effect and prevent postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis, postoperative radiotherapy and anticancer drugs should be continued to improve the survival rate.
It is difficult to find cancer in the early stage, but intermittent painless hematuria often occurs in the early stage of bladder cancer, which is an obvious danger signal. If people can be alert to this, they can be diagnosed and treated early. And early treatment can maintain a good quality of life to the maximum extent. Ignoring this obvious danger signal will only delay the illness to an incurable level.
Urinating blood, beware of bladder cancer.
Bladder cancer can occur at any age, but the incidence will gradually increase after 40 years old. The incidence rate in cities is higher than that in rural areas, and male patients are 2-4 times that of female patients. Cancer cells of bladder cancer often grow in the bladder, and hematuria is caused by blood vessel rupture and bleeding in tumor focus. This is because the blood supply of tumor is very rich and it is easy to bleed. In addition, it is a new blood vessel, the blood vessel wall is underdeveloped, and it is relatively easy to rupture and bleed. Painless gross hematuria is the first symptom of bladder cancer. If complicated with infection, it may be accompanied by frequent urination, urgency and dysuria. However, a considerable number of patients have no symptoms. In the advanced stage, patients will feel pain in the lower abdomen, and the stomach (where urine is felt) will feel a lump, which means that bladder cancer has developed to the advanced stage and lost the opportunity for treatment.
Chen Yan said that as long as the urine is observed, the naked eye can see the blood in the urine. The blood in urine is sometimes bright red and sometimes dark red. It looks bright red when you hold your urine for a short time during the day, and dark red when you hold your urine for a long time at night. There may or may not be a blood clot in the blood.
"If it takes a long time to urinate blood, consider a ureteral tumor or a renal tumor," he said. In short, hematuria without any discomfort is a signal of urinary system tumors (such as kidney, ureter, bladder and prostate tumors). No matter what your personality, if you have this symptom, you should do a B-ultrasound examination of the urinary system to find out the cause.
2. Measures to prevent cancer
Maintain a normal weight
If the body mass index is less than 25 kg/m2 (the calculation method of body mass index is: weight /kg÷ height 2), the risk of female breast cancer is reduced.
This recommendation is based on the results of several recent randomized clinical trials.
In order to prevent breast cancer, ACS advises women to do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise every week, drink at most one standard alcoholic beverage every day, and keep the body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2. In a clinical trial (2905 women), the risk of high-risk breast cancer was reduced by 44% after adopting ACS advice.
Women's Health Initiative Watch (64,000 women) found that a healthy diet (eat more fruits and vegetables, eat less meat and drink less alcoholic beverages) can significantly reduce the risk of breast cancer in women. It should be noted that a healthy diet does not reduce the risk of breast cancer in obese women. Because the body mass index itself is a cancer risk factor. Excessive body fat will lead to insulin resistance, and the increase of insulin and growth factor levels will promote cancer. Obesity can also promote the production of estrogen, which is a stimulating factor for many cancers. In addition, fat also secretes cytokines that promote inflammation.
The key problem is that the weight of adults will increase with age, which is difficult to prevent. So we can only do a good job in health management.
Strengthen physical exercise
Physical exercise can reduce the risk of cancer death.
Many observational studies have found that physical exercise can reduce the risk of breast cancer, colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer. A study on Americans and Europeans found that people who exercised to the minimum recommended exercise level-7.5- 15 metabolic equivalent (MET) per week, had a 20% lower risk of cancer death compared with those who did not exercise.
At the 20 15ASCO annual meeting, Professor DonaldAbrams of the University of California pointed out that exercise can improve the treatment outcome of cancer patients after diagnosis. A recent meta-analysis of breast cancer and colorectal cancer survivors (50,000 patients) found that active exercise can reduce the mortality of breast cancer and colorectal cancer among survivors. It can be seen that cancer patients should adopt these anti-cancer suggestions after receiving treatment.
Eat more vegetables and less meat.
Eating more fruits and vegetables can reduce all-cause mortality's and cardiovascular mortality, but it has nothing to do with cancer-related mortality. In addition, the study also found that lean meat is not as bad as we thought, at least from the perspective of cancer risk.
Compared with lean meat, processed meat products should attract more attention.
Moderate drinking
Drink 1 standard cup every day, no more.
Heavy drinking (drinking more than 5 standard cups every day) is significantly related to the incidence of 10 kinds of cancers: oropharyngeal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. In addition, studies have found that drinking a small amount of alcohol (drinking 1 standard cup every day) will increase the risk of oropharyngeal cancer's disease, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer.
However, recent research shows that moderate drinking can prevent cancer. In addition, we can't ignore the fact that non-drinking is related to the overall mortality rate, because the cardiovascular incidence of non-drinking patients is on the rise, so we can't blindly advocate that "abstinence is good for health".
Don't eat vitamin supplements indiscriminately.
Don't make it up if it's not lacking.
Recently, a randomized clinical trial studied whether taking vitamin supplements in healthy people can reduce the risk of cancer. However, this study has brought thought-provoking results. For example, folic acid increases the risk of cancer, especially prostate cancer and colorectal cancer; β -carotene can increase the risk of lung cancer and gastric cancer; Selenium can increase the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer; Vitamin E increases the risk of prostate cancer.
To sum up, obesity, lack of exercise and excessive drinking are all risk factors for cancer, so we should pay special attention to them. However, the evidence that eating habits affect cancer is not conclusive, and the relationship between them needs further study.